ISHS XXVIII International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC2010): International Symposium on the Challenge for a Sustainable Production, Protection and Consumption of Mediterranean Fruits and Nuts EFFECTS OF CROP MANAGEMENT FACTORS ON POMEGRANATE CULTIVATION IN WEST BENGAL

Mosquitoes are primary vectors of numerous vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue, Zika virus, and chikungunya. Their biology, behavior, and ecological adaptations significantly influence disease transmission dynamics. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and urbanization, along with anthropogenic activities like deforestation and climate change, have contributed to the expansion of mosquito populations into new geographic regions, leading to increased outbreaks, mosquito ecology is essential for the development of innovative and sustainable vector control strategies, including genetic modification, biological control agents, and targeted insecticide applications. This review explores the intricate relationship between mosquito ecology and disease transmission, emphasizing the need for integrated and adaptive approaches to mitigate the global burden of mosquito-borne diseases.

This article presents an overview of the ecology, adaptation and control of mosquito-borne diseases, including interactions between biological evolution, environment and human activities. The review article was based on a narrative review method, selecting interdisciplinary research from the fields of entomology, epidemiology, environmental science and public health. A comprehensive search was conducted through the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases to obtain peer-reviewed articles and official reports of health agencies from 2000 to 2025. The article also extracts the significance of integrated vector management (IVM) strategies that combine traditional and innovative approaches, including genetic control technologies, to effectively combat the growing threat of vector-borne diseases. The article concludes that the findings are a constant reminder of the need to continue investing in research and community engagement to improve disease prevention, especially in the most affected regions. By leveraging technology innovations and interdisciplinary research, the article also aims to inform future strategies for sustainable mosquito control and disease management.

Transgenic fish serve as excellent experimental models for basic scientific investigations as well as biotechnological applications. Transgenic fish of both cold water and warm water are fast growing and disease resistant species have been produced in various laboratories throughout the world including India. From the aspect of biotechnological applications, for scientific investigations, environmental toxicology and compensate for human needs the development of transgenic fish can serve as excellent experimental models. In the field of aquaculture and to support economic efficiency GH gene transgenic fish will be of great importance in the field of future biotechnology. For the fish farmers and human being transgenic fish are more economical, efficient food source and recreation.

Microplastics (MPs; commonly defined as plastic particles <5 mm) have become pervasive contaminants in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and aquaculture ponds, where they co-occur with complex chemical mixtures and biological stressors. Freshwater fish are exposed through multiple routes, including direct ingestion from the water column and sediments, trophic transfer via prey, and interactions at the gill–water interface. Field surveys increasingly report MPs in gastrointestinal tracts of diverse freshwater species and link ingestion patterns to habitat use, feeding guild, local anthropogenic pressure, and polymer/shape profiles. Beyond simple presence/absence, the central scientific concern is how environmentally realistic MP exposures translate into adverse biological effects. Laboratory evidence indicates that MPs can disrupt gut physiology, induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, impair immune regulation, and alter metabolic and microbiome composition; in some cases, particles or associated chemicals are implicated in tissue injury and organ-level pathology. Early-life stages may be especially sensitive due to developmental windows, high feeding rates, and limited detoxification capacity. Importantly, MPs rarely occur alone in the environment; they can sorb persistent organic pollutants and metals, carry biofilms, and co-exist with pesticides or hydrocarbons, creating mixture-toxicity scenarios that challenge classical single-stressor ecotoxicology. This review synthesizes current knowledge on MP occurrence in freshwater fish, mechanistic pathways from exposure to internal dose, and toxicological outcomes spanning molecular biomarkers to organismal performance. It also evaluates methodological constraints (sampling contamination, digestion protocols, polymer confirmation, and reporting units) that limit cross-study comparability and risk assessment. Finally, it identifies research priorities to improve environmental realism, harmonize analytical workflows, and connect biomarker shifts to population-relevant endpoints needed for robust freshwater management and food-safety decisions.