An experimental investigation was conducted in a single cylinder constant speed diesel engine to establish the effects of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) with the Jatropha Methyl Esters (JME) emulsion fuel. The JME was produced from the Jatropha oil by transesterification process, and subsequently the JME emulsion fuel was prepared in the proportion of 93% of JME, 5% of water and 2% of surfactants (by volume) with a hydrophilic–lipophilic balance of 10. The Carbon Nanotubes are blended with the JME emulsion fuel in the various dosages systematically. The whole investigation was conducted in the diesel engine using the following fuels: neat JME, neat JME emulsion fuel and CNT blended JME emulsion fuels accordingly. The experimental results revealed an appreciable enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency for the CNT blended JME emulsion fuels compared to that of neat JME and neat JME emulsion fuel. At the full load, the brake thermal efficiency for the JME fuel observed was 24.80%, whereas it was 26.34% and 28.45% for the JME2S5W and JME2S5W100CNT fuels respectively. Further, due to the combined effects of micro-explosion and secondary atomization phenomena associated with the CNT blended JME emulsion fuels, the level of harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases (such as NOx and smoke) was drastically reduced when compared to that of neat JME. At the full load, the magnitude of NOx and smoke opacity for the neat JME was 1282ppm and 69%, whereas it was 910ppm and 49% for the JME2S5W100CNT fuel respectively

In this present work, the investigations are carried out to study the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) engine using water–diesel emulsion fuel, and the alumina nanoparticles blended water–diesel emulsion fuels. The water–diesel emulsion fuel is prepared by the emulsification method in the proportion of 83% diesel, 15% water, and 2% surfactants by volume. The alumina nanoparticles are blended with the water–diesel emulsion fuel in the mass fractions of 25, 50, and 100 ppm systematically. The experiments are conducted at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and the results revealed a substantial enhancement in the performance and reduction in the harmful pollutants due to the incorporation of alumina nanoparticles in the water–diesel emulsion fuel. Furthermore, the hot-plate evaporation characteristics test asserted a considerable reduction in the evaporation time by adding the potential alumina nanoparticles to the water–diesel emulsion fuel.

Biodiesel emulsions are considered as the propitious alternative fuels for diesel engines. The need of biodiesel emulsion fuels for the diesel engines is to curtail the dependency on the fossil fuels in context to the world energy oil crisis. Henceforth, the present study provides a tangible pathway to prepare and to ameliorate the biodiesel emulsion fuel on incorporating potential alumina nanoparticles. The biodiesel emulsion fuel is prepared by emulsification technique comprising of 83% of jatropha biodiesel, 15% of water, and 2% of surfactants (Span80 and Tween80) with the aid of a mechanical agitator. The prepared biodiesel emulsion fuel is mixed with the alumina nanoparticles in the mass fractions of say 25, 50, and 100 ppm with the help of an ultrasonicator. The whole investigation is carried out in a constant speed diesel engine in three phases using jatropha biodiesel, jatropha biodiesel emulsion fuel, and alumina nanoparticle blended jatropha biodiesel emulsion fuels. The experimental results revealed a substantial enhancement in the performance and a reduction in harmful emissions for the biodiesel emulsion fuels compared to those of neat biodiesel. In addition, the incorporation of nanoparticles in the biodiesel emulsion fuel has also revealed an incremental better performance and reduced emissions than that of biodiesel emulsion fuel and biodiesel. Furthermore, the significance of shorten ignition delay effect associated with the nanoparticle blended biodiesel emulsion fuels has been investigated and asserted upon conducting a hot-plate evaporation study.

This critical review report highlights the enormous potentiality and availability of renewable energy sources in the Gulf region. The earth suffers from extreme air pollution, climate changes, and extreme problems due to the enormous usage of underground carbon resources applications materialized in industrial, transport, and domestic sectors. The countries under Gulf Cooperation Council, i.e., Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, mainly explore those underground carbon resources for crude oil extraction and natural gas production. As a nonrenewable resource, these are bound to be exhausted in the near future. Hence, this review discusses the importance and feasibility of renewable sources in the Gulf region to persuade the scientific community to launch and explore renewable sources to obtain the maximum benefit in electric power generation. In most parts of the Gulf region, solar and wind energy sources are abundantly available. However, attempts to harness those resources are very limited. Furthermore, in this review report, innovative areas of advanced research (such as bioenergy, biomass) were proposed for the Gulf region to extract those resources at a higher magnitude to generate surplus power generation. Overall, this report clearly depicts the current scenario, current power demand, currently installed capacities, and the future strategies of power production from renewable power sources (viz., solar, wind, tidal, biomass, and bioenergy) in each and every part of the Gulf region.