Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic approach that has gained significant attention in recent years with its promising impact on the immune system. Recent studies have shown that PDT can modulate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Currently, numerous clinical trials are underway to investigate the effectiveness of this method in treating various types of cancer, as well as to evaluate the impact of PDT on immune system in cancer treatment. Notably, clinical studies have demonstrated the recruitment and activation of immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, at the treatment site following PDT. Moreover, combination approaches involving PDT and immunotherapy have also been explored in clinical trials. Despite significant advancements in its technological and clinical development, further studies are needed to fully uncover the mechanisms underlying immune activation by PDT. The main objective of this review is to comprehensively summarize and discuss both ongoing and completed studies that evaluate the impact of PDT of cancer on immune response.

The increasing mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes mellitus constitute a severe public health problem. The condition is recognized as a cause of impaired quality of life, high costs, and diminished productivity. In this study, we performed a cross-sectional analysis among 300 Polish participants with type 1 and type 2 diabetes to determine and classify risk factors associated with increased incidences of hypoglycemia. Including an open-access knowledge about the correlations between diabetes rates and human’s lifestyle, we confirm that the frequency of smoking and drinking alcohol, low BMI, inappropriate diet, low physical activity, lack of vaccination against influenza and pneumococci, and co-existence of other comorbidities such as cardiovascular diseases, thyroid diseases, hyperlipidemia, retinopathy, and asthma elevate the risk of hypoglycemia. Furthermore, hypoglycemic patients were more often malnourished, depressed, irritated, and exposed to stress. In sum, the analysis of the interaction between diabetes and sociodemographic, environmental, or other disease-related risk factors provides strategies to optimize glycemic control and reduce the incidence of hypoglycemia. Furthermore, we believe our findings may constitute a basis for promoting health by adjusting available and implementing new preventive services reducing hypoglycemic episodes in diabetic patients.

Excessive drugs intake among the elderly population, including self-medication, constitutes an important public health problem. Polypharmacy may lead to numerous adverse health effects, which become more prevalent when combined with biological changes in seniors. In this cross-sectional study, 500 Polish adults aged ≥60 years (M = 67.9 ± 4.2) were asked to complete a questionnaire via telephone calls, allowing us to identify sociodemographic and health-related factors influencing the daily medications consumption. Our findings revealed that all of the participants were receiving medications; 60.2% of them receive at least 1 to 3 drugs per day (301/500). The most commonly used medications included antihypertensive drugs and analgesics (51.0% and 46.0%, respectively). Taking into account clinical conditions, independent predictors of receiving over 3 medications per day turned out to be (1) coronary artery disease (OR = 6.77; CI 95%, 2.86–16.1), (2) diabetes (OR = 3.23, CI 95%, 1.75–5.95), (3) asthma (OR = 4.87, CI 95%, 2.13–11.1), (4) heart failure (OR = 3.38, CI 95%, 1.59–7.19) and (5) gastroesophageal reflux disease (OR = 1.93, CI 95%, 1.03–3.62). Participants suffering from depression were more likely to take drugs for hypertension (OR = 1.70, CI 95%, 1.04–2.78), while those with anxiety and social loneliness took more painkillers (OR = 2.59, CI 95%, 1.58–4.26 and OR = 2.08, CI 95%, 1.38–3.13, respectively). The most significant sociodemographic factors increasing the drugs intake among the population included in our study were high body mass and subsequent increased BMI values (OR = 2.68, CI 95%, 1.50–4.77). Furthermore, living in a city with over 400,000 inhabitants increased the likelihood of taking antidepressants (OR = 2.18, CI 95%, 1.20–3.94). Our study revealed factors increasing the risk of excessive medications intake and hence, increased susceptibility to some iatrogenic diseases among the elderly population. These factors should be considered by primary care physicians while prescribing appropriate drugs to elderly patients.

Background/Objectives: A late HIV diagnosis represents a significant public health concern in Poland, with approximately 50% of patients being identified as late presenters (LPs), resulting in the delayed initiation of treatment. This study assesses the potential of HIV self-testing (HIVST) to enhance early detection, particularly among heterosexual individuals, and evaluates its advantages and limitations within the Polish context. Methods: This study examines the advantages and disadvantages of HIVST by analyzing data from various studies. It focuses on the acceptability, sensitivity, and specificity of HIVST, comparing blood-based and oral fluid-based tests. Moreover, the economic impact and potential public health benefits of HIVST in Poland are evaluated. Results: HIVST is well-accepted, especially among key populations; it can reduce stigma and enhance privacy. The results of studies conducted in Poland indicate that heterosexuals are more inclined to use self-testing methods than traditional diagnostic procedures. On the other hand, HIVST has the potential for false-negative results due to the serological window and the possibility of missed diagnoses of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Moreover, the cost of HIVST remains a significant barrier, as it is not publicly funded in Poland. Conclusions: Despite its limitations, HIVST offers a number of significant benefits, including increased rates of testing and earlier detection, which could prove vital in reducing the transmission of HIV in Poland. This study proposes that increased funding, the integration of HIVST into public health strategies, and further research to enhance its implementation, alongside education and support for its effective use, should be prioritized.

This review examines the health implications of regular sauna use, a tradition deeply rooted in Finnish culture now gaining global interest for its potential health benefits. It consolidates findings from various scientific studies, emphasizing the physiological and health impacts of traditional sauna practices on cardiovascular health, mental well-being, and overall mortality. The review highlights the positive cardiovascular outcomes associated with regular sauna use, such as reduced risks of hypertension, coronary artery disease, and sudden cardiac death, attributing these benefits to improved endothelial function, decreased arterial stiffness, and positive changes in blood pressure. Additionally, sauna bathing is shown to offer mental health benefits by reducing stress, depression, anxiety levels, and possibly lowering the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and dementia. Despite the substantial benefits, the review also acknowledges potential risks, especially for individuals with specific health conditions, underscoring the importance of hydration and caution against alcohol consumption before sauna sessions. Conclusively, the evidence supports the integration of sauna bathing into health promotion strategies, with a call for further research to explore the mechanisms underlying its health benefits and to develop guidelines for optimizing these benefits while minimizing risks. Sauna bathing emerges as a promising, non-invasive approach to enhancing overall health and well-being, warranting its consideration in complementary health practices.

Hyperuricemia, characterized by elevated levels of uric acid in the body, is associated with several health risks, including gout, urolithiasis and cardiovascular disease. Although treatment options are available, they can lead to hypersensitivity reactions, particularly with allopurinol therapy. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the consequences of hyperuricemia, the need for treatment and the potential adverse effects of allopurinol, illustrated by a case study. The study highlights the importance of careful consideration before initiating therapy, particularly in patients with comorbidi­ties and concomitant medication. It emphasizes the need for vigilant monitoring and individualized treatment approaches to reduce adverse effects. In addition, genetic factors, particularly HLA-B*5801, play an important role in determining susceptibility to allopurinol hypersensitivity reactions. This paper highlights the importance of informed decision making in the management of hyperuricemia to optimize patient outcomes while minimizing the risks associated with treatment.