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The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), is considered one of the most invasive tephritid species. It has spread and established populations successfully throughout many of the tropical temperate regions, partially owing to the increase in global trading activity that facilitates diffusion of species. However, C. capitata has never been detected in China, even though some areas of the country have favorable climate and ample food resources. Historically, some researchers have hypothesized that the principal reasons for its absence are the defenses mounted by native Bactrocera species against C. capitata. We evaluated the modes and strengths of interspecific competition between C. capitata and two Bactrocera species (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and Bactrocera correcta Bezzi) by conducting experiments on behavioral interference between the adults of these fruit fly species. Under appropriate conditions, the two Bactrocera species showed a distinct advantage in competition for oviposition, noticeably suppressing C. capitata. Although no mating interference between C. capitata and the two Bactrocera species was observed, the role of interference competition in the prevention of C. capitata invasion is still worthy of being discussed.

Several tephritid fruit fly species that are damaging to citrus in China are world-wide quarantine pests. Two field tests were conducted in China to evaluate the effectiveness of fruit bagging (i.e., fruits were grown in bags for at least 1.5 mo until harvest) and culling for risk mitigation of these pests during the fruit harvest season of 2017. The first test was conducted in Pinghe County of Fujian Province. The purpose of this test was to assess the effectiveness of fruit bagging on risk mitigation of fruit flies affecting pomelo, Citrus maxima (Burm. fil.) Osbeck (Rutaceae). External inspection and internal fruit cutting of 3,000 bagged and 3,040 unbagged fruits revealed few oviposition marks and absence of living flies in the bagged fruits, compared to 129 fruit fly-infested fruits containing 634 live larvae and 4 pupae in the unbagged fruits. Later molecular and morphological identification concluded that these larvae and pupae were Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). The second test was conducted in Shimen County of Hunan Province. The purpose of this test was to assess the effectiveness of packing house culling on risk mitigation of fruit flies in Satsuma mandarin, Citrus unshiu (Swingle) Marcov. (Rutaceae). A total of 20,000 fruits were cut (10,000 fruits before culling, and another 10,000 after culling). In the fruits that did not receive the culling treatment, 1 infested fruit with 7 third instar larvae of Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and 25 fruits with fruit fly oviposition marks were found. In the fruits that received the culling treatment, fruit flies were absent and 10 fruits with oviposition marks were found. These results suggest that fruit bagging and packinghouse culling could contribute to risk mitigation of fruit flies in citrus in China. This is a preliminary report, with further work necessary to develop a systems approach for risk mitigation of fruit flies in the commodities.

Conopomorpha sinensisBradley (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) is one of the major fruit borer pests of litchi and longan in Southern China. Although chemical control is effective, alternative, biorational strategies are preferable, and should be developed. Predators play an important role in the biological control of agricultural pests, but an accurate method for the evaluation of predation in agriculture has not yet been developed. Here, we report a new, specific primer pair to amplify aC. sinensiscytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequence fragment that can be used to detect consumption ofC. sinensisby its predators.C. sinensisDNA was found in several arthropods collected in the field, including the importantC. sinensispredatorsMenochilus sexmaculata(Coccinellidae),Leucauge magnifica(Tetragnathidae),Propylea japonica(Coccinellidae), andOxyopes sertatus(Oxyopidae). The detection rates ofC. sinensisCOI DNA in these predators were 39.3, 36.4, 27.3, and 27.2%, respectively. Laboratory consumption and hunting capacity analysis ofM. sexmaculataandP. japonicaadults indicated that they exhibit a Holling type II functional response onC. sinensiseggs under field temperatures. A polymerase chain reaction digestion analysis ofM. sexmaculataandP. japonicaadults after consumption of a singleC. sinensisegg indicated that positive detection decreased with the extension of digestion time, and estimated prey DNA half-lives were 16.3 h inM. sexmaculataand 6.0 h inP. japonica. These data serve to characterize two major predators ofC. sinensiswith potential for biological control ofC. sinensisin litchi orchards.

The Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is the most destructive pest in many citrus orchards of south central China. Methyl eugenol and cuelure, 2 potent male lures that are effective for capturing related species, are believed not to attract this species. Limited knowledge is available about the effectiveness of attractant traps for this pest. A field trial was carried out to determine the efficacy of 8 attractant traps to B. minax. The study was conducted during the adult occurrence season in an orchard of navel orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), in Zhijiang County, Hunan Province, China, in 2016. To link the efficacy of these attractant traps with the pest population, fruit infestations in the orchard also were investigated. As expected, this study confirmed that methyl eugenol and cuelure were not attractive to B. minax. Green-colored sticky spheres trapped significantly more flies and males than methyl eugenol and cuelure-baited traps. On ave... Resumen La mosca china de los cítricos, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae), es la plaga más destructiva en muchos huertos de cítricos del sur de China central. Se cree que el metil eugenol y la cuelure, dos señuelos potentes para los machos son efectivos para capturar especies relacionadas,pero se cree que no atraen a esta especie. Existe conocimiento limitado sobre la efectividad de las trampas atrayentes para esta plaga. Se realizó una prueba de campo para determinar la eficacia de 8 trampas atrayentes para B. minax. El estudio se realizó durante la temporada cuando los adultos estran presentes en un huerto de naranja navel, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (Rutaceae), en el condado de Zhijiang, Provincia de Hunan, China, en el 2016. Para vincular la eficacia de estas trampas atrayentes con la población de la plaga, también se investigaron las infestaciones del fruto en el huerto. Como se esperaba, este estudio confirmó que el metil eugenol y la cuelure no fueron atractivos para B. minax. La...

Summary The Japanese orange fly, Bactrocera tsuneonis (Miyake) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most destructive pests of citrus. The pest has formerly been recorded in Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwan, and Yunnan in China. Here, we report the first occurrence of B. tsuneonis in Guangdong, the southernmost province of mainland China. The adults were trapped from late Apr to late Sep in 2016. A total of 27 adults (13 males and 14 females) of B. tsuneonis were captured. Sumario La mosca japonesa de la naranja, Bactrocera tsuneonis (Miyake) (Diptera: Tephritidae) es una de las plagas más destructivas de los cítricos. La plaga se ha registrado anteriormente en Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan, Taiwán y Yunnan en China. Aquí, primero informamos B. tsuneonis en Guangdong, la provincia más meridional de China continental. Los adultos se atraparon desde el final de abril hasta el final de septiembre del 2016. Se capturo un total de 27 adultos (13 machos y 14 hembras) de B. tsuneonis.