This paper reviews the applications of Internet of Things (IoT) and digital twin technology in electrical power systems. It begins by discussing the generalized IoT value chain, followed by the terminology of smart grid, with clarifying the role of IoT‐systems and the digital twin structure within the Smart Grid. A comparison between different short‐range and long‐range transports is presented. The paper then discusses the use of IoT and digital twin technology for effective energy management with applications in smart homes, smart buildings, smart grids, smart industries (Industry 4.0), smart transportation and smart cities. Additionally, the paper explores the use of IoT and digital twin technology for condition monitoring and diagnosis (CMD) in electrical power systems. Three different cases are presented for CMD, that is, CMD of power transformers, CMD of electrical grids and CMD of substations. IoT and digital twin applications are also highlighted in power electronic systems. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of applying IoT and digital twin technology to electrical power systems and provides recommendations for future research.

PV systems are penetrating the energy generation market rapidly and their output strongly depends on environmental conditions. To maximize the energy yield, the utilization of power electronic converters with maximum power tracking function is mandatory. Typically, the dc voltage generated by PV is fed into the ac grid using an dc-ac inverter. On the other hand, most modern loads, from small to large ones, are based on dc. Hence, wide adoption of residential dc microgrids (RDC $\mu $ Gs) based on PV energy generation becomes a trend that is following the developments in modern energy-efficient buildings. This paper targets power converters for the integration of PV systems into RDC $\mu $ Gs. It considers two main classes: high step-up converters for PV module-level (parallel optimizer) applications and non-isolated buck-boost converters for the PV string (series optimizer) applications. Due to the importance of the PV topic, a significant number of topologies have been introduced in the literature. However, only selected solutions attracted the interest of the industry. This review paper considers PV converters used in the industry or demonstrated in academic publications at a high technology readiness level with comprehensive experimental justification. This allows us to focus this review on the most valuable solutions and to provide a guide for both industry and academic readers. In the end, future trends in industrial PV systems and associated power converters are discussed.

This research article meticulously examines advanced power electronic converters crucial for optimizing electrolyzer perfor- mance in hydrogen production systems. It conducts a thorough review of mature electrolyzer types, detailing their specifications, electric models, manufacturers, and scalability. To meet the high current and stable DC voltage demands of industrial electrolyzers, the study delves into a broad spectrum of AC-DC and DC-DC converter topologies. It explores cutting-edge solutions like 12-pulse and 20-pulse rectifiers, advanced higher multi-pulse rectifiers utilizing conventional and auto-connected transformer units, Multi-Step Auto-connected Transformers (MSAT), polygon autotransformers, and auxiliary filters and circuits such as pulse multiplication circuits and active power filters. These innovations significantly reduce harmonic distortions and enhance power quality, addressing challenges inherent in conventional 6-pulse diode bridge rectifiers. The research also focuses on the efficiency and power factor correction capabilities of Active Front End (AFE) converters and the 3L-DNPC rectifier. Additionally, it investigates various DC-DC converters, including the Continuous Input Current Non-Isolated Bidirec- tional Interleaved Buck-Boost DC-DC Converter, the Interleaved Buck Converter (IBC) with extended duty cycles, the 3-level buck-boost converter with a coupled inductor, Quadratic converters designed for fault tolerance, the three-level interleaved buck converter, among others. Converter designs like the galvanically isolated half-bridge converter with controlled reverse-blocking switches for achieving zero voltage switching (ZVS), the Push–Pull isolated DC-DC converter prioritizing current stability, and the Isolated Full-Bridge Boost Converter (IFBBC) adept at handling fluctuating power outputs from renewable sources are also explored. Moreover, the study scrutinizes a range of converter configurations such as the Two-stage ZVT boost converter with LCL-Type SRC, multiphase interleaved DC-DC stage, and three-port isolated DC/DC converter for efficient integration with multiple energy sources concurrently. Discussing feature trends in power-to-hydrogen systems, the research reviews multi-cell modular rectifiers and multi-stage rectifiers. Overall, the study underscores the critical role of advanced converter topologies in enhancing efficiency, reliability, and power quality in electrolyzer systems, thereby contributing significantly to the progression of sustainable energy technologies.

Changes are being implemented in the electrical power grid to accommodate the increased penetration of renewable energy sources interfaced with grid-connected inverters. The grid-forming (GFM) control paradigm of inverters in active power grids has emerged as a technique through which to tackle the effects of the diminishing dominance of synchronous generators (SGs) and is preferred to the grid-following (GFL) control for providing system control and stability in converter-dominated grids. Therefore, the development of the GFM control is important as the grid advances towards 100% inverter-based grids. In this paper, therefore, we aim to review the changing grid scenario; the behaviour of grid-connected inverter control paradigms and major GFM inverter controls, including their modifications to tackle low inertia, reduced power quality, fault-ride through capability, and reduced stability; and the state-of-the-art GFM models that are pushing the universality of GFM inverter control.

This paper introduces a boost converter with high dc gain as a solution for partial shading of photovoltaic (PV) module. Switched inductor boost converter (SIBC) is introduced by replacing the inductor of the boost converter with a switched inductor branch. As a result, the conversion gain ratio can be increased. The proposed converter is used as an interface between the PV system and the load. A Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control is applied to extract the maximum power of the PV module. Analyses, simulation, and experimental results are provided to validate the operation of the converter.

Hierarchical linear control scheme is widely used in ac microgrids. However, its transient response is slow and parameter tuning is time-consuming. Finite Control Set-Model Predictive Control (FCS-MPC) strategy has desired dynamic performance. Nevertheless, it requires an additional sensor to measure the inductor current. This manuscript aims to mitigate these problems by introducing an improved FCS-MPC strategy for paralleled Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs). A capacitor current estimator is employed to reduce the extra current sensor in each VSI. The proposed control scheme consists of two loops: voltage reference generation loop and voltage tracking loop. The voltage reference generation loop achieves accurate load power sharing using virtual impedance-based droop control. Thus, communication is unnecessary among parallel VSIs. The voltage tracking loop utilizes a modified FCS-MPC block with capacitor current estimator to regulate the VSI output voltage. In order to verify the concept of the proposed control strategy, an ac microgrid consisting of two paralleled VSIs is implemented in dSPACE DS1202 hardware-in-the-loop platform. Then a single VSI hardware prototype is implemented and tested experimentally. The proposed method has the merits of good extensibility, low system cost and compact structure. Its steady-state performance is competitive with hierarchical linear control, while the transient response is significantly improved.