Alkanolamidines, alkanolguanidines and diamines each react with CO₂ to form reversible zwitterionic liquids. CO₂ is chemically bound to the alcohol on alkanolamidines and alkanolguanidines as zwitterionic alkylcarbonates, while CO₂ is chemically bound on diamines as zwitterionic carbamates. All three classes of zwitterionic liquids could be reverted to their non-ionic forms by thermally stripping the CO₂ at temperatures near 50 °C, while one derivative was found to irreversibly form a cyclic carbonate.

Two organic cathode materials based on the poly(anthraquinonyl sulfide) structure with different substitution positions were synthesized and their electrochemical behavior and battery performance were investigated. The substitution positions on the anthraquinone structure, the type of binders for electrode preparation, and electrolyte formulations have been found to have significant effects on the performance of batteries containing these organic cathode materials. The polymer with less steric hindrance at the substitution positions has higher capacity, longer cycle life and better high-rate capability. Polyvinylidene fluoride binder and ether-based electrolytes are favorable for the high capacity and long cycle life of the anthraquinonyl organic cathodes.