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This work has its origin in the growing demands of energy regulations to meet future local targets and to propose a global implementation framework. A literature review related to conventional electrical energy storage systems has been carried out, presenting different cases analyzed at building scale to deepen in nature-inspired processes that propose reductions in environmental impact and present improvements in these storage devices. The use of batteries, especially lithium-ion batteries, is the most prominent among the electrical storage applications; however, improvements have been proposed through hydrogen batteries or the implementation of more environmentally friendly materials to manufacture the electrodes. In this sense, oriented to creating systems designed to protect the environment, important advances have been made in the development of storage systems based on biomimetic strategies. The latter range from the generation of energy through the respiratory processes of microorganisms to the recreation of the generation, storage, and release of energy using the thermoelectric and thermoregulatory characteristics of some insects. These facts show that the trend in research towards improving existing systems continues but reinforces the idea that new solutions must be environmentally friendly, so there is still a long way to improving the processes established thus far.
Alisson Dodón; Vanessa Quintero; Miguel Chen Austin; Dafni Mora. Bio-Inspired Electricity Storage Alternatives to Support Massive Demand-Side Energy Generation: A Review of Applications at Building Scale. Biomimetics 2021, 6, 51 .
AMA StyleAlisson Dodón, Vanessa Quintero, Miguel Chen Austin, Dafni Mora. Bio-Inspired Electricity Storage Alternatives to Support Massive Demand-Side Energy Generation: A Review of Applications at Building Scale. Biomimetics. 2021; 6 (3):51.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlisson Dodón; Vanessa Quintero; Miguel Chen Austin; Dafni Mora. 2021. "Bio-Inspired Electricity Storage Alternatives to Support Massive Demand-Side Energy Generation: A Review of Applications at Building Scale." Biomimetics 6, no. 3: 51.
In recent years, demographic growth has caused cities to expand their urban areas, increasing the risk of overheating, creating insurmountable microclimatic conditions within the urban area, which is why studies have been carried out on the urban heat island effect (UHI) and its mitigation. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the cooling potential in the application of strategies based on biomimicry for the microclimate in a historical heritage city of Panama. For this, three case studies (base case, case 1, and case 2) of outdoor thermal comfort were evaluated, in which the Envi-met software was used to emulate and evaluate the thermal performance of these strategies during March (highest temperature month) and October (rainier month). The strategies used were extracted from the contrast of zebra skin, human skin, evaporative cooling, and ant skin. The results showed a reduction of 2.8 °C in the air temperature at 11:00, the radiant temperature decreased by 2.2 °C, and the PET index managed to reduce the thermal comfort indicator among its categories. The importance of thinking based on biomimicry in sustainable strategies is concluded; although significant changes were obtained, high risks of discomfort persist due to the layout and proximity of the building.
Kevin Araque; Paola Palacios; Dafni Mora; Miguel Chen Austin. Biomimicry-Based Strategies for Urban Heat Island Mitigation: A Numerical Case Study under Tropical Climate. Biomimetics 2021, 6, 48 .
AMA StyleKevin Araque, Paola Palacios, Dafni Mora, Miguel Chen Austin. Biomimicry-Based Strategies for Urban Heat Island Mitigation: A Numerical Case Study under Tropical Climate. Biomimetics. 2021; 6 (3):48.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKevin Araque; Paola Palacios; Dafni Mora; Miguel Chen Austin. 2021. "Biomimicry-Based Strategies for Urban Heat Island Mitigation: A Numerical Case Study under Tropical Climate." Biomimetics 6, no. 3: 48.
Trees are resources that provide multiple benefits, such as the conservation of fauna, both terrestrial and marine, a source of food and raw material, and offering protection in storms, which makes it practical to understand their behavior against different phenomena. Such understanding may be possible through process modeling. Studies confirm that mangrove forests can store more carbon than other forests, influencing the fight against global warming. Thus, a critical and systematic review was carried out regarding studies focusing on mangroves to collect information on the models that have been applied and the most influential variables highlighted by other authors. Applying a systematic search for the most relevant topics related to mangroves (basic as well as recent information), it is possible to group models and methods carried out by other authors to respond to certain behaviors presented by mangroves. Moreover, possible structuring of a mathematical model applied to a species of interest thanks to the analyzed references could provide justified information to the authorities on the importance of these forests and the benefits of their preservation and regeneration-recovery.
Jefferson Brooks; Miguel Chen Austin; Dafni Mora; Nathalia Tejedor-Flores. A Critical Review on Mathematical Descriptions to Study Flux Processes and Environmental-Related Interactions of Mangroves. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6970 .
AMA StyleJefferson Brooks, Miguel Chen Austin, Dafni Mora, Nathalia Tejedor-Flores. A Critical Review on Mathematical Descriptions to Study Flux Processes and Environmental-Related Interactions of Mangroves. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (12):6970.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJefferson Brooks; Miguel Chen Austin; Dafni Mora; Nathalia Tejedor-Flores. 2021. "A Critical Review on Mathematical Descriptions to Study Flux Processes and Environmental-Related Interactions of Mangroves." Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6970.
Occupancy modeling in office buildings is still in progress and needs to be developed by using observable data. In this paper, an office building under the Mediterranean climate was instrumental in the collection of both indoor environmental parameters (air temperature and relative humidity, CO2, VOC) and user action-related variables (electricity power, window, door state, and air conditioning use). Each parameter was monitored along with the occupancy state at a one-minute time step for two years. The purpose of the investigation was to evaluate the potential application of three straightforward models, such as the Law of Total Probability (LTP), Naïve Bayes classifier (NB), and Classification and Regression Tree (CART), to estimate the occupancy state using the indoor measurements. Thirty-four (34) different combinations of parameters were applied on the developed models; the true positive rate (TPR), true negative rate (TNR), and accuracy were used as evaluation metrics. The results confirmed that the performances of the models were influenced by both the number and the typology of the used parameters. In particular, the CART model was found to be the least affected by them; almost half of the parameters’ combinations provided accuracies higher than 93% and TNR higher than TPR. Accuracies of the order of 90% were obtained with NB and LTP.
Gianmarco Fajilla; Miguel Chen Austin; Dafni Mora; Marilena De Simone. Assessment of probabilistic models to estimate the occupancy state in office buildings using indoor parameters and user-related variables. Energy and Buildings 2021, 246, 111105 .
AMA StyleGianmarco Fajilla, Miguel Chen Austin, Dafni Mora, Marilena De Simone. Assessment of probabilistic models to estimate the occupancy state in office buildings using indoor parameters and user-related variables. Energy and Buildings. 2021; 246 ():111105.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianmarco Fajilla; Miguel Chen Austin; Dafni Mora; Marilena De Simone. 2021. "Assessment of probabilistic models to estimate the occupancy state in office buildings using indoor parameters and user-related variables." Energy and Buildings 246, no. : 111105.
The increasing concern expressed by building designers in Panama, due to new building-energy regulations, regarding sustainable development goals and energy efficiency, is leading architects to reanalyse their design strategies and evaluate the vernacular architecture. The main implications of the hot-humid climate characteristics stipulate that the need for cooling of indoor environments drives buildings’ design and settlements. This work aims to assess the use of bioclimatic architecture strategies in three existing building typologies design in Panama, in terms of thermal comfort performance. The approach adopted here is to compare and analyse the vernacular architecture with current architecture. Besides, to evaluate bioclimatic architecture strategies based on recent investigations and the guidelines proposed by Givony, Olgyay, among others. A numerical assessment was performed on the dynamic simulation software DesignBuilder, where the building’s passive strategies are evaluated in terms of operative temperature, relative humidity (rH), PMV, PPD, and discomfort hours (DH). All three houses, the HVA, HCA, and HRES were tested in three different locations within Panama City. Results showed that the strategies in HVA perform best for reducing rH levels, but the HRES performs best in overall thermal comfort performance, apart yet from the high rH levels encountered.
Miguel Chen Austin; Milvia Castillo; Ángela De Mendes Da Silva; Dafni Mora. Numerical Assessment of Bioclimatic Architecture Strategies for Buildings Design in Tropical Climates: A Case of Study in Panama. E3S Web of Conferences 2020, 197, 02006 .
AMA StyleMiguel Chen Austin, Milvia Castillo, Ángela De Mendes Da Silva, Dafni Mora. Numerical Assessment of Bioclimatic Architecture Strategies for Buildings Design in Tropical Climates: A Case of Study in Panama. E3S Web of Conferences. 2020; 197 ():02006.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Chen Austin; Milvia Castillo; Ángela De Mendes Da Silva; Dafni Mora. 2020. "Numerical Assessment of Bioclimatic Architecture Strategies for Buildings Design in Tropical Climates: A Case of Study in Panama." E3S Web of Conferences 197, no. : 02006.
The aim of the present work is to propose a methodology for the use of thermoelectric modules (TEM) as an alternative to conventional heat flux sensors, for estimating convective and radiative heat flux. In this experimental study, the performance of TEMs as heat flux sensors is compared to that of the heat flux sensor (HFS), a type of conventional heat flux sensor, based on the premise that the HFS has been proven to perform acceptably in heat flux measurement. The interest of this comparison arises from the cost and sensitivity of the TEM with respect to the HFS. A simple measurement device is proposed, consisting of heat flux and temperature sensors with a general formulation for decoupling the convective and radiative parts. This methodology is implemented in two cases (low and high thermal stress). The radiative part is found to be the same by using the TEM and the HFS in both cases. However, the convective part measured by the TEM is found to be about 2.5 times larger than the HFS measurements in case of low thermal stress, and 1.6 times larger for tin case of high thermal stress. To explain this difference, the extended surface approximation was employed. This approximation indicates that the convective heat flux estimated from the TEM is always expected to be 1.6 and 1.4 times larger than that from the HFS for the low and high thermal stresses respectively, when their thermoelectric properties and geometry are taken into account.
Miguel Chen Austin; Tingting Vogt Wu; Alain Sempey; Alain Sommier; Jean Dumoulin; Denis Bruneau; Jean-Christophe Batsale; Yingying Yang. Investigation into the use of thermoelectric modules as an alternative to conventional fluxmeters: Application to convective and radiative heat flux in buildings. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2020, 160, 106653 .
AMA StyleMiguel Chen Austin, Tingting Vogt Wu, Alain Sempey, Alain Sommier, Jean Dumoulin, Denis Bruneau, Jean-Christophe Batsale, Yingying Yang. Investigation into the use of thermoelectric modules as an alternative to conventional fluxmeters: Application to convective and radiative heat flux in buildings. International Journal of Thermal Sciences. 2020; 160 ():106653.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Chen Austin; Tingting Vogt Wu; Alain Sempey; Alain Sommier; Jean Dumoulin; Denis Bruneau; Jean-Christophe Batsale; Yingying Yang. 2020. "Investigation into the use of thermoelectric modules as an alternative to conventional fluxmeters: Application to convective and radiative heat flux in buildings." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 160, no. : 106653.
In the Panama context, energy consumption in the building sector is mostly related to the conditioning of indoor spaces for cooling and lighting. Different nature strategies can be mimic to strongly impact these two aspects in the building sector, such as the ones presented here. A comprehensive analysis regarding literature related to biomimicry-based approaches destined to improve buildings designs is presented here. This analysis is driven by the increasing energy regulations demands to meet future local goals and to propose a framework for applications in Panama. Such biomimicry-based approaches have been further analyzed and evaluated to propose the incorporation of organism-based design for three of the most climate types found in Panama. Consequently, a SWOT analysis helped realized the potential that biomimicry-based approaches might have in improving the odds of in meeting the local and global regulations demands. The need for multidisciplinary collaboration to accomplish biomimicry-based-designed buildings, brings an increment in the competitivity regarding more trained human-assets, widening the standard-construction-sector thinking. Finally, the analysis presented here can serve as the foundation for further technical assessment, via numerical and experimental means.
Miguel Chen Austin; Dagmar Garzola; Nicole Delgado; José Ulises Jiménez; Dafni Mora. Inspection of Biomimicry Approaches as an Alternative to Address Climate-Related Energy Building Challenges: A Framework for Application in Panama. Biomimetics 2020, 5, 40 .
AMA StyleMiguel Chen Austin, Dagmar Garzola, Nicole Delgado, José Ulises Jiménez, Dafni Mora. Inspection of Biomimicry Approaches as an Alternative to Address Climate-Related Energy Building Challenges: A Framework for Application in Panama. Biomimetics. 2020; 5 (3):40.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Chen Austin; Dagmar Garzola; Nicole Delgado; José Ulises Jiménez; Dafni Mora. 2020. "Inspection of Biomimicry Approaches as an Alternative to Address Climate-Related Energy Building Challenges: A Framework for Application in Panama." Biomimetics 5, no. 3: 40.
Due to the increasing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions related to HVAC applications in the residential sector, thermal energy storage with phase change materials has caught considerable attention in the last years. Their attractive storage capacity can be adapted to meet the energy needs of buildings. In this work, the design process of a prototype of an air-PCM unit is described, and the corresponding experimental tests are detailed. These experiments were carried out on a plus energy house prototype located in the Southwestern France, during the summertime of 2017. The thermal performance of this unit was assessed through indicators such as indoor air temperature, the operating time, and the Discomfort Degree Hours (DDH) within the house. The results suggest that the unit limits the indoor air temperature rise during its operation, keeping the temperature within the thermal comfort and therefore contributing to decreasing the thermal discomfort.
Maria De Los Ángeles Ortega Del Rosario; Miguel Chen Austin; Denis Bruneau; Jean-Pierre Nadeau; Patrick Sébastian; Dimitri Jaupard. Operation assessment of an air-PCM unit for summer thermal comfort in a naturally ventilated building. Architectural Science Review 2020, 64, 37 -46.
AMA StyleMaria De Los Ángeles Ortega Del Rosario, Miguel Chen Austin, Denis Bruneau, Jean-Pierre Nadeau, Patrick Sébastian, Dimitri Jaupard. Operation assessment of an air-PCM unit for summer thermal comfort in a naturally ventilated building. Architectural Science Review. 2020; 64 (1-2):37-46.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria De Los Ángeles Ortega Del Rosario; Miguel Chen Austin; Denis Bruneau; Jean-Pierre Nadeau; Patrick Sébastian; Dimitri Jaupard. 2020. "Operation assessment of an air-PCM unit for summer thermal comfort in a naturally ventilated building." Architectural Science Review 64, no. 1-2: 37-46.
A preliminary study is presented with the aim of modeling the thermal behavior of a passive building that is ventilated merely with the promotion of natural ventilation, various models have been assessed by using the system identification process. The identification of a simplify and lite model of such thermal behavior is needed to later control the thermal comfort of the indoor environment through the building natural ventilation openings and window blinds. A physical-phenomena-based model using electrical analogies is built upon hypotheses allowed by the architectural features of the building. This helps analyze the interaction between the main elements of the physical domain, where the thermal behavior is only determined by the indoor air and concrete-slab temperatures. Three model approaches are examined with the help of the system identification toolbox: State space, Process models (linear and frequency domain), and Nonlinear representation. The nonlinear representation model is the best fitted encountered after 13 iterations with an accuracy of 71%.
Miguel Chen Austin; Ignacio Chang; Denis Bruneau; Alain Sempey. Assessment of Different Approaches to Model the Thermal Behavior of a Passive Building via System Identification Process. Inventive Computation and Information Technologies 2020, 185 -193.
AMA StyleMiguel Chen Austin, Ignacio Chang, Denis Bruneau, Alain Sempey. Assessment of Different Approaches to Model the Thermal Behavior of a Passive Building via System Identification Process. Inventive Computation and Information Technologies. 2020; ():185-193.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Chen Austin; Ignacio Chang; Denis Bruneau; Alain Sempey. 2020. "Assessment of Different Approaches to Model the Thermal Behavior of a Passive Building via System Identification Process." Inventive Computation and Information Technologies , no. : 185-193.
With the aim of promoting Nearly Zero Energy Buildings in Panama, the implementation of low-consumption techniques is studied here via dynamic simulations. For this, a Test model based on the generic construction materials for envelope composition implemented in Panama’s standard buildings was developed in DesignBuilder software to evaluate some low-consumption techniques, such as occupancy profile change, free cooling strategies, and modifications of the envelope composition. The envelope composition of an NZEB encountered in Playa Venao, Panama, is also examined. After implementing the low-consumption techniques, the net energy consumption of the Test model remains far from laying within the energy ranges to be considered as an NZEB. However, this numerical study has shown promising results using few low-consumption techniques, which have managed to reduce the energy consumption of the building in 35% with respect to the original energy consumption of the Test model reference.
Dafni Mora; Jesús Araúz; Miguel Chen Austin. Towards nearly zero energy buildings in Panama through low-consumption techniques: A numerical study. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL SCIENCE, SMART STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS: ICMSS-2019 2019, 2191, 020114 .
AMA StyleDafni Mora, Jesús Araúz, Miguel Chen Austin. Towards nearly zero energy buildings in Panama through low-consumption techniques: A numerical study. SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL SCIENCE, SMART STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS: ICMSS-2019. 2019; 2191 (1):020114.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDafni Mora; Jesús Araúz; Miguel Chen Austin. 2019. "Towards nearly zero energy buildings in Panama through low-consumption techniques: A numerical study." SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL SCIENCE, SMART STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS: ICMSS-2019 2191, no. 1: 020114.
With the purpose of giving recommendations about building construction techniques in Panama to reduce the energy consumption, this article presents the results obtained from thermal dynamic simulations carried out for a generic building inspired on the building structure implemented in the Technological University of Panama Campus. This before by considering its geographical location, meteorological data, and composition of walls, floors, ceilings and windows. This simulation aims to study the thermal behavior of the building depending merely on its envelope features, specifically, on the variation of "window to wall" ratio (WWR) and on the addition of internal and external insulation layers on the external walls. Results showed that one of the most relevant features of the envelope is the WWR, which improved the indoor conditions significantly if minimized. However, adding insulation layer does not improve the building indoor conditions.
Jesus Arauz; Dafni Mora; Miguel Chen Austin. Impact of the Envelope Layout in the Thermal Behavior of Buildings in Panama: A Numerical Study. 2019 7th International Engineering, Sciences and Technology Conference (IESTEC) 2019, 209 -214.
AMA StyleJesus Arauz, Dafni Mora, Miguel Chen Austin. Impact of the Envelope Layout in the Thermal Behavior of Buildings in Panama: A Numerical Study. 2019 7th International Engineering, Sciences and Technology Conference (IESTEC). 2019; ():209-214.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJesus Arauz; Dafni Mora; Miguel Chen Austin. 2019. "Impact of the Envelope Layout in the Thermal Behavior of Buildings in Panama: A Numerical Study." 2019 7th International Engineering, Sciences and Technology Conference (IESTEC) , no. : 209-214.
An experimental study in a naturally ventilated building was conducted in August 2016. It aimed to highlight the energy charge and discharge of a concrete-slab floor submitted to the day-night-cycles heat exchanges in the southwestern part of France and to identify the heat transfer phenomena that take place in both processes (charge and discharge). To highlight the energy charge and discharge processes, heat flux, temperature, and airspeed measurement techniques were implemented. Measurement zones were distributed all over the concrete-floor surface. To identify the heat transfer phenomena that take part in the charge and discharge process, some important dimensionless numbers were used, along with correlation analysis. Experimental data showed that during the charge period, on the floor surface, radiative heat exchanges were significantly higher compared to convection. The contrary was found during the discharge period. After correlation analysis with dimensionless numbers, results showed that forced and natural convection coexist during the discharge period, where more accurate correlations with the Peclet number than with the Rayleigh number were found. This may suggest that forced convection is stronger than natural convection. Yet, airspeed levels encountered suggest that it is natural convection that should take place rather than forced convection.
Miguel Chen Austin; Denis Bruneau; Alain Sempey; Laurent Mora. Qualification of the Energy Charge-Discharge of a Concrete Slab in a Naturally Ventilated Building. 2019 7th International Engineering, Sciences and Technology Conference (IESTEC) 2019, 188 -192.
AMA StyleMiguel Chen Austin, Denis Bruneau, Alain Sempey, Laurent Mora. Qualification of the Energy Charge-Discharge of a Concrete Slab in a Naturally Ventilated Building. 2019 7th International Engineering, Sciences and Technology Conference (IESTEC). 2019; ():188-192.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Chen Austin; Denis Bruneau; Alain Sempey; Laurent Mora. 2019. "Qualification of the Energy Charge-Discharge of a Concrete Slab in a Naturally Ventilated Building." 2019 7th International Engineering, Sciences and Technology Conference (IESTEC) , no. : 188-192.
An experimental set-up was built in an office with the aim of obtaining information regarding occupancy patterns by monitoring occupancy state, air temperature, relative humidity, CO2, VOC, door and window opening, and electricity usage. Heuristic approaches were applied: cluster analysis and models based on logical flowcharts. Cluster analysis was implemented in the ground truth occupancy data to identify daily occupancy patterns by considering different time steps. Clusters marked by daily occupancy lower and greater than 40% were identified. Furthermore, in high occupancy clusters, the analysis distinguished groups in which the day with the highest occupancy was lower or greater than 40%. The same approach was applied with continuous parameters to verify the ability of sensors to replicate the characteristics of each identified cluster. CO2 and power clusters showed similarities in the number of clusters, days in each cluster, and occupancy percentage. In addition, both continuous and binary variables were used in models based on logical flowcharts to describe hourly occupancy profiles. The best solution with one parameter returned an error of 12%, by using two parameters an error of 10%. Models with three parameters showed errors of less than 10%, accuracy did not improve significantly by adding the fourth parameter.
Dafni Mora; Gianmarco Fajilla; Miguel Chen Austin; Marilena De Simone. Occupancy patterns obtained by heuristic approaches: Cluster analysis and logical flowcharts. A case study in a university office. Energy and Buildings 2019, 186, 147 -168.
AMA StyleDafni Mora, Gianmarco Fajilla, Miguel Chen Austin, Marilena De Simone. Occupancy patterns obtained by heuristic approaches: Cluster analysis and logical flowcharts. A case study in a university office. Energy and Buildings. 2019; 186 ():147-168.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDafni Mora; Gianmarco Fajilla; Miguel Chen Austin; Marilena De Simone. 2019. "Occupancy patterns obtained by heuristic approaches: Cluster analysis and logical flowcharts. A case study in a university office." Energy and Buildings 186, no. : 147-168.
The performance of a natural ventilation strategy, in a full-scale enclosure under meteorological conditions is studied through an experimental study, a buoyancy-driven approach, by means of the estimation of the air exchange rate per hour and ventilation power. A theoretical and an empirical model are proposed based on the airflow theory in buildings and blower-door tests. A preliminary validation, by comparing our results with standards in air leakage rate determination, is made. The experimental study conducted here has shown that the natural ventilation strategy implemented reach promising air exchange rate levels, as they are rather high compared to other experimental studies found in the literature. The proposed models have shown good potential and further analysis should take place. Also, other methods for validating these models should be implemented (for instants: CFD simulation or tracer gas methods), as the one in the standards is rather rough estimations.Keywords: Buoyancy-driven, natural ventilation, ventilation power, blower-door test, airflow in buildings.
Miguel Chen Austin; Denis Bruneau; Alain Sempey; Laurent Mora; Alain Sommier. Experimental Study of a natural ventilation strategy in a Full-Scale Enclosure Under Meteorological Conditions: A Buoyancy-Driven Approach. KnE Engineering 2018, 3, 657 -667.
AMA StyleMiguel Chen Austin, Denis Bruneau, Alain Sempey, Laurent Mora, Alain Sommier. Experimental Study of a natural ventilation strategy in a Full-Scale Enclosure Under Meteorological Conditions: A Buoyancy-Driven Approach. KnE Engineering. 2018; 3 (1):657-667.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel Chen Austin; Denis Bruneau; Alain Sempey; Laurent Mora; Alain Sommier. 2018. "Experimental Study of a natural ventilation strategy in a Full-Scale Enclosure Under Meteorological Conditions: A Buoyancy-Driven Approach." KnE Engineering 3, no. 1: 657-667.