Conventional microgrids have a specific system configuration and a complex hierarchical control structure, which has resulted in difficulties in their economic development. A modular microgrid based on distributed battery storage has been proposed to realize the rapid economic development of small-to-medium microgrids. Control of modular microgrids is simplified to voltage control within modules and exchange power control among modules. Battery power has great influence on battery performance. Space-time complementary power characteristics among modules help to alleviate power fluctuations, prolong the service life and realize the unified maintenance of distributed batteries. Leader-following consensus theory of multi-agent systems is adopted to realize the power and capacity consensus tracking of distributed battery storage in a modular microgrid. Sufficient and necessary conditions for continuous-time and sampled-data bounded power and capacity consensus tracking of distributed battery storages are deduced by a matrix analytical method. Steady regions of sampling period and sampling delay for sampled-data bounded power and capacity consensus tracking are determined by analytical or numerical solutions. Simulations and experiments on a modular microgrid demonstration project located on DongAo Island (China) show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed power and capacity consensus tracking strategy for distributed storage systems. The power and capacity consensus tracking strategy determines the exchange power among modules and improves the control technology of modular microgrids.

Due to the complex configuration and control framework, the conventional microgrid is not cost-effective for engineering applications with small or medium capacity. A stand-alone modular microgrid with separated AC bus and decentralized control strategy is proposed in this paper. Each module is a self-powered system, which consists of wind and solar power, a storage battery, load and three-port converter. The modules are interconnected by three-port converters to form the microgrid. Characteristics, operation principle, control of the modular microgrid and the three-port converter are analyzed in detail. Distributed storage batteries enable power exchanges among modules to enhance economic returns. Economic dispatch of the stand-alone modular microgrid is a mixed-integer programming problem. A day-ahead operation optimization model including fuel cost, battery operation cost, and power transmission cost is established. Because there are so many constraints, it is difficult to produce a feasible solution and even more difficult to have an improved solution. An improved simplified swarm optimization (iSSO) method is therefore proposed. The iSSO scheme designs the new update mechanism and survival of the fittest policy. The experimental results from the demonstration project on DongAo Island reflect the effectiveness of the stand-alone modular microgrid and the economic dispatch strategy based on the iSSO method.

AC/DC hybrid distribution network can realize the high penetration utilization of renewable energy and modular multilevel converter (MMC) is the key equipment to connect AC grid and DC grid. In this paper, the direct modulation based on the virtual resistor and the reference value of dc-bus voltage is adopted, and instantaneous-value model of three-phase half-bridge MMC is derived by introducing differential-mode and common-mode component representation. Then, the decoupling control of AC active power and reactive power is designed based on the linear active disturbance rejection control theory (LADRC). The total disturbances including the coupling term and capacitor voltage fluctuation can be estimated by extended state observer (ESO), and then cancelled exactly. Based on the simplified average-value model of MMC, the small signal stability analysis of three-terminal AC/DC distribution network with 26-level MMCs corresponding to the Tangjiawan-Jishan1-Jishan2 demonstration project is carried out by root locus and bode diagram method, which gives the guidance for the choice of the main circuit component and controller parameters, and shows that the virtual resistor greatly reduces the resonant peak of AC/DC distribution network. Simulation and experiment results verify the effectiveness of the power decoupling control strategy of MMC and the AC/DC distribution network can realize complex multi-directional power flow.