The Zagros forests in Western Iran are valuable ecosystems that have been seriously damaged by human interference (harvesting the wood and forest sub-products, converting the forests to the agricultural lands, and grazing) and natural events (drought events and fire). In this study, we generated accurate land cover (LC), and tree canopy cover percentage (TCC%) maps for the forests of Shirvan County, a part of Zagros forests in Western Iran using Sentinel-2, Google Earth, and field data for protective management. First, we assessed the accuracy of Google Earth data using 300 random field plots in 10 different land cover types. For land cover mapping, we evaluated the performance of four supervised classification algorithms (minimum distance (MD), Mahalanobis distance (MaD), neural network (NN), and support vector machine (SVM)). The accuracy of the land cover maps was assessed using a set of 150 stratified random plots in Google Earth. We mapped the forest canopy cover by using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) map, and field plots. We calculated the Pearson correlation between the NDVI values and the TCC% (obtained from field plots). The linear regression between the NDVI values and the TCC% was used to obtain the predictive model of TCC% based on the NDVI. The results showed that Google Earth data yielded an overall accuracy of 94.4%. The SVM algorithm had the highest accuracy for the classification of Sentinel-2 data with an overall accuracy of 81.33% and a kappa index of 0.76. The results of the forest canopy cover analysis showed a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.93 between the NDVI and TCC%, which is highly significant. The results also showed that the linear regression model is a good predictive model for TCC% estimation based on the NDVI (r² = 0.864). The results can be used as a baseline for decision-makers to monitor land cover change in the region, whether produced by human activities or natural events and to establish measures for protective management of forests.

This study was done to evaluate the efficiency of three methods to predict the high-risk areas for fire in District Three of Neka Zalemroud forests located in Mazandaran Province, Iran. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) and the spatial correlation method were used to model fire risk in the study area. The Dong model was used to provide the fire risk map. Following the construction of fire risk maps using three methods, the map of actual fires was overlaid to validate the used methods. Then the area of the high-risk and very high-risk classes of each fire risk map within the perimeters of actual fires was calculated. Results showed that the high-risk areas in the fire risk map prepared by the fuzzy AHP and spatial correlation methods closely follow the actual fires. On the other hand, the high-risk areas in the fire risk map prepared by the Dong model showed only a moderate agreement with actual fire areas. The final results showed that the fuzzy AHP model (accuracy 0.8) and the spatial correlation model (accuracy 0.92) have the strongest ability to predict the fire high-risk areas in Hyrcanian forests of Iran, relative to the Dong model (accuracy 0.51).