This study aimed to isolate and identify moulds from rotten Citrus sinensis post-harvests and to investigate the activity of antagonist and biocontrol activity moulds that cause citrus fruit rotting. A total of 12 mould isolates were obtained. Following the pathogenicity test, two representative mould isolates were selected and identified based on the sequence analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the rDNA. Methods used in this study include isolation of fungal postharvest diseases, pathogenicity assay, antagonism assay, growth curve analysis, in vitro biocontrol assay, and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Two isolates of fungal postharvest diseases were determined as the most destructive pathogens. The biocontrol assay showed that isolates of Y1 and Y10 were capable to reduce the growth of fungal isolates K6 and K9 and mitigate up to 100% of the damage of sweet citrus fruits after 7 days of incubation. The moulds were identified as K6 (Aspergillus flavus sensu lato) and K9 (Aspergillus niger sensu lato). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Y10 yeast isolate was identified as Candida orthopsilosis, whereas the Y1 isolate had a close genetic relationship with Aureobasidium pullulans and possibly belongs to a new species. Further analysis is necessary to confirm this finding.

Human breast milk (HBM) is unique in its composition as it is adapted to fulfil the newborns’ nutritional requirement and helps in improving the health of newborns. Besides various nutrients, the human milk also contains diverse group of microbiotas. The human milk microbiota has a remarkable impact on the growth and development of a newborn. Additionally, the human milk microbiota enhances the colonization of microbes in the gut of infants. Debates about the origin of HBM microbial flora remain premature and contradictory in some cases. Recent data suggest that the maternal gut microbiota has a major impact on microbial composition, areolar skin, and from the infant’s oral cavity. The current review investigates the possible route of microbial transfer from the maternal gut to mammary gland and suggests that it might occur through the entero-mammary pathway. It involves precise selection of probiotic microorganisms from the gut, as the human gut hosts trillions of microorganisms involved in gut homeostasis and other metabolic pathways. Gastrointestinal lymphatic vessels, macrophages, and dendritic cells are shown to play a significant role in the microbial transmission. Furthermore, the role of microbial factors in the development of neonatal immunity and translocation of secretory IgA (SIgA) cells from the intestinal lumen to GALT and finally to mammary glands via entero-mammary link are discussed.

Coprinus comatus is known for its antihyperglycemic benefits. This study aimed to identify the effect of bioactive compounds of C. comatus extract as an antidiabetic agent linked to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and antioxidant properties in increasing glutathione (GSH) levels. This study used six groups of Wistar rats (n = 24). Group 1 comprised the healthy control. Groups 2-6 received 45 mg of streptozotocin/kg body weight (BW) once. Group 3 was also given 45 mg of metformin/kg BW, whereas groups 4-6 were also given 250, 500, and 750 mg of C. comatus ethyl acetate extract/kg BW for 14 days. Antidiabetic effects of alkaloids and saponin were seen in blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) degradation, increased insulin, and increased inhibition of GLP-1 through dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity. Flavonoid antioxidants, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and α-tocopherol (vitamin E) are useful in protecting pancreatic в cells from free radicals. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test. C. comatus ethyl acetate extract at doses of 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg BW worked as an antidiabetic and antioxidant agent that contained flavonoids (16.4 mg/L), alkaloids (2.97 mg/L), saponin, rutin (351.13 ppm), vitamin C (132.342 mg/L), and vitamin E (102.320 g/L). The 250-mg dose was effective in increasing insulin (8.11 mlU/mL) and reducing blood glucose (23.92%) and HbA1c (3.775%), whereas the 500-mg dose was effective in increasing levels of GLP-1 (1056.923 ng/L) and GSH (4.62 μmol/L).

At present, prebiotics, like probiotics, are receiving more attention as a promising tool for health maintenance. Many studies have recognized the role of prebiotics in preventing and treating various illnesses including metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and allergies. Naturally, prebiotics are introduced to the human body in the first few hours of life as the mother breastfeeds the newborn. Prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third largest constituent of human breastmilk. Studies have proven that HMOs modulate an infant’s microbial composition and assist in the development of the immune system. Due to some health conditions of the mother or beyond the recommended age for breastfeeding, infants are fed with formula. Few types of prebiotics have been incorporated into formula to yield similar beneficial impacts similar to breastfeeding. Synthetic HMOs have successfully mimicked the bifidogenic effects of breastmilk. However, studies on the effectiveness and safety of consumption of these synthetic HMOs are highly needed before massive commercial production. With the introduction of solid foods after breastfeeding or formula feeding, children are exposed to a range of prebiotics that contribute to further shaping and maturing their gut microbiomes and gastrointestinal function. Therefore, this review evaluates the functional role of prebiotic interventions in improving microbial compositions, allergies, and functional gastrointestinal disorders in children.