Alessandro Antonelli is currently Director of the Immuno-Endocrine Section of Internal Medicine, Head Laboratory of Primary Human Cells, and Full Professor in the Department of Surgical, Medical, and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. He is qualified in Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Oncology. He has been Chairman and invited speaker in international congresses and has given lectures in European and American universities. He is member of international scientific associations (The Endocrine Society, European Thyroid Association, American Thyroid Association, Royal Society of Medicine, Italian Endocrine Association, etc.). He has studied the therapeutic and immunomodulatory effect of intravenous immunoglobulin administration in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy and other autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, he has studied the association of thyroid autoimmune disorders with different organ specific autoimmune disorders (autoimmune gastritis, type 1 diabetes, etc.) or systemic autoimmune diseases (LES, systemic sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, etc.). He has studied the effects of cytokines (interferons, TNFalpha, etc.), the production of chemokines in primary human cells from Graves’ disease, and ophthalmopathy, cryoglobulinemia, and systemic sclerosis.