The spreading of carbapenemase-producing gram-negative bacilli (GNB) must be considered as an “urgent” threat. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR), and carbapenemase-producing GNB and to characterize the supporting genes in GNB specimens isolated from patients and healthy volunteers in Burkina Faso. From April to June 2016, carbapenemase-producing GNB screening was performed in 1,230 consecutive clinical specimens, and 158 fecal samples from inpatients and healthy volunteers without digestive pathology at Souro Sanou University Hospital, Bobo Dioulasso. Strains were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested with the disk diffusion method on Müller–Hinton agar. The presence of carbapenemase, ESBL, and PMQR genes was assessed by multiplex PCR. The molecular epidemiological study was performed using multilocus sequence typing analysis. From the 1,230 clinical samples, 443 GNB strains were isolated among which 4 (0.9%) were carbapenemase-producing isolates ( Escherichia coli , n = 1; Acinetobacter baumannii , n = 3). Among the 158 fecal samples tested for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae carriage, 13 (8.2%) were carbapenemase-producing isolates ( E. coli, n = 4; Klebsiella pneumoniae , n = 6; A. baumannii, n = 2; Acinetobacter nosocomialis, n = 1; Acinetobacter bereziniae, n = 1). The strains from the two groups were resistant to broad-spectrum cephalosporins (100% for both), gentamicin (100% and 64.3%), levofloxacin (100% and 85.7%), and to amikacin (0% and 7.1%). The carbapenemase-encoding genes bla _NDM-1 , bla _Oxa-58 , bla _Oxa-181 , and bla _VIM-2 were detected in clinical and in fecal samples. The majority (10/11) of the enterobacterial strains carried also bla _CTX-M-15 . The majority of the strains belonged to ST692 for E. coli , to ST147 for K. pneumoniae and to ST2 for A. baumannii . This study confirms the presence of carbapenemase-producing GNB in samples from patients and healthy volunteers. More effective active surveillance activities are needed.

Introduction: Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) are a common mechanism of bacterial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. The purpose of this study is to characterize the ESBL genes produced by community-acquired uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains in the Nouna District, in the West-African country, Burkina Faso. Methodology: Samples were collected from non-hospitalized patients who came for consultation at the CMA (Centre Médical avec Antenne chirurgicale) in Nouna and were sent to the laboratory for a urine culture test. The detection of ESBL production by the bacteria was carried out with the double-disc synergy test and the extraction of the ESBL genes with the heat shock method. Molecular characterization of ESBL genes was performed with three sequential multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Results: One hundred and eighty-two (182) bacteriological cultures were analyzed and 29 E. coli isolated, between 01/07/2017 and 01/07/2018. The ESBL phenotype was found in 13/29 (44.8%). Multiplex PCR yielded many beta-lactamase genes, predominantly blaCTX-M-1,3,15 (12/13; 92.3%) followed by beta-lactamase genes blaOXA-1,4,30 (8/13; 61.5%) and beta-lactamase genes blaTEM-1,2 (7/13; 53.8%). Conclusion: This study showed that the blaCTX-M-1,3,15 genes produced by uropathogenic E. coli were predominant. Sequencing of these genes would be needed to better characterize the different types of ESBL circulating in Nouna.

: Burkina Faso introduced 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in 2013 and achieved >90% three-dose coverage. Recently, the Sahel Region has experienced a security crisis, resulting in decreasing PCV13 coverage. We examined pneumococcal carriage before a mass PCV13 campaign in the Sahel Region in 2022. In January and February 2022, we conducted a cross-sectional, age-stratified pneumococcal carriage study among healthy individuals in Dori, the capital of the Sahel Region. We collected nasopharyngeal (all participants) and oropharyngeal swabs (participants 5 years old and older). Pneumococci isolated by culture were serotyped by polymerase chain reaction and/or Quellung. We evaluated overall and vaccine serotype pneumococcal carriage prevalence by age group. Among 1,079 participants, overall pneumococcal carriage prevalence was 57.2%; carriage was highest in children 1 year old (71.8%) and 1–11 months old (69.7%) and lowest in participants 15 years old or older (30.0%). Vaccine serotype carriage prevalence was 12.8%, ranging from 5.6% in participants 15 years old or older to 17.8% in children 5–14 years old. PCV13 vaccination history was unknown for 59.6% of age-eligible children. Among children with card-confirmed or verbally reported PCV13 history, most (99.0%) had no history of PCV13 receipt. Eight years after PCV13 introduction and in a conflict-affected area with declining PCV13 coverage, more than 1 in 10 children and 1 in 20 participants 15 years old or older are colonized with a vaccine serotype. These results will be used to evaluate the mass PCV13 campaign impact and help inform policy surrounding pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use during humanitarian crises.

Salmonella and Escherichia coli are among the main causes of foodborne illness and negatively impact poultry industry. The aim of this study is to determin