Significance: Research on visual tracking of moving stimuli has contributed to our understanding of sensory-guided behaviors; however, the processes that support auditory object tracking in natural three-dimensional environments remain largely unknown. This is important, not only to diverse groups of animals, but also to humans that rely on hearing to track objects in their environment. For visually impaired individuals, hearing is paramount for auditory object tracking and navigation, and in recent years, mobility training programs for the blind include instruction on echolocation using tongue clicks. In this work, we provide conclusive demonstration that echolocating bats use predictive strategies to track moving auditory objects, which can inform future comparative work on auditory motion processing.

Transcriptional regulation is an important molecular process required for long-term neural plasticity and long-term memory formation. Thus, one main interest in molecular neuroscience in the last decades has been the identification of transcription factors that are involved in memory processes. Among them, the NF-κB family of transcription factors has gained interest due to a significant body of evidence that supports a key role of these proteins in synaptic plasticity and memory. In recent years, the interest was particularly reinforced because NF-κB was characterized as an important regulator of synaptogenesis. This function may be explained by its participation in synapse to nucleus communication, as well as a possible local role at the synapse. This review provides an overview of experimental work obtained in the last years, showing the essential role of this transcription factor in memory processes in different learning tasks in mammals. We focus the review on the consolidation and reconsolidation memory phases as well as on the regulation of immediate-early and late genes by epigenetic mechanisms that determine enduring forms of memories.