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Glen M. Davis
Discipline of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

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Original article
Published: 20 April 2021 in Disability and Rehabilitation
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This research sought to translate and culturally adapt the content of the original Physical Activity Recall Assessment for People with Spinal Cord Injury (PARA-SCI) into the Thai language and to assess its inter- and intra-rater reliability. This study was divided into two parts; (i) translation and cross-cultural adaptation, using a six-step guideline-based translation-validation process and (ii) reliability assessment of the translated survey tool using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland–Altman plots and one-way ANOVA analyses. The Thai-PARA-SCI was successfully developed. The results revealed an excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC = 0.99, 95% CI range from 0.959–0.999) and the Bland-Altman plots showed little difference in times spent engaged physical activity. Intra-rater reliability results were affected inadvertently by testing across an unusual period, demonstrating poor to moderate scores (ICC ranged from 0.05–0.69, 95% CI ranged from −0.067–0.830) with the Bland-Altman plots showing very different ranges of time spent on physical activity. This study achieved its aims of culturally and systematically translating the English PARA-SCI interview script into the Thai version with excellent scores for inter-rater reliability and was proven to be understandable by prospective users (Thai-PT) and participants (Thai-SCI).

ACS Style

Aitthanatt Chachris Eitivipart; Mohit Arora; Camila Quel de Oliveira; Robert Heard; James W. Middleton; Glen M. Davis. Physical activity recall assessment for people with spinal cord injury: Thai translation and cross-cultural adaptation. Disability and Rehabilitation 2021, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Aitthanatt Chachris Eitivipart, Mohit Arora, Camila Quel de Oliveira, Robert Heard, James W. Middleton, Glen M. Davis. Physical activity recall assessment for people with spinal cord injury: Thai translation and cross-cultural adaptation. Disability and Rehabilitation. 2021; ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aitthanatt Chachris Eitivipart; Mohit Arora; Camila Quel de Oliveira; Robert Heard; James W. Middleton; Glen M. Davis. 2021. "Physical activity recall assessment for people with spinal cord injury: Thai translation and cross-cultural adaptation." Disability and Rehabilitation , no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2018 in Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik
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Repetitive electrically-evoked muscle contraction leads to accelerated muscle fatigue. This study assessed electrically-evoked fatiguing muscle with changes to mechanomyography root mean square percentage (%RMS-MMG) and tissue saturation index (%TSI) in extensor carpi radialis. Forty healthy volunteers (n=40) performed repetitive electrical-evoked wrist extension to fatigue and results were analyzed pre- and post-fatigue, i.e. 50% power output (%PO) drop. Responses of %PO, %TSI and %RMS-MMG were correlated while the relationships between %RMS-MMG and %TSI were investigated using linear regression. The %TSI for both groups were negatively correlated with declining %PO as the ability of the muscle to take up oxygen became limited due to fatigued muscle. The %RMS-MMG behaved in two different patterns post-fatigue against declining %PO whereby; (i) group A showed positive correlation (%RMS-MMG decreased) throughout the session and (ii) group B demonstrated negative correlation (%RMS-MMG increased) with declining %PO until the end of the session. Regression analysis showed %TSI was inversely proportional to %RMS-MMG during post-fatigue in group A. Small gradients in both groups suggested that %TSI was not sensitive to the changes in %RMS-MMG and they were mutually exclusive. Most correlation and regression changed significantly post-fatigue indicating that after fatigue, the condition of muscle had changed mechanically and physiologically.

ACS Style

Nurul Salwani Mohamad Saadon; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Nazirah Hasnan; Muhammad Afiq Dzulkifli; Glen M. Davis. Electrically evoked wrist extensor muscle fatigue throughout repetitive motion as measured by mechanomyography and near-infrared spectroscopy. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 2018, 64, 439 -448.

AMA Style

Nurul Salwani Mohamad Saadon, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Nazirah Hasnan, Muhammad Afiq Dzulkifli, Glen M. Davis. Electrically evoked wrist extensor muscle fatigue throughout repetitive motion as measured by mechanomyography and near-infrared spectroscopy. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik. 2018; 64 (4):439-448.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nurul Salwani Mohamad Saadon; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Nazirah Hasnan; Muhammad Afiq Dzulkifli; Glen M. Davis. 2018. "Electrically evoked wrist extensor muscle fatigue throughout repetitive motion as measured by mechanomyography and near-infrared spectroscopy." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 64, no. 4: 439-448.

Journal article
Published: 02 July 2018 in Clinical Biomechanics
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Investigation of muscle fatigue during functional electrical stimulation (FES)-evoked exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury using dynamometry has limited capability to characterize the fatigue state of individual muscles. Mechanomyography has the potential to represent the state of muscle function at the muscle level. This study sought to investigate surface mechanomyographic responses evoked from quadriceps muscles during FES-cycling, and to quantify its changes between pre- and post-fatiguing conditions in individuals with spinal cord injury. Six individuals with chronic motor-complete spinal cord injury performed 30-min of sustained FES-leg cycling exercise on two days to induce muscle fatigue. Each participant performed maximum FES-evoked isometric knee extensions before and after the 30-min cycling to determine pre- and post- extension peak torque concomitant with mechanomyography changes. Similar to extension peak torque, normalized root mean squared (RMS) and mean power frequency (MPF) of the mechanomyography signal significantly differed in muscle activities between pre- and post-FES-cycling for each quadriceps muscle (extension peak torque up to 69%; RMS up to 80%, and MPF up to 19%). Mechanomyographic-RMS showed significant reduction during cycling with acceptable between-days consistency (intra-class correlation coefficients, ICC = 0.51–0.91). The normalized MPF showed a weak association with FES-cycling duration (ICC = 0.08–0.23). During FES-cycling, the mechanomyographic-RMS revealed greater fatigue rate for rectus femoris and greater fatigue resistance for vastus medialis in spinal cord injured individuals. Mechanomyographic-RMS may be a useful tool for examining real time muscle function of specific muscles during FES-evoked cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury.

ACS Style

Anamul Islam; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Morufu Olusola Ibitoye; Nazirah Hasnan; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Glen M. Davis. Mechanomyography responses characterize altered muscle function during electrical stimulation-evoked cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury. Clinical Biomechanics 2018, 58, 21 -27.

AMA Style

Anamul Islam, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Morufu Olusola Ibitoye, Nazirah Hasnan, Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab, Glen M. Davis. Mechanomyography responses characterize altered muscle function during electrical stimulation-evoked cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury. Clinical Biomechanics. 2018; 58 ():21-27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anamul Islam; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Morufu Olusola Ibitoye; Nazirah Hasnan; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Glen M. Davis. 2018. "Mechanomyography responses characterize altered muscle function during electrical stimulation-evoked cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury." Clinical Biomechanics 58, no. : 21-27.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Games for Health Journal
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Objective: Commercially available exergames that are for wheelchair-bound individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) are scarce. This study sought to identify exergames for individuals with SCI that are “dose-potent” for health benefits. Materials and Methods: Six participants with SCI were recruited for a pilot study to investigate the exercise intensity of selected exergames (Move Tennis, Move Boxing, and Move Gladiator Duel) for the potential to improve health. Issues relating to exergaming for individuals with SCI were identified, and a Move Kayaking exergame was conceived using relevant design processes in an iterative manner. These processes included the following: participant needs and requirements, system requirements (hardware), system architecture (physical and operational views), and integration and verification of the finished system. Emphasis was given to operational and physical designs of the Move Kayaking exergame. Results: Move Boxing, Move Gladiator Duel, and Move Kayaking achieved moderate intensity exercise, while Move Tennis only achieved exercise of low intensity based on participants' metabolic equivalent. However, all four exergames achieved at least moderate intensity based on individuals' ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Conclusion: The intensity classification while playing Move Boxing, Move Tennis, Move Gladiator Duel, and Move Kayaking, using RPE, reported adequate exercise intensities prescribed by exercise guidelines.

ACS Style

Maziah Mat Rosly; Mark Halaki; Hadi Mat Rosly; Victor Cuesta; Nazirah Hasnan; Glen M. Davis; Ruby Husain. Exergaming for Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study. Games for Health Journal 2017, 6, 279 -289.

AMA Style

Maziah Mat Rosly, Mark Halaki, Hadi Mat Rosly, Victor Cuesta, Nazirah Hasnan, Glen M. Davis, Ruby Husain. Exergaming for Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study. Games for Health Journal. 2017; 6 (5):279-289.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maziah Mat Rosly; Mark Halaki; Hadi Mat Rosly; Victor Cuesta; Nazirah Hasnan; Glen M. Davis; Ruby Husain. 2017. "Exergaming for Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study." Games for Health Journal 6, no. 5: 279-289.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2017 in Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik
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Previous research investigated recumbent cycle power output (PO) from the perspective of knee and hip joint biomechanics. However, ankle-foot biomechanics and, in particular, the effect of ankle-foot orthosis (AFO)-constrained movements on cycle PO has not been widely explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether AFOs of a fixed position (FP) and in dorsi-plantarflexion (DPF)-, dorsiflexion (DF)- and plantarflexion (PF)-constrained movements might influence PO during voluntary recumbent cycling exercises. Twenty-five healthy individuals participated in this study. All underwent 1-min cycling at a fixed cadence for each of the AFOs. The peak and average PO of each condition were analyzed. The peak and average PO were 27.2±12.0 W (range 6–60) and 17.2±9.0 W (range 2–36), respectively, during voluntary cycling. There were no significant differences in the peak PO generated by the AFOs (p=0.083). There were also no significant differences in the average PO generated using different AFOs (p=0.063). There were no significant differences in the changes of the hip and knee joint angles with different AFOs (p=0.974 and p=1.00, respectively). However, there was a significant difference in the changes of the ankle joint angle (p

ACS Style

Puteri N.F. Hamdan; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Juliana Usman; Anamul Islam; Victor S.P. Kean; Ahmad K. Abdul Wahab; Nazirah Hasnan; Glen M. Davis. Variations of ankle-foot orthosis-constrained movements increase ankle range of movement while maintaining power output of recumbent cycling. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 2017, 63, 691 -697.

AMA Style

Puteri N.F. Hamdan, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Juliana Usman, Anamul Islam, Victor S.P. Kean, Ahmad K. Abdul Wahab, Nazirah Hasnan, Glen M. Davis. Variations of ankle-foot orthosis-constrained movements increase ankle range of movement while maintaining power output of recumbent cycling. Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik. 2017; 63 (6):691-697.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Puteri N.F. Hamdan; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Juliana Usman; Anamul Islam; Victor S.P. Kean; Ahmad K. Abdul Wahab; Nazirah Hasnan; Glen M. Davis. 2017. "Variations of ankle-foot orthosis-constrained movements increase ankle range of movement while maintaining power output of recumbent cycling." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 63, no. 6: 691-697.

Journal article
Published: 14 July 2017 in Sensors
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A mechanomyography muscle contraction (MC) sensor, affixed to the skin surface, was used to quantify muscle tension during repetitive functional electrical stimulation (FES)-evoked isometric rectus femoris contractions to fatigue in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Nine persons with motor complete SCI were seated on a commercial muscle dynamometer that quantified peak torque and average torque outputs, while measurements from the MC sensor were simultaneously recorded. MC-sensor-predicted measures of dynamometer torques, including the signal peak (SP) and signal average (SA), were highly associated with isometric knee extension peak torque (SP: r = 0.91, p < 0.0001), and average torque (SA: r = 0.89, p < 0.0001), respectively. Bland-Altman (BA) analyses with Lin’s concordance (ρC) revealed good association between MC-sensor-predicted peak muscle torques (SP; ρC = 0.91) and average muscle torques (SA; ρC = 0.89) with the equivalent dynamometer measures, over a range of FES current amplitudes. The relationship of dynamometer torques and predicted MC torques during repetitive FES-evoked muscle contraction to fatigue were moderately associated (SP: r = 0.80, p < 0.0001; SA: r = 0.77; p < 0.0001), with BA associations between the two devices fair-moderate (SP; ρC = 0.70: SA; ρC = 0.30). These findings demonstrated that a skin-surface muscle mechanomyography sensor was an accurate proxy for electrically-evoked muscle contraction torques when directly measured during isometric dynamometry in individuals with SCI. The novel application of the MC sensor during FES-evoked muscle contractions suggested its possible application for real-world tasks (e.g., prolonged sit-to-stand, stepping,) where muscle forces during fatiguing activities cannot be directly measured.

ACS Style

Nor Zainah Mohamad; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Glen M. Davis; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Nazirah Hasnan. Mechanomyography and Torque during FES-Evoked Muscle Contractions to Fatigue in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Sensors 2017, 17, 1627 .

AMA Style

Nor Zainah Mohamad, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Glen M. Davis, Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab, Nazirah Hasnan. Mechanomyography and Torque during FES-Evoked Muscle Contractions to Fatigue in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Sensors. 2017; 17 (7):1627.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nor Zainah Mohamad; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Glen M. Davis; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Nazirah Hasnan. 2017. "Mechanomyography and Torque during FES-Evoked Muscle Contractions to Fatigue in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury." Sensors 17, no. 7: 1627.

Review
Published: 01 May 2017 in Journal of Neurotrauma
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The aim of this study was to review the literature about the effects of Activity-based therapy (ABT) interventions on mobility, functional independence and quality of life for people with a spinal cord injury (SCI). A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised trials was performed, including adults with a non-progressive SCI at any level. The intervention of interest was ABT defined as any intervention that sought to improve muscle activation or sensory function below the level of injury in the spinal cord and does not rely on compensatory mechanisms for improving function. The comparison was either no intervention or conventional physical interventions targeted to regions above the level of injury. The outcome measures were Quality of life questionnaires; mobility and functional independence scales. Nineteen trials were included in this systematic review. Three compared ABT to no intervention and 16 to conventional physical rehabilitation. The methodological quality of the trials was assessed using the PEDro scale as moderate. Six studies investigated the effects of ABT interventions for the upper limbs, 11 investigated gait-related interventions and two applied multimodal interventions. When compared to no intervention, the meta-analysis found that ABT was not more effective for improving independence or lower limb mobility, and a large positive effect on upper limb function. When compared to conventional physical interventions, there was no significant effect of ABT on lower limb mobility, independence or quality of life, however it had positive effects on upper limbs. In conclusion, there is evidence that ABT can improve independence and functional ability when applied to the upper limbs in people with SCI. However, they are not superior to conventional physical interventions when applied to the lower limbs.

ACS Style

Camila Quel de Oliveira; Kathryn Refshauge; James Middleton; Lysanne De Jong; Glen M. Davis. Effects of Activity-Based Therapy Interventions on Mobility, Independence, and Quality of Life for People with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Neurotrauma 2017, 34, 1726 -1743.

AMA Style

Camila Quel de Oliveira, Kathryn Refshauge, James Middleton, Lysanne De Jong, Glen M. Davis. Effects of Activity-Based Therapy Interventions on Mobility, Independence, and Quality of Life for People with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Neurotrauma. 2017; 34 (9):1726-1743.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Camila Quel de Oliveira; Kathryn Refshauge; James Middleton; Lysanne De Jong; Glen M. Davis. 2017. "Effects of Activity-Based Therapy Interventions on Mobility, Independence, and Quality of Life for People with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Neurotrauma 34, no. 9: 1726-1743.

Journal article
Published: 19 July 2016 in Sensors
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The difficulty of real-time muscle force or joint torque estimation during neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in physical therapy and exercise science has motivated recent research interest in torque estimation from other muscle characteristics. This study investigated the accuracy of a computational intelligence technique for estimating NMES-evoked knee extension torque based on the Mechanomyographic signals (MMG) of contracting muscles that were recorded from eight healthy males. Simulation of the knee torque was modelled via Support Vector Regression (SVR) due to its good generalization ability in related fields. Inputs to the proposed model were MMG amplitude characteristics, the level of electrical stimulation or contraction intensity, and knee angle. Gaussian kernel function, as well as its optimal parameters were identified with the best performance measure and were applied as the SVR kernel function to build an effective knee torque estimation model. To train and test the model, the data were partitioned into training (70%) and testing (30%) subsets, respectively. The SVR estimation accuracy, based on the coefficient of determination (R2) between the actual and the estimated torque values was up to 94% and 89% during the training and testing cases, with root mean square errors (RMSE) of 9.48 and 12.95, respectively. The knee torque estimations obtained using SVR modelling agreed well with the experimental data from an isokinetic dynamometer. These findings support the realization of a closed-loop NMES system for functional tasks using MMG as the feedback signal source and an SVR algorithm for joint torque estimation.

ACS Style

Morufu Olusola Ibitoye; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Nazirah Hasnan; Sunday Olusanya Olatunji; Glen M. Davis. Estimation of Electrically-Evoked Knee Torque from Mechanomyography Using Support Vector Regression. Sensors 2016, 16, 1115 .

AMA Style

Morufu Olusola Ibitoye, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab, Nazirah Hasnan, Sunday Olusanya Olatunji, Glen M. Davis. Estimation of Electrically-Evoked Knee Torque from Mechanomyography Using Support Vector Regression. Sensors. 2016; 16 (7):1115.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morufu Olusola Ibitoye; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Nazirah Hasnan; Sunday Olusanya Olatunji; Glen M. Davis. 2016. "Estimation of Electrically-Evoked Knee Torque from Mechanomyography Using Support Vector Regression." Sensors 16, no. 7: 1115.

Journal article
Published: 08 June 2016 in Medical Engineering & Physics
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•This study quantifies the degree of association between mechanomyographic signal and isometric torque of the rectus femoris (RF) muscle during incremental NMES-evoked muscle contractions in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).•Mechanomyography demonstrated a good association with torque production, reliably tracked the motor unit recruitment pattern during NMES-evoked muscle contractions in persons with SCI.•The sensitive of the MMG signals to the incremental NMES-evoked muscle contraction torque, measured by a commercial dynamometer (i.e. a “gold standard”), suggests that the signal could be a reliable proxy for these dynamometer measurements.•Our findings suggested that the MMG signal could be used to reveal the recovery or deterioration of motor unit output after NMES therapy in denervated muscles, and could also provide diagnostic information, especially for monitoring progress in NMES therapies. AbstractThe interaction between muscle contractions and joint loading produces torques necessary for movements during activities of daily living. However, during neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)-evoked contractions in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), a simple and reliable proxy of torque at the muscle level has been minimally investigated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between muscle mechanomyographic (MMG) characteristics and NMES-evoked isometric quadriceps torques in persons with motor complete SCI. Six SCI participants with lesion levels below C4 [(mean (SD) age, 39.2 (7.9) year; stature, 1.71 (0.05) m; and body mass, 69.3 (12.9) kg)] performed randomly ordered NMES-evoked isometric leg muscle contractions at 30°, 60° and 90° knee flexion angles on an isokinetic dynamometer. MMG signals were detected by an accelerometer-based vibromyographic sensor placed over the belly of rectus femoris muscle. The relationship between MMG root mean square (MMG-RMS) and NMES-evoked torque revealed a very high association (R2=0.91 at 30°; R2=0.98 at 60°; and R2=0.97 at 90° knee angles; P<0.001). MMG peak-to-peak (MMG-PTP) and stimulation intensity were less well related (R2=0.63 at 30°; R2=0.67 at 60°; and R2=0.45 at 90° knee angles), although were still significantly associated (P≤0.006). Test-retest interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for the dependent variables ranged from 0.82 to 0.97 for NMES-evoked torque, between 0.65 and 0.79 for MMG-RMS, and from 0.67 to 0.73 for MMG-PTP. Their standard error of measurements (SEM) ranged between 10.1% and 31.6% (of mean values) for torque, MMG-RMS and MMG-PTP. The MMG peak frequency (MMG-PF) of 30Hz approximated the stimulation frequency, indicating NMES-evoked motor unit firing rate. The results demonstrated knee angle differences in the MMG-RMS versus NMES-isometric torque relationship, but a similar torque related pattern for MMG-PF. These findings suggested that MMG was well associated with torque production, reliably tracking the motor unit recruitment pattern during NMES-evoked muscle contractions. The strong positive relationship between MMG signal and NMES-evoked torque production suggested that the MMG might be deployed as a direct proxy for muscle torque or fatigue measurement during leg exercise and functional movements in the SCI population.

ACS Style

Morufu Olusola Ibitoye; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Nazirah Hasnan; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Anamul Islam; Victor S.P. Kean; Glen M. Davis. Torque and mechanomyogram relationships during electrically-evoked isometric quadriceps contractions in persons with spinal cord injury. Medical Engineering & Physics 2016, 38, 767 -775.

AMA Style

Morufu Olusola Ibitoye, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Nazirah Hasnan, Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab, Anamul Islam, Victor S.P. Kean, Glen M. Davis. Torque and mechanomyogram relationships during electrically-evoked isometric quadriceps contractions in persons with spinal cord injury. Medical Engineering & Physics. 2016; 38 (8):767-775.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morufu Olusola Ibitoye; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Nazirah Hasnan; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Anamul Islam; Victor S.P. Kean; Glen M. Davis. 2016. "Torque and mechanomyogram relationships during electrically-evoked isometric quadriceps contractions in persons with spinal cord injury." Medical Engineering & Physics 38, no. 8: 767-775.

Comparative study
Published: 16 October 2015 in Artificial Organs
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This is a case series study with the objective of comparing two motion sensor automated strategies to avert knee buckle during functional electrical stimulation (FES)—standing against a conventional hand-controlled (HC) FES approach. The research was conducted in a clinical exercise laboratory gymnasium at the University of Sydney, Australia. The automated strategies, Aut-A and Aut-B, applied fixed and variable changes of neurostimulation, respectively, in quadriceps amplitude to precisely control knee extension during standing. HC was an “on-demand” increase of stimulation amplitude to maintain stance. Finally, maximal FES amplitude (MA) was used as a control condition, whereby knee buckle was prevented by maximal isometric muscle recruitment. Four AIS-A paraplegics undertook 4 days of testing each, and each assessment day comprised three FES standing trials using the same strategy. Cardiorespiratory responses were recorded, and quadriceps muscle oxygenation was quantified using near-infrared spectroscopy. For all subjects, the longest standing times were observed during Aut-A, followed by Aut-B, and then HC and MA. The standing times of the automated strategies were superior to HC by 9–64%. Apart from a lower heart rates during standing (P = 0.034), the automation of knee extension did not promote different cardiorespiratory responses compared with HC. The standing times during MA were significantly shorter than during the automated or “on-demand” strategies (by 80–250%). In fact, the higher isometric-evoked quadriceps contraction during MA resulted in a greater oxygen demand (P < 0.0001) and wider arteriovenous oxygen extraction (P = 0.08) when compared with the other strategies. In conclusion, even though increased standing times were demonstrated using automated control of knee extension, physiological benefits compared with HC were not evident.

ACS Style

Gustavo P. Braz; Michael F. Russold; Ché Fornusek; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Richard M. Smith; Glen M. Davis. Cardiorespiratory and Muscle Metabolic Responses During Conventional Versus Motion Sensor-Assisted Strategies for Functional Electrical Stimulation Standing After Spinal Cord Injury. Artificial Organs 2015, 39, 855 -862.

AMA Style

Gustavo P. Braz, Michael F. Russold, Ché Fornusek, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Richard M. Smith, Glen M. Davis. Cardiorespiratory and Muscle Metabolic Responses During Conventional Versus Motion Sensor-Assisted Strategies for Functional Electrical Stimulation Standing After Spinal Cord Injury. Artificial Organs. 2015; 39 (10):855-862.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gustavo P. Braz; Michael F. Russold; Ché Fornusek; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Richard M. Smith; Glen M. Davis. 2015. "Cardiorespiratory and Muscle Metabolic Responses During Conventional Versus Motion Sensor-Assisted Strategies for Functional Electrical Stimulation Standing After Spinal Cord Injury." Artificial Organs 39, no. 10: 855-862.

Randomized controlled trial
Published: 03 December 2014 in Sensors
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This study investigated whether the relationship between muscle torque and m-waves remained constant after short recovery periods, between repeated intervals of isometric muscle contractions induced by functional electrical stimulation (FES). Eight subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) were recruited for the study. All subjects had their quadriceps muscles group stimulated during three sessions of isometric contractions separated by 5 min of recovery. The evoked-electromyographic (eEMG) signals, as well as the produced torque, were synchronously acquired during the contractions and during short FES bursts applied during the recovery intervals. All analysed m-wave variables changed progressively throughout the three contractions, even though the same muscle torque was generated. The peak to peak amplitude (PtpA), and the m-wave area (Area) were significantly increased, while the time between the stimulus artefact and the positive peak (PosT) were substantially reduced when the muscles became fatigued. In addition, all m-wave variables recovered faster and to a greater extent than did torque after the recovery intervals. We concluded that rapid recovery intervals between FES-evoked exercise sessions can radically interfere in the use of m-waves as a proxy for torque estimation in individuals with SCI. This needs to be further investigated, in addition to seeking a better understanding of the mechanisms of muscle fatigue and recovery.

ACS Style

Eduardo H. Estigoni; Che Fornusek; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Nazirah Hasnan; Richard M. Smith; Glen M. Davis. Evoked EMG versus Muscle Torque during Fatiguing Functional Electrical Stimulation-Evoked Muscle Contractions and Short-Term Recovery in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Sensors 2014, 14, 22907 -22920.

AMA Style

Eduardo H. Estigoni, Che Fornusek, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Nazirah Hasnan, Richard M. Smith, Glen M. Davis. Evoked EMG versus Muscle Torque during Fatiguing Functional Electrical Stimulation-Evoked Muscle Contractions and Short-Term Recovery in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Sensors. 2014; 14 (12):22907-22920.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo H. Estigoni; Che Fornusek; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Nazirah Hasnan; Richard M. Smith; Glen M. Davis. 2014. "Evoked EMG versus Muscle Torque during Fatiguing Functional Electrical Stimulation-Evoked Muscle Contractions and Short-Term Recovery in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury." Sensors 14, no. 12: 22907-22920.

Study protocol
Published: 05 October 2014 in BMC Public Health
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Adults with intellectual disability (ID) are physically very inactive. This study will compare two approaches to increasing physical activity in adults with ID: a lifestyle physical activity (light-moderate intensity) approach and a structured exercise (moderate-vigorous intensity) approach. The trial will compare the short-term (3-month) and long-term (9-month) outcomes and sustainability of each approach with a usual-care control group. A three-arm randomised controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted. Ninety adults with ID aged 18-55 will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) a lifestyle physical activity group (n = 30), 2) a structured exercise group (n = 30), or 3) a usual care control group (n = 30). Participants in both groups will receive a 12-week intervention delivered by exercise specialists in the community with disability service staff, after which intervention will continue for 6 months, delivered by disability service staff only. Primary outcomes are aerobic fitness, 12-hour energy expenditure, and proxy-reported everyday physical activity. Secondary outcomes include objectively assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour, intervention compliance, functional walking capacity, participation in domestic activities, muscle strength, body composition, psychosocial outcomes, quality of life and health care costs. The trial results will determine the effectiveness and sustainability of two approaches to increasing physical activity and exercise among adults with ID. ISRCTN77889248 (18 April 2012).

ACS Style

Kerrie Lante; Roger J Stancliffe; Adrian Bauman; Hidde P Van Der Ploeg; Stephen Jan; Glen M Davis. Embedding sustainable physical activities into the everyday lives of adults with intellectual disabilities: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2014, 14, 1038 -1038.

AMA Style

Kerrie Lante, Roger J Stancliffe, Adrian Bauman, Hidde P Van Der Ploeg, Stephen Jan, Glen M Davis. Embedding sustainable physical activities into the everyday lives of adults with intellectual disabilities: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2014; 14 (1):1038-1038.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kerrie Lante; Roger J Stancliffe; Adrian Bauman; Hidde P Van Der Ploeg; Stephen Jan; Glen M Davis. 2014. "Embedding sustainable physical activities into the everyday lives of adults with intellectual disabilities: a randomised controlled trial." BMC Public Health 14, no. 1: 1038-1038.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2014 in 2014 IEEE 19th International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Annual Conference (IFESS)
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A pilot investigation was conducted on the measurement of muscle performance during voluntary exercise using a novel mechanomyogram muscle contraction sensor quantifying muscle tension - the MC-Sensor (TMG-BMC Ltd. Ljubljana, Slovenia). Surface electromyography (sEMG) and the torque output from an isokinetic dynamometer were used as reference for comparative assessment of the MC-sensor data. Five able-bodied subjects performed isokinetic knee extension at 90 deg· s -1 and 120 deg· s -1 . Correlation coefficients (r) between the muscle tension data from MC-sensor, sEMG and Biodex were calculated using Microsoft Excel and a high correlation was observed with an average rvalue of 0.82 to 0.91 at 90 deg· s 1 , and 0.77 to 0.90 at 120 deg· s -1 , respectively. A stronger association was observed between MC-sensor and Biodex, compared to MC-EMG and Biodex-EMG. This might be due to reported complications in achieving an accurate force-EMG ratio. However, further research is necessary to establish the reliability of the mechanomyogram sensors before muscle tension can be utilized as a proxy for muscle force during functional electrical stimulation(FES)-evoked exercise and/or functional movements.

ACS Style

Maryam Pourmajidian; Yasotha Padmanatha; Hasliza Yusoff; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Nazirah Hasnan; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Glen M. Davis; Norhasliza Mohamad Yusoff. Evaluation of isokinetic muscle performance using a novel mechanomyogram sensor. 2014 IEEE 19th International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Annual Conference (IFESS) 2014, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Maryam Pourmajidian, Yasotha Padmanatha, Hasliza Yusoff, Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab, Nazirah Hasnan, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Glen M. Davis, Norhasliza Mohamad Yusoff. Evaluation of isokinetic muscle performance using a novel mechanomyogram sensor. 2014 IEEE 19th International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Annual Conference (IFESS). 2014; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maryam Pourmajidian; Yasotha Padmanatha; Hasliza Yusoff; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Nazirah Hasnan; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Glen M. Davis; Norhasliza Mohamad Yusoff. 2014. "Evaluation of isokinetic muscle performance using a novel mechanomyogram sensor." 2014 IEEE 19th International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Annual Conference (IFESS) , no. : 1-4.

Conference paper
Published: 01 September 2014 in 2014 IEEE 19th International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Annual Conference (IFESS)
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The present work shows a preliminary study conducted using Vibromyography (VMG) sensor and Electromyography (EMG) sensor with the help of Biodex system on evaluating muscle performances. Surface EMG and Biodex torque are set as reference signal to be compared with VMG signal obtained from the experiment. A total of 5 healthy subjects performed isokinetic knee extension exercise at the speed of 90 deg·s -1 and 120 deg·s -1 supported by biodex dynamometer. Preliminary statistical analysis to find the correlation between the reference signals is calculated. An acceptable high correlation values was obtained for both speeds where Biodex-VMG shows (r=0.80 and r=0.81), Biodex-EMG shows (r=0.89 and r=0.88) and VMG-EMG shows(r=0.78 and r=0.77) for speed 90 deg·s -1 and 120 deg·s -1 respectively. A slightly higher correlation was achieved between biodex and VMG suggesting the high potential of the sensor for mechanical evaluations. However further analysis considering various conditions is needed in order to prove the reliability of VMG as a sensor to measure force related parameter in muscle evaluation.

ACS Style

Yasotha Padmanathan; Maryam Pourmajidian; Hasliza Yusoff; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Nazirah Hasnan; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Glen M. Davis; Norhasliza Mohamad Yusoff. Assessment of muscle performance using vibromyography (VMG) and electromyography(EMG). 2014 IEEE 19th International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Annual Conference (IFESS) 2014, 1 -4.

AMA Style

Yasotha Padmanathan, Maryam Pourmajidian, Hasliza Yusoff, Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab, Nazirah Hasnan, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Glen M. Davis, Norhasliza Mohamad Yusoff. Assessment of muscle performance using vibromyography (VMG) and electromyography(EMG). 2014 IEEE 19th International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Annual Conference (IFESS). 2014; ():1-4.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yasotha Padmanathan; Maryam Pourmajidian; Hasliza Yusoff; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Nazirah Hasnan; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Glen M. Davis; Norhasliza Mohamad Yusoff. 2014. "Assessment of muscle performance using vibromyography (VMG) and electromyography(EMG)." 2014 IEEE 19th International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Annual Conference (IFESS) , no. : 1-4.

Review
Published: 14 July 2014 in Sensors
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The evoked electromyographic signal (eEMG) potential is the standard index used to monitor both electrical changes within the motor unit during muscular activity and the electrical patterns during evoked contraction. However, technical and physiological limitations often preclude the acquisition and analysis of the signal especially during functional electrical stimulation (FES)-evoked contractions. Hence, an accurate quantification of the relationship between the eEMG potential and FES-evoked muscle response remains elusive and continues to attract the attention of researchers due to its potential application in the fields of biomechanics, muscle physiology, and rehabilitation science. We conducted a systematic review to examine the effectiveness of eEMG potentials to assess muscle force and fatigue, particularly as a biofeedback descriptor of FES-evoked contractions in individuals with spinal cord injury. At the outset, 2867 citations were identified and, finally, fifty-nine trials met the inclusion criteria. Four hypotheses were proposed and evaluated to inform this review. The results showed that eEMG is effective at quantifying muscle force and fatigue during isometric contraction, but may not be effective during dynamic contractions including cycling and stepping. Positive correlation of up to r = 0.90 (p < 0.05) between the decline in the peak-to-peak amplitude of the eEMG and the decline in the force output during fatiguing isometric contractions has been reported. In the available prediction models, the performance index of the eEMG signal to estimate the generated muscle force ranged from 3.8% to 34% for 18 s to 70 s ahead of the actual muscle force generation. The strength and inherent limitations of the eEMG signal to assess muscle force and fatigue were evident from our findings with implications in clinical management of spinal cord injury (SCI) population.

ACS Style

Morufu Olusola Ibitoye; Eduardo H. Estigoni; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Glen M. Davis. The Effectiveness of FES-Evoked EMG Potentials to Assess Muscle Force and Fatigue in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Sensors 2014, 14, 12598 -12622.

AMA Style

Morufu Olusola Ibitoye, Eduardo H. Estigoni, Nur Azah Hamzaid, Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab, Glen M. Davis. The Effectiveness of FES-Evoked EMG Potentials to Assess Muscle Force and Fatigue in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Sensors. 2014; 14 (7):12598-12622.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Morufu Olusola Ibitoye; Eduardo H. Estigoni; Nur Azah Hamzaid; Ahmad Khairi Abdul Wahab; Glen M. Davis. 2014. "The Effectiveness of FES-Evoked EMG Potentials to Assess Muscle Force and Fatigue in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury." Sensors 14, no. 7: 12598-12622.

Clinical trial
Published: 01 June 2013 in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
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This study compared acute exercise responses during arm cranking, functional electrical stimulation (FES)-assisted leg cycling, and combined arm and leg ("hybrid") cycling in individuals with spinal cord injury during maximal and submaximal exercise. Nine male subjects with long-standing neurological lesions from C7 to T12 were recruited. All subjects performed arm crank ergometry (ACE), FES leg cycle exercise (FES-LCE), combined ACE + FES-LCE, and cycling on a hybrid FES tricycle (HYBRID). They were assessed for their peak exercise responses in all four modalities. Subsequently, their submaximal heart rates (HR), cardiac outputs (Q), stroke volumes (SV), and arteriovenous oxygen extractions (Ca-Cv)O2 were measured at 40%, 60%, and 80% of mode-specific V˙O2peak. Arm exercise alone and arm + leg exercise resulted in significantly higher V˙O2peak and HRpeak compared with FES-LCE (P < 0.05). Submaximal V˙O2 during FES-LCE was significantly lower than all other modalities across the range of exercise intensities (P < 0.05). ACE elicited 70%-94% higher steady-state V˙O2, and HYBRID evoked 99%-148% higher V˙O2 compared with FES-LCE. Steady-state FES-LCE also produced significantly lower Q, HR, and (Ca-Cv)O2. ACE evoked 31%-36% higher Q and 19%-47% greater HR than did FES-LCE. HYBRID elicited 31%-49% greater Q and 23%-56% higher HR than FES-LCE. Combined arm and leg exercise can develop a higher oxygen uptake and greater cardiovascular demand compared with ACE or FES-LCE alone. These findings suggested that combined arm + leg FES training at submaximal exercise intensities may lead to greater gains of aerobic fitness than would arm exercise alone. These data also proffered that FES leg cycling exercise by itself may be insufficient to promote aerobic fitness in the spinal cord injury population.

ACS Style

Nazirah Hasnan; Nalan Ektas; Aldre Izabel P. Tanhoffer; Ricardo Tanhoffer; Che Fornusek; James Middleton; Ruby Husain; Glen M. Davis. Exercise Responses during Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2013, 45, 1131 -1138.

AMA Style

Nazirah Hasnan, Nalan Ektas, Aldre Izabel P. Tanhoffer, Ricardo Tanhoffer, Che Fornusek, James Middleton, Ruby Husain, Glen M. Davis. Exercise Responses during Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2013; 45 (6):1131-1138.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nazirah Hasnan; Nalan Ektas; Aldre Izabel P. Tanhoffer; Ricardo Tanhoffer; Che Fornusek; James Middleton; Ruby Husain; Glen M. Davis. 2013. "Exercise Responses during Functional Electrical Stimulation Cycling in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 45, no. 6: 1131-1138.

Comparative study
Published: 01 January 2013 in Trials
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Rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) has traditionally involved teaching compensatory strategies for identified impairments and deficits in order to improve functional independence. There is some evidence that regular and intensive activity-based therapies, directed at activation of the paralyzed extremities, promotes neurological improvement. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of a 12-week intensive activity-based therapy program for the whole body with a program of upper body exercise. A multicenter, parallel group, assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial will be conducted. One hundred eighty-eight participants with spinal cord injury, who have completed their primary rehabilitation at least 6 months prior, will be recruited from five SCI units in Australia and New Zealand. Participants will be randomized to an experimental or control group. Experimental participants will receive a 12-week program of intensive exercise for the whole body, including locomotor training, trunk exercises and functional electrical stimulation-assisted cycling. Control participants will receive a 12-week intensive upper body exercise program. The primary outcome is the American Spinal Injuries Association (ASIA) Motor Score. Secondary outcomes include measurements of sensation, function, pain, psychological measures, quality of life and cost effectiveness. All outcomes will be measured at baseline, 12 weeks, 6 months and 12 months by blinded assessors. Recruitment commenced in January 2011. The results of this trial will determine the effectiveness of a 12-week program of intensive exercise for the whole body in improving neurological recovery after spinal cord injury. NCT01236976 (10 November 2010), ACTRN12610000498099 (17 June 2010).

ACS Style

Mary P Galea; Sarah A Dunlop; Glen M Davis; Andrew Nunn; Timothy Geraghty; Ya-Seng (Arthur) Hsueh; Leonid Churilov. Intensive exercise program after spinal cord injury (“Full-On”): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2013, 14, 291 -291.

AMA Style

Mary P Galea, Sarah A Dunlop, Glen M Davis, Andrew Nunn, Timothy Geraghty, Ya-Seng (Arthur) Hsueh, Leonid Churilov. Intensive exercise program after spinal cord injury (“Full-On”): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013; 14 (1):291-291.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mary P Galea; Sarah A Dunlop; Glen M Davis; Andrew Nunn; Timothy Geraghty; Ya-Seng (Arthur) Hsueh; Leonid Churilov. 2013. "Intensive exercise program after spinal cord injury (“Full-On”): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial." Trials 14, no. 1: 291-291.

Journal article
Published: 19 April 2012 in Clinical Biomechanics
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The cardiorespiratory responses and mechanical efficiencies of two modalities of functional electrical stimulation augmented leg exercises – isokinetic cycling and isokinetic elliptical stepping – were compared amongst individuals with spinal cord injury. Five subjects performed seated isokinetic evoked cycling and elliptical stepping leg exercise at 10, 20 and 30 rev·min−1 pedal cadences. 3-D motion analysis and force transducers attached onto the foot pedals quantified the external forces and power outputs developed by each lower extremity. Hip, knee and ankle joints power were derived via inverse dynamics analysis. The subjects' cardiorespiratory responses during exercise were measured by respiratory gas analysis. Ensemble-averaged oxygen uptakes across pedal cadences were higher during stepping (448 (75) ml·min−1) compared to cycling (422 (54) ml·min−1). External power outputs and metabolic efficiencies during stepping (9.9 (8.3) W, 2.9 (3.2) %) were double those observed during cycling (5.3 (6.3) W, 1.6 (1.9) %). Cumulative internal and external leg joint powers during stepping were twice higher than cycling, but the stepping mechanical efficiencies derived from inverse dynamics analysis were comparable to cycling (76.3 (21.2) % and 63.6 (12.3) % respectively). Heart rate responses were similar between cycling and stepping, while carbon dioxide production and expired ventilation were slightly higher during elliptical stepping. Both exercise modalities could deliver appropriate training stimuli for improving the aerobic fitness and leg pedalling strength of spinal cord-injured individuals. However electrical stimulation-enhanced elliptical stepping might provide greater exercise dose-potency for leg muscle strengthening than electrically-enhanced cycling due to the higher power outputs observed.

ACS Style

Nur Azah Hamzaid; Karla R. Pithon; Richard M. Smith; Glen M. Davis. Functional electrical stimulation elliptical stepping versus cycling in spinal cord-injured individuals. Clinical Biomechanics 2012, 27, 731 -737.

AMA Style

Nur Azah Hamzaid, Karla R. Pithon, Richard M. Smith, Glen M. Davis. Functional electrical stimulation elliptical stepping versus cycling in spinal cord-injured individuals. Clinical Biomechanics. 2012; 27 (7):731-737.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nur Azah Hamzaid; Karla R. Pithon; Richard M. Smith; Glen M. Davis. 2012. "Functional electrical stimulation elliptical stepping versus cycling in spinal cord-injured individuals." Clinical Biomechanics 27, no. 7: 731-737.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2011 in Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface
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This study investigated whether muscle fatigue during functional electrical stimulation (FES)-induced cycling was associated with changes occurring in evoked electromyographic signals (eEMG, M-waves) in individuals with spinal cord injury. We also explored the effects of recovery intervals between exercise sessions on the relationship between eEMG and muscle torque. Eight individuals with spinal cord injury performed three FES-cycling sessions of 15-min duration, with 5 min of recovery between them. The quadriceps muscles were electrically stimulated as the prime agonist to produce cycling. Pedal torques and surface eEMG signals were synchronously processed and recorded for offline analysis. Large Torque decreases (20-44%) were observed in the first 5 min of cycling during the three exercise bouts, while changes of similar magnitude did not occur on any of the M-wave time-series (less than 19%). Between 5 and 15 min of cycling, muscle fatigue lowered the plateau baselines of Torque (ranging from 41% to 62%), M-wave peak-to-peak amplitude (PtpA) and Area (ranging from 60% to 98%) time-series, yet the magnitudes of these reductions were not consistent between them. We concluded that muscle fatigue during FES-cycling was not associated with, nor could be predicted by, eEMG signals. Nonetheless, the consistency between M-waves and Torque time-curves in their direction of change clearly warrants further investigation.

ACS Style

Eduardo H. Estigoni; Ché Fornusek; Richard M. Smith; Glen M. Davis. Evoked EMG and Muscle Fatigue During Isokinetic FES-Cycling in Individuals With SCI. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 2011, 14, 349 -355.

AMA Style

Eduardo H. Estigoni, Ché Fornusek, Richard M. Smith, Glen M. Davis. Evoked EMG and Muscle Fatigue During Isokinetic FES-Cycling in Individuals With SCI. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. 2011; 14 (4):349-355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eduardo H. Estigoni; Ché Fornusek; Richard M. Smith; Glen M. Davis. 2011. "Evoked EMG and Muscle Fatigue During Isokinetic FES-Cycling in Individuals With SCI." Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 14, no. 4: 349-355.

Journal article
Published: 28 June 2009 in Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface
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Objective. To investigate the effect of interval training supported by Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) on ambulation ability in complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods. We trained four men with sensorimotor-complete (ASIA A) SCI, who achieved gait through FES of the quadriceps femoris, gluteus maximus, and common peroneal nerve on each side on a motorized treadmill. Training involved progressive interval walking exercise, consisting of periods of activity followed by equal periods of rest, repeated until muscle fatigue. We used time to muscle fatigue during continuous treadmill ambulation as the primary outcome measure. We also recorded the patterns of incremental stimulation for all training and testing sessions. Results. All subjects increased their ambulation capacity; however, the responses varied from subject to subject. Some subjects increased the total distance walked by as much as 300% with progressive improvement over the entire training period; however, others made more modest gains and appeared to reach a performance plateau within a few training sessions. Conclusions. FES-supported interval training offers a useful and effective strategy for strength-endurance improvement in the large muscle groups of the lower limb in motor-complete SCI. We believe that this training protocol offers a viable alternative to that of continuous walking training in people with SCI using FES to aid ambulation.

ACS Style

Jack Crosbie; Michael Russold; Jacqui Raymond; James W Middleton; Glen M. Davis. Functional Electrical Stimulation-Supported Interval Training Following Sensorimotor-Complete Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Series. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 2009, 12, 224 -231.

AMA Style

Jack Crosbie, Michael Russold, Jacqui Raymond, James W Middleton, Glen M. Davis. Functional Electrical Stimulation-Supported Interval Training Following Sensorimotor-Complete Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Series. Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface. 2009; 12 (3):224-231.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jack Crosbie; Michael Russold; Jacqui Raymond; James W Middleton; Glen M. Davis. 2009. "Functional Electrical Stimulation-Supported Interval Training Following Sensorimotor-Complete Spinal Cord Injury: A Case Series." Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 12, no. 3: 224-231.