Background: The gambling industry has developed many types of gambling on Internet in recent years. Gambling is a social activity for a majority of the world population, but problem gambling (PG) can emerge. The trajectories of gamblers from initiation to PG development are influenced by many variables, including individual and environmental variables and also variables linked to the gambling characteristics. Marketing has been reported to influence gamblers' perceptions and behaviors, but this is not as clear for digital marketing. Digital gambling marketing is broad, ranging from the marketing of gambling websites to communication and advertising on the social media and networks. The objective of this article was to fill this gap by conducting a systematic literature review in order to answer the following questions: (1) What are the strategies of digital gambling marketing? (2) What is the effect of this exposure on gambling representations, intentions and practices?Method: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines on Pubmed database (Medline) from February 2020 to March 2020 and Scopus. Existing papers published between January 2000 and February 2020 were identified by searching with this algorithm: (((“internet”[MeSH Major Topic] OR (communications[All Fields] AND media[All Fields])) OR (“social media”[MeSH Terms] OR (“social”[All Fields] AND “media”[All Fields]) OR “social media”[All Fields])) AND “gambling”[MeSH Major Topic]) AND (“marketing”[MeSH Terms] OR “marketing”[All Fields]), in title, keywords or Results: Ninety-one candidate studies were selected, 21 studies were selected for the systematic review. Sport appeared as a specific target of online gambling marketing. A growing range of platforms for online sport betting and the development of strategies on the social media were identified. Regarding content, a systematic association between sport and gambling was highlighted. Vulnerable populations, such as young people, appeared to be at high risk of exposure to gambling marketing.Conclusion: Little data is available on the strategies of digital gambling marketing or on exposure to it. Sport could be the first target for future research to understand how the industry is targeting specific populations, and what influence these strategies could have on PG development.

From a systematic literature review (SLR), it became clear that a consensually validated tool was needed by European General Practitioner (GP) researchers in order to allow multi-centred collaborative research, in daily practice, throughout Europe. Which diagnostic tool for depression, validated against psychiatric examination according to the DSM, would GPs select as the best for use in clinical research, taking into account the combination of effectiveness, reliability and ergonomics? A RAND/UCLA, which combines the qualities of the Delphi process and of the nominal group, was used. GP researchers from different European countries were selected. The SLR extracted tools were validated against the DSM. The Youden index was used as an effectiveness criterion and Cronbach’s alpha as a reliability criterion. Ergonomics data were extracted from the literature. Ergonomics were tested face-to-face. The SLR extracted 7 tools. Two instruments were considered sufficiently effective and reliable for use: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (HSCL-25). After testing face-to-face, HSCL-25 was selected. A multicultural consensus on one diagnostic tool for depression was obtained for the HSCL-25. This tool will provide the opportunity to select homogeneous populations for European collaborative research in daily practice.

Background: Despite the growth in the number of studies on gambling disorders (GDs) and the potentially severe harm it may cause, problem gambling in older adults is rarely apparent in literature. Driven by the need to overcome this limitation, a broad systematic review is essential to cover the studies that have already assessed the determinants of GD in the elderly. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to understand the determinants related to GDs in elderly people. Methods: A total of 51 studies met the inclusion criteria, and data were synthesized. Results: Three major types of determinants were identified in this review: individual, socio-financial and environmental. Conclusions: This review explored the determinants influencing GDs in older people. The findings are relevant to academics, policymakers, patients, and practitioners interested in the identification and prevention of GD in older people.

Introduction: The elderly are the biggest consumers of Benzodiazepines (BZD) and/or BZD equivalents. However, the risks of developing addiction in this age group are often underestimated. Method: This study describes the nature and extent of addiction in the elderly using DSM IV items. Results: We noted a high prevalence of addiction in our population and identified a two-factor profile in subjects of 65 years of age and older addicted to BZD/equivalents. Conclusion: This profile led us to reconsider anew the definition of addiction, the approach to addiction in this age group, and the way to prescribe treatment by BZD/equivalents in this population. Las personas de edad son adictos a las benzodiazepinas? Introducción: Los ancianos son los consumidores más de las benzodiazepinas o similares. Sin embargo, los riesgos de desarrollar dependencia en este grupo de edad a menudo no son evaluados o subestimado. Método: Este estudio analiza prevalencia y características de la dependencia en los ancianos basada en los criterios de dependencia de sustancias en el DSM IV. Resultados: Hemos encontrado una alta prevalencia de la dependencia de benzodiazepina o relacionados en nuestra población. Hemos identificado un doble perfil de factor de la dependencia de benzodiazepina en pacientes de 65 años o más adictos a las benzodiazepinas o similares. Conclusión: La identificación de este patrón de dependencia ha llevado a preguntas sobre la definición de la adicción en los ancianos y sobrelas modalidades de la prescriptión del tratamiento de benzodiacepinas o relacionados con este grupo de edad. Les sujets âgés sont ils dépendants aux Benzodiazépines? Introduction: Les sujets âgés sont les plus consommateurs de benzodiazépines ou apparentés. Cependant, les risques de développer une dépendance dans cette tranche d’âge sont souvent peu évalués ou sous estimés. Méthode: Cette étude analyse la prévalence et les caractéristiques de la dépendance chez les sujets âgés à partir des critères de la dépendance aux substances du DSM IV. Résultats: Nous avons retrouvé une prévalence élevée de la dépendance aux benzodiazépines ou apparentés dans notre population. Nous avons identifié un profil bifactoriel de la dépendance aux benzodiazépines chez les sujets de 65 ans ou plus dépendants aux benzodiazépines ou apparentés. Conclusion: l’identification de ce profil de la dépendance nous a conduit à nous interroger sur la définition de la dépendance chez les sujets âgés et sur les modalités de prescription de traitements par benzodiazépines ou apparentés dans cette tranche d’âge.

Purpose: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death globally. The current model of care for high-income countries involves preventive medication and highly trained healthcare professionals, which is expensive and not transposable to low-income countries. An innovative, effective approach adapted to limited human, technical, and financial resources is required. Measures to reduce CVD risk factors, including diet, are proven to be effective. The survey “Scaling-up Packages of Interventions for Cardiovascular disease prevention in selected sites in Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa” aims to develop non-pharmacological cardiovascular prevention and control programs in primary care and community settings in high, middle, and low-income countries. This review aims to identify the existing, validated dietary interventions for primary CVD prevention from national and international clinical guidelines that can be implemented in primary care and communities. Methods: A systematic review of CVD prevention guidelines was conducted between September 2017 and March 2023 using the Turning Research Into Practice medical database, the Guidelines International Network, and a purposive search. The ADAPTE procedure was followed. Two researchers independently conducted the searches and appraisals. Guidelines published after 01/01/2012 addressing non-pharmacological, dietary interventions for primary CVD prevention or CVD risk factor management, in the adult general population in primary care or in community settings were included and appraised using the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation II score. Individual dietary recommendations and the studies supporting them were extracted. Then supporting data about each specific dietary intervention were extracted into a matrix. Results: In total, 1375 guidelines were identified, of which 39 were included. From these, 383 recommendations, covering 10 CVD prevention themes were identified. From these recommendations, 165 studies for effective dietary interventions for CVD prevention were found. Among these, the DASH diet was the most effective on multiple CVD risk factors. Combining diet with other interventions such as exercise and smoking cessation increased efficacy. No guidelines provided detailed implementation strategies. Conclusion: The DASH diet combined with other interventions was the most effective on an individual basis. However, expansion in the wider population seems difficult, without government support to implement regulations such as reducing salt content in processed food. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials NCT03886064

Background and Aims: Few studies have been conducted on the long-term evolution of gambling disorder (GD). The aim of this study was to identify factors that could predict GD relapse.Methods: Data were part of a dataset from a large 5-year cohort of gamblers who were assessed at inclusion and each year thereafter. Participants were recruited from an outpatient addiction treatment center, from various gambling places and through the press. For this specific study, inclusion criteria included (i) transitioning from GD to recovery at a follow-up time and (ii) undergoing at least one follow-up visit afterwards. Participants were evaluated using a structured clinical interview and self-report questionnaires assessing sociodemographic, gambling and clinical characteristics. “Relapse” was defined as the presence of GD (according to the DSM-5) at the N+1^th visit following the absence of GD at the N^th visit. A Markov model-based approach was employed to examine predictive factors associated with relapse at a subsequent follow-up visit.Results: The sample consisted of 87 participants, aged 47.6 years (sd = 12.6), who were predominantly male (65%). Among the participants, 49 remained in recovery, whereas 38 relapsed. Participants who reported not having experienced at least one month of abstinence and those with a low level of self-directedness at the previous follow-up visit were more likely to relapse.Conclusions: Our findings suggest the existence of factors that are predictive of relapse in individuals with GD who had previously achieved recovery. These results can inspire the development of measures to promote long-term recovery.