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Natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in pets has been widely documented during the last year. Although the majority of reports suggested that dogs’ susceptibility to the infection is low, little is known about viral pathogenicity and transmissibility in the case of variants of concern, such as B.1.1.7 in this species. Here, as part of a large-scale study on SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in pets in Spain, we have detected the B.1.1.7 variant of concern (VOC) in a dog whose owners were infected with SARS-CoV-2. The animal did not present any symptoms, but viral loads were high in the nasal and rectal swabs. In addition, viral isolation was possible from both swabs, demonstrating that the dog was shedding infectious virus. Seroconversion occurred 23 days after the first sampling. This study documents the first detection of B.1.1.7 VOC in a dog in Spain and emphasizes the importance of performing active surveillance and genomic investigation on infected animals.
Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Belén Rivera; Lucas Domínguez; José Sánchez-Vizcaíno. First Detection of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Variant of Concern in an Asymptomatic Dog in Spain. Viruses 2021, 13, 1379 .
AMA StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo, Belén Rivera, Lucas Domínguez, José Sánchez-Vizcaíno. First Detection of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Variant of Concern in an Asymptomatic Dog in Spain. Viruses. 2021; 13 (7):1379.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo; Belén Rivera; Lucas Domínguez; José Sánchez-Vizcaíno. 2021. "First Detection of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Variant of Concern in an Asymptomatic Dog in Spain." Viruses 13, no. 7: 1379.
African swine fever virus (ASFv) is one of the most challenging pathogens to affect both domestic and wild pigs. The disease has now spread to Europe and Asia, causing great damage to the pig industry. Although no commercial vaccine with which to control the disease is, as yet, available, some potential vaccine candidates have shown good results in terms of protection. However, little is known about the host immune mechanisms underlying that protection, especially in wild boar, which is the main reservoir of the disease in Europe. Here, we study the role played by two cytokines (IL-10 and IFN-γ) in wild boar orally inoculated with the attenuated vaccine candidate Lv17/WB/Rie1 and challenged with a virulent ASFv genotype II isolate. A group of naïve wild boar challenged with the latter isolate was also established as a control group. Our results showed that both cytokines play a key role in protecting the host against the challenge virus. While high levels of IL-10 in serum may trigger an immune system malfunctioning in challenged animals, the provision of stable levels of this cytokine over time may help to control the disease. This, together with high and timely induction of IFN-γ by the vaccine candidate, could help protect animals from fatal outcomes. Further studies should be conducted in order to support these preliminary results and confirm the role of these two cytokines as potential markers of the evolution of ASFV infection.
Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Jose Barasona; Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández; Jose Sánchez-Vizcaíno. The Role of Interleukine-10 and Interferon-γ as Potential Markers of the Evolution of African Swine Fever Virus Infection in Wild Boar. Pathogens 2021, 10, 757 .
AMA StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo, Jose Barasona, Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández, Jose Sánchez-Vizcaíno. The Role of Interleukine-10 and Interferon-γ as Potential Markers of the Evolution of African Swine Fever Virus Infection in Wild Boar. Pathogens. 2021; 10 (6):757.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo; Jose Barasona; Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández; Jose Sánchez-Vizcaíno. 2021. "The Role of Interleukine-10 and Interferon-γ as Potential Markers of the Evolution of African Swine Fever Virus Infection in Wild Boar." Pathogens 10, no. 6: 757.
Since the reappearance of African swine fever virus (ASFV), the disease has spread in an unprecedented animal pandemic in Eurasia. ASF currently constitutes the greatest global problem for the swine industry. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) in which the pathogen has established wild self-sustaining cycles, is a key reservoir for ASFV, signifying that there is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine against this virus. Current scientific debate addresses whether live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), which have shown promising results in cross-protection of susceptible hosts, may be feasible for vaccinations carried out owing to safety concerns. The objective of this study was, therefore, to compare the ASFV shedding in wild boar infected with virulent and attenuated (LAV) isolates. Different shedding routes (oral fluid and feces) and viremia rates were characterized in wild boar inoculated with Lv17/WB/Rie1 isolate (n = 12) when compared to those inoculated with the virulent Armenia07 isolate (n = 17). In general, fewer animals infected with the Lv17/WB/Rie1 isolate tested positive for ASFV in blood, oral fluid, and feces in comparison to animals infected with the virulent Armenia07 isolate. The shedding patterns were characterized in order to understand the transmission dynamics. This knowledge will help evaluate the shedding of new LAV candidates in wild boar populations, including the comparison with gene deletion mutant LAVs, whose current results are promising.
Aleksandra Kosowska; Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández; Sandra Barroso; Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno; Jose A. Barasona. Distinct African Swine Fever Virus Shedding in Wild Boar Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Isolates. Vaccines 2020, 8, 767 .
AMA StyleAleksandra Kosowska, Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández, Sandra Barroso, Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno, Jose A. Barasona. Distinct African Swine Fever Virus Shedding in Wild Boar Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Isolates. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (4):767.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAleksandra Kosowska; Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández; Sandra Barroso; Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno; Jose A. Barasona. 2020. "Distinct African Swine Fever Virus Shedding in Wild Boar Infected with Virulent and Attenuated Isolates." Vaccines 8, no. 4: 767.
The presence of Mycobacterium bovis and other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) is a main concern in wildlife populations such as the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). Tests detecting antibodies against the MTC are valuable for tuberculosis (TB) monitoring and control and particularly useful in suids. The development of accurate, efficient, and non-invasive new tools to detect exposure to MTC would be highly beneficial for improving disease surveillance. This study aimed to determine if antibodies against MTC could be detected in oral fluid (OF) samples by a new ELISA test (IgG detection) from naturally TB-infected wild boar. For this, individual, paired serum and OF samples were collected from 148 live wild boar in two TB-status areas from Spain and quantitatively used to validate the new ELISA test. Antibodies against MTC were widely detected in OF samples, for which a significant positive correlation (r = 0.83) was found with the validated serology test. OF ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 67.3% and 100%, respectively. The results of this work suggest that OF samples have the potential to be used for MTC diagnosis as a further step in TB surveillance and control in suid populations. Based on our results, further research is warranted and could be performed using non-invasive new tools directly in field conditions to detect exposure to MTC.
Jose A. Barasona; Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Belén Rivera; Christian Gortázar; Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Detection of Antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis in Oral Fluid from Eurasian Wild Boar. Pathogens 2020, 9, 242 .
AMA StyleJose A. Barasona, Sandra Barroso-Arévalo, Belén Rivera, Christian Gortázar, Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Detection of Antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis in Oral Fluid from Eurasian Wild Boar. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (4):242.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJose A. Barasona; Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Belén Rivera; Christian Gortázar; Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. 2020. "Detection of Antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis in Oral Fluid from Eurasian Wild Boar." Pathogens 9, no. 4: 242.
Aim of study: Colony losses of the western honey bee Apis mellifera have increased alarmingly in recent years. These losses have been attributed to nutritional deficiency, environmental conditions, viral infection and the global presence of the ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor. Ensuring pollen availability may improve colony health, so the present study aimed to examine whether the diversity of pollen collected by the colony as well as landscape characteristics of apiaries influence colony health.Area of study: Tenerife Island (Canary Islands, Spain).Material and methods: Colonies at eight apiaries were sampled in late summer to determine colony strength, presence of varroa and load of DWV. Pollen was collected during six months and analyzed. Landscape of each apiary was spatially analyzed.Main results: Pollen diversity did not correlate significantly with colony strength or the load of DWV, but it positively correlated with varroa levels. In contrast, DWV load correlated with varroa infestation, and both variables negatively correlated with colony strength. Weak colonies were located in landscapes with areas less suitable for bee nutrition.Research highlights: These results suggest that DWV and varroa infection as well as landscape characteristics influence colony survival, while pollen diversity on its own does not seem to have direct relationship. Our findings highlight the usefulness of DWV and varroa as predictors of colony losses, and they suggest the need to carefully assess honey bee apiary location in order to ensure adequate nutritional resources.
Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Marina Vicente-Rubiano; José A. Ruiz; Antonio Bentabol; José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Does pollen diversity influence honey bee colony health? Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2019, 17, e0504 .
AMA StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo, Marina Vicente-Rubiano, José A. Ruiz, Antonio Bentabol, José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Does pollen diversity influence honey bee colony health? Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research. 2019; 17 (3):e0504.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo; Marina Vicente-Rubiano; José A. Ruiz; Antonio Bentabol; José M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno. 2019. "Does pollen diversity influence honey bee colony health?" Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 3: e0504.
Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) are key players in crop pollination and in the maintenance of global biodiversity. Their viability is threatened by Varroa destructor, which acts as a vector of the deformed wing virus (DWV). Several genetic DWV variants have been reported, but it is unclear whether their virulence differs. We examined the prevalence of V. destructor and DWV as well as bee health in two colonies over 21 months and then characterizing DWV variants from each colony using phylogenetics. Colony H showed no signs of disease or mortality, and DWV sequence from this colony clustered with VDV/DWV-B sequences previously reported in healthy colonies. Colony W showed DWV symptoms, and DWV sequence clustered with DWV-A sequences previously reported in colonies with symptoms. These results suggest that nucleotide variations in the DWV genome can affect its virulence. Genotyping DWV variants in colonies may be an effective tool to assess risk and initiate preventive measures early.
Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Marina Vicente-Rubiano; Fernando Molero; Francisco Puerta; José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Nucleotide sequence variations may be associated with virulence of deformed wing virus. Apidologie 2019, 50, 482 -496.
AMA StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo, Marina Vicente-Rubiano, Fernando Molero, Francisco Puerta, José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Nucleotide sequence variations may be associated with virulence of deformed wing virus. Apidologie. 2019; 50 (4):482-496.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo; Marina Vicente-Rubiano; Fernando Molero; Francisco Puerta; José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno. 2019. "Nucleotide sequence variations may be associated with virulence of deformed wing virus." Apidologie 50, no. 4: 482-496.
Many factors, including pathogens, contribute to the continuing losses of colonies of the honey bee Apis mellifera, which has led to steady population decline. In particular, colony losses have been linked to deformed wing virus (DWV) and the Varroa destructor mite. To clarify the potential role of these two pathogens in honey bee colony weakening and loss, we sampled colonies in southern Spain during a 21-month period and analyzed the samples for loads of four viruses and varroa. Loads of DWV and black queen cell virus as well as varroa infestation negatively correlated with colony vigor as measured using the subjective colony strength method. Logistic regression identified varroa and DWV as the main factors involved in colony weakening. Our results confirm that varroa and DWV play a key role in triggering colony weakening in southern Spain and provide evidence that experienced beekeepers’ and technicians’ assessments of colony vigor can accurately estimate colony strength.
Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Eduardo Fernández-Carrión; Joaquín Goyache; Fernando Molero; Francisco Puerta; José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno. High Load of Deformed Wing Virus and Varroa destructor Infestation Are Related to Weakness of Honey Bee Colonies in Southern Spain. Frontiers in Microbiology 2019, 10, 1331 .
AMA StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo, Eduardo Fernández-Carrión, Joaquín Goyache, Fernando Molero, Francisco Puerta, José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno. High Load of Deformed Wing Virus and Varroa destructor Infestation Are Related to Weakness of Honey Bee Colonies in Southern Spain. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2019; 10 ():1331.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo; Eduardo Fernández-Carrión; Joaquín Goyache; Fernando Molero; Francisco Puerta; José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno. 2019. "High Load of Deformed Wing Virus and Varroa destructor Infestation Are Related to Weakness of Honey Bee Colonies in Southern Spain." Frontiers in Microbiology 10, no. : 1331.
Honey bee population decline threatens the beekeeping sector, agriculture and global biodiversity. Early detection of colony mortality may facilitate rapid interventions to contain and prevent mortality spread. Among others, deformed wing virus (DWV) is capable of inducing colony losses, especially when combined with Varroa destructor mite. Since the bee immune system plays a crucial role in ensuring that bees are able to face these pathogens, we explored whether expression of immune genes could serve as biomarkers of colony health. Herein, we describe a preliminary immunological marker composed of two immune genes (relish and defensin), which provide insight on honey bee antiviral defense mechanism. Of the tested genes, relish expression correlated with the presence of DWV-Varroa complex, while decreased defensin expression correlated with poor resistance to this complex. The monitoring of these genes may help us to better understand the complex physiology of honey bees’s immune system and to develop new approaches for managing the health impacts of DWV infection and varroa infestation in the field.
Sandra Barroso-Arévalo; Marina Vicente-Rubiano; Francisco Puerta; Fernando Molero; José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Immune related genes as markers for monitoring health status of honey bee colonies. BMC Veterinary Research 2019, 15, 72 .
AMA StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo, Marina Vicente-Rubiano, Francisco Puerta, Fernando Molero, José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno. Immune related genes as markers for monitoring health status of honey bee colonies. BMC Veterinary Research. 2019; 15 (1):72.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSandra Barroso-Arévalo; Marina Vicente-Rubiano; Francisco Puerta; Fernando Molero; José Manuel Sánchez-Vizcaíno. 2019. "Immune related genes as markers for monitoring health status of honey bee colonies." BMC Veterinary Research 15, no. 1: 72.