To evaluate the efficacy of Endo-Bronchial Valves in the management of persistent air-leaks (PALs) and the procedural cost. It was a retrospective multicenter study including consecutive patients with PALs for alveolar pleural fistula (APF) undergoing valve treatment. We assessed the efficacy and the cost of the procedure. Seventy-four patients with persistent air leaks due to various etiologies were included in the analysis. In all cases the air leaks were severe and refractory to standard treatments. Sixty-seven (91%) patients underwent valve treatment obtaining a complete resolution of air-leaks in 59 (88%) patients; a reduction of air-leaks in 6 (9%); and no benefits in 2 (3%). The comparison of data before and after valve treatment showed a significant reduction of air-leak duration (16.2±8.8 versus 5.0±1.7 days; P<0.0001); chest tube removal (16.2±8.8 versus 7.3±2.7 days; P<0.0001); and length of hospital stay (LOS) (16.2±8.8 versus 9.7±2.8 days; P=0.004). Seven patients not undergoing valve treatment underwent pneumo-peritoneum with pleurodesis (n=6) or only pleurodesis (n=1). In only 1 (14%) patient, the chest drainage was removed 23 days later while the remaining 6 (86%) were discharged with a domiciliary chest drainage removed after 157±41 days. No significant difference was found in health cost before and after endobronchial valve (EBV) implant (P=0.3). Valve treatment for persistent air leaks is an effective procedure. The reduction of hospitalization costs related to early resolution of air-leaks could overcome the procedural cost.

Background: To evaluate whether pre‐emptive skin analgesia using a lidocaine patch 5% would improve the effects of systemic morphine analgesia for controlling acute post‐thoracotomy pain. Methods: This was a double‐blind, placebo controlled, prospective study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive lidocaine 5% patch (lidocaine group) or a placebo (placebo group) three days before thoracotomy. Postoperative analgesia was induced in all cases with intravenous morphine analgesia. The intergroup differences were assessed in order to evaluate whether the lidocaine patch 5% would have effects on pain intensity when at rest and after coughing (primary end‐point) on morphine consumption, on the recovery of respiratory function, and on peripheral painful pathways measured with N2 and P2 laser‐evoked potential (secondary end‐points). Results: A total of 90 patients were randomized, of whom 45 were allocated to the lidocaine group and 45 to the placebo group. Lidocaine compared with the placebo group showed a significant reduction in pain intensity both at rest ( P = 0.013) and after coughing ( P = 0.015), and in total morphine consumption ( P = 0.001); and also showed a better recovery of flow expiratory volume in one second ( P = 0.025) and of forced vital capacity ( P = 0.037). The placebo group compared with the lidocaine group presented a reduction in amplitude of N2 ( P = 0.001) and P2 ( P = 0.03), and an increase in the latency of N2 ( P = 0.023) and P2 ( P = 0.025) laser‐evoked potential. Conclusions: The preventive skin analgesia with lidocaine patch 5% seems to be a valid adjunct to intravenous morphine analgesia for controlling post‐thoracotomy pain. However, our initial results should be corroborated/confirmed by larger studies.

Background: The management of lung abscess may be a challenge in elderly patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy for previous malignancy. Herein, we reported a case series of elderly patients with previous lymphoma undergoing endoscopic treatment followed by pulmonary rehabilitation for lung abscess. Methods: Our study population included a consecutive series of elderly patients with previous lymphoma and lung abscess. Suppurative infection was refractory with specific antibiotic therapy. In all cases, drainage was endoscopically inserted in lung abscess via video-bronchoscopy. This strategy allowed performing daily therapy with the installation of gentamicin directly into the abscess cavity. All patients underwent a respiratory rehabilitation program to speed up convalescence and allow early discharge. Results: After positioning the catheter through a bronchoscopic route and subsequent washing with gentamicin, all the patients in our study showed an improvement in clinical conditions with resolution of fever within a few days of starting the procedure with normalization of blood tests (mean hospital length 7 ± 0.73 days). A follow-up chest computed tomography scan showed a resolution of lung abscess within a mean of 27 ± 1.53 days. Conclusions: Endoscopic treatment with a rehabilitation program may be a valuable strategy for the management of lung abscess that is refractory to standard antibiotic therapy. Further and larger studiesshould be done to confirm our results.

Background: Complete open surgical resection is the standard treatment for thymoma and myasthenia gravis. We evaluated the feasibility of bilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic extended thymectomy, and compared it to surgery via sternotomy. Methods: From 2011 to 2014, 43 patients undergoing thymectomy were divided into 2 groups: 23 underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic extended thymectomy, and 20 had thymectomy via sternotomy. The primary outcomes were postoperative pain score (visual analog scale) at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, and 1-month postoperatively, and morphine consumption in the first 48 h. Secondary outcomes were surgical and clinical results. Results: There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of demographics and preoperative clinical data. Compared to the sternotomy group, the video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy group had lower pain scores and morphine consumption at all time points, significantly less operative blood loss and chest drainage volume, and shorter hospital stay. The rates of improvement in myasthenia gravis were 85% and 86% in the video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy and sternotomy groups, respectively. No recurrence of thymoma was found in either group (median follow-up 27 months). Conclusions: Our results seem to confirm that in selected cases, video-assisted thoracoscopic thymectomy allows complete resection of thymus and perithymic tissue, similar to sternotomy but with the known advantages of minimally invasive surgery including less pain and a good cosmetic result.

The aim of this study is to compare the accuracy of the standard visual scoring of computed tomography (CT) scans with a cloud-based quantitative CT analysis that uses the StratX software, to measure collateral ventilation and, thus, predict lobar atelectasis after valve treatment. This is a retrospective, multicentre study of patients who had previously undergone valve treatment for severe heterogeneous emphysema and whose required fissure integrity ≥90% had been qualitatively scored by visual assessment of CT scans. For this study, all preprocedural CT scans were retrospectively analysed using the StratX software to provide quantitative scores of fissure integrity. The diagnostic accuracies of the visual and quantitative scores for predicting a target lobe volume reduction (TLVR) of ≥350 ml were calculated and statistically compared, as this level of volume reduction can be achieved only with sound fissure integrity. The clinical outcome of TLVR was also evaluated according to the minimal clinically important difference criteria. Eighty-three patients were included in the analysis. Of them, 65 of 83 (78%) patients presented with TLVR ≥350 ml. Visual scoring correctly identified the absence of collateral ventilation in 65 of 83 (78%) cases but failed in 18 of 83 (22%) cases. Of these 18 patients, quantitative analysis showed that 16 of 18 (89%) patients did not present completeness of the fissure. The diagnostic accuracy of the quantitative analysis was better than that of the visual analysis (96.4% vs 78.3%; P = 0.0003). Only patients having TLVR ≥350 ml met or exceeded the minimal clinically important difference criteria. The quantitative analysis using the StratX software contributed a more objective and efficient evaluation of collateral ventilation that would have improved the selection of emphysematous patients for endobronchial valve treatment in the study population.