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Prof. Piotr Jedziniak
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland

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0 Validation
0 Mycotoxins presence in food and feed
0 Toxins analysis with mass spectrometry techniques (LC-MS/MS)
0 Veterinary drugs residues
0 Quality assurence

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Review
Published: 23 August 2021 in Toxins
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Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. For the above reasons, an appropriate diagnostic tool is needed to monitor pig’ exposure to mycotoxins. The most popular tool is feed analysis, which has some disadvantages, e.g., it does not include individual exposure. In recent years, the determination of biomarkers as a method to assess the exposure to mycotoxins by using concentrations of the parent compounds and/or metabolites in biological matrices is becoming more and more popular. This review provides a comprehensive overview of reported in vivo mycotoxin absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) and toxicokinetic studies on pigs. Biomarkers of exposure for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and zearalenone are described to select the most promising compound for analysis of porcine plasma, urine and faeces. Biomarkers occur in biological matrices at trace levels, so a very sensitive technique—tandem mass spectrometry—is commonly used for multiple biomarkers quantification. However, the sample preparation for multi-mycotoxin methods remains a challenge. Therefore, a summary of different biological samples preparation strategies is included in that paper.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Tkaczyk; Piotr Jedziniak. Mycotoxin Biomarkers in Pigs—Current State of Knowledge and Analytics. Toxins 2021, 13, 586 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Tkaczyk, Piotr Jedziniak. Mycotoxin Biomarkers in Pigs—Current State of Knowledge and Analytics. Toxins. 2021; 13 (8):586.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Tkaczyk; Piotr Jedziniak. 2021. "Mycotoxin Biomarkers in Pigs—Current State of Knowledge and Analytics." Toxins 13, no. 8: 586.

Journal article
Published: 02 April 2021 in Molecules
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Paracetamol/acetaminophen (APAP) is one of the most popular pharmacologically active substances used as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. The metabolism of this drug occurs in the liver and leads to the formation of two main metabolites—glucuronic acid and sulfate derivate. Despite the wide use of paracetamol in veterinary medicine, a handful of analytical methods were published for the determination of paracetamol residues in animal tissues. In this paper, a multimatrix method has been developed for the determination of paracetamol and two metabolites—paracetamol sulfate (PS) and p-Acetamidophenyl β-D-glucuronide (PG). A validation procedure was conducted to verify method reliability and fit purpose as a tool for analyzing acetaminophen and metabolites in muscle, liver, lung, and kidney samples from different species of animals. Established validation parameters were in agreement with acceptable criteria laid by the European legislation. The initial significant matrix effect was successfully reduced by implementing an internal standard—4-Acetamidophenyl β-D-glucuronide-d3 (PG-d3, IS). The usefulness of the developed method was verified by analyzing samples from an experiment in which paracetamol was administrated to geese.

ACS Style

Konrad Pietruk; Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska; Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska; Anna Gajda; Mario Giorgi; Irene Sartini; Piotr Jedziniak. Development of a Multimatrix UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Paracetamol and Its Metabolites in Animal Tissues. Molecules 2021, 26, 2046 .

AMA Style

Konrad Pietruk, Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska, Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska, Anna Gajda, Mario Giorgi, Irene Sartini, Piotr Jedziniak. Development of a Multimatrix UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Paracetamol and Its Metabolites in Animal Tissues. Molecules. 2021; 26 (7):2046.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konrad Pietruk; Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska; Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska; Anna Gajda; Mario Giorgi; Irene Sartini; Piotr Jedziniak. 2021. "Development of a Multimatrix UHPLC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Paracetamol and Its Metabolites in Animal Tissues." Molecules 26, no. 7: 2046.

Original article
Published: 26 March 2021 in Mycotoxin Research
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An LC-MS/MS method has been developed for the sensitive and selective determination of 35 mycotoxins (biomarkers of exposure) in pig urine samples. Sample preparation includes creatinine adjustment (with the developed LC-UV method) with enzymatic hydrolysis of pig urine samples followed by liquid-liquid (LLE) extraction. The LLE protocol, as well as enzymatic hydrolysis for indirect mycotoxin glucuronides determination, was optimized in this study. Additionally, two other sample preparation protocols were compared with the developed LLE method: immunoaffinity columns and solid-phase extraction cartridges (Oasis HLB). The detection and quantification of the biomarkers were performed using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The method was validated with regard to the guidelines specified by the EMEA (European Medicines Agency). The extraction recoveries were higher than 60% for 77% of the analytes studied, with the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation being lower than 20% for most of the compounds at four different concentration levels. The limits of quantification ranged from 0.1 ng/mL for zearalenone and sterigmatocystin to 8 ng/mL for nivalenol. To the best knowledge of the authors, the matrix effect was evaluated for the first time in this study for six different urine samples, and the coefficient of variation was found to be lower than 15% for most analytes studied. Finally, the developed method was applied to analyse 56 pig urine samples. Deoxynivalenol (1–20 ng/mL), zearalenone (0.1–1.5 ng/mL) and ochratoxin A (1.5–15 ng/mL) were the main analytes detected in these samples. Moreover, the co-occurrence of alternariol monomethyl ether and alternariol in pig urine is reported herein for the first time.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Tkaczyk; Piotr Jedziniak. Development of a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method for the determination of biomarkers in pig urine. Mycotoxin Research 2021, 37, 169 -181.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Tkaczyk, Piotr Jedziniak. Development of a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method for the determination of biomarkers in pig urine. Mycotoxin Research. 2021; 37 (2):169-181.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Tkaczyk; Piotr Jedziniak. 2021. "Development of a multi-mycotoxin LC-MS/MS method for the determination of biomarkers in pig urine." Mycotoxin Research 37, no. 2: 169-181.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2020 in Toxins
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A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3Ac-DON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15Ac-DON), DON-3-glucoside (DON-3Glc) nivalenol and fusarenone-X in feedstuffs. Different techniques of sample preparation were tested: solid-liquid-extraction, QuEChERS, solid phase extraction with OASIS HLB columns or immunoaffinity columns and a Mycosep 225 Trich column. None of the six immunoaffinity columns tested showed cross-reactivity to all of the mycotoxins. Surprisingly, the results show that if the immunoaffinity columns bound 3Ac-DON, then they did not bind 15Ac-DON. The most efficient sample preparation was achieved with a Mycosep 225 Trich column clean-up. The chromatography was optimised to obtain full separation of all analytes (including 3Ac-DON and 15Ac-DON isomeric form). The validation results show the relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility varied from 4% to 24%. The apparent recovery ranged between 92% and 97%, and the limit of quantification described a 1.30 to 50 µg/kg range. The method trueness was satisfactory, as assessed by a proficiency test and analysis of reference material. A total of 99 feed samples were analysed by the developed method, revealing the presence of DON and DON-3Glc in 85% and 86% of examined animal feeds, respectively at concentrations between 1.70 and 1709 µg/kg. The ratios DON-3Glc to DON in the surveyed feedstuffs were from a low of 3% to high of 59%.

ACS Style

Łukasz Panasiuk; Piotr Jedziniak; Katarzyna Pietruszka; Andrzej Posyniak. Simultaneous Determination of Deoxynivalenol, Its Modified Forms, Nivalenol and Fusarenone-X in Feedstuffs by the Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method. Toxins 2020, 12, 362 .

AMA Style

Łukasz Panasiuk, Piotr Jedziniak, Katarzyna Pietruszka, Andrzej Posyniak. Simultaneous Determination of Deoxynivalenol, Its Modified Forms, Nivalenol and Fusarenone-X in Feedstuffs by the Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method. Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):362.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Łukasz Panasiuk; Piotr Jedziniak; Katarzyna Pietruszka; Andrzej Posyniak. 2020. "Simultaneous Determination of Deoxynivalenol, Its Modified Forms, Nivalenol and Fusarenone-X in Feedstuffs by the Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method." Toxins 12, no. 6: 362.

Journal article
Published: 24 May 2020 in Molecules
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A simple, rapid, and accurate HPLC-UV method was developed for the determination of creatinine in pig urine. Usually, it is determined in urine in biomonitoring of xenobiotics to correct for variations in dilutions of urine samples. The colorimetric method (based on Jaffe reaction), which was mainly used for this purpose in mycotoxin biomonitoring, is not a reliable approach for pig urine. Therefore, a novel and accurate HPLC method for creatinine determination was developed. The sample preparation was based on the dilute and shoot approach. An HPLC separation was performed with a porous graphitic carbon column with an aqueous mobile phase to achieve satisfactory retention time for creatinine. The method has been successfully validated, applied for the determination of creatinine in pig urine, and compared with other methods commonly used for that purpose—a colorimetric method based on Jaffe reaction and commercial ELISA test. The developed HPLC method shows the highest precision and accuracy for pig urine samples. Finally, the method was applied as a normalization tool in LC-MS/MS mycotoxin biomarkers analysis. The standardization to a constant creatinine level (0.5 mg/mL) enables similar matrix effects for eleven mycotoxin biomarkers for pig urine samples with different creatinine levels.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Tkaczyk; Piotr Jedziniak. Dilute-and-Shoot HPLC-UV Method for Determination of Urinary Creatinine as a Normalization Tool in Mycotoxin Biomonitoring in Pigs. Molecules 2020, 25, 2445 .

AMA Style

Agnieszka Tkaczyk, Piotr Jedziniak. Dilute-and-Shoot HPLC-UV Method for Determination of Urinary Creatinine as a Normalization Tool in Mycotoxin Biomonitoring in Pigs. Molecules. 2020; 25 (10):2445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Tkaczyk; Piotr Jedziniak. 2020. "Dilute-and-Shoot HPLC-UV Method for Determination of Urinary Creatinine as a Normalization Tool in Mycotoxin Biomonitoring in Pigs." Molecules 25, no. 10: 2445.

Original article
Published: 05 May 2020 in Mycotoxin Research
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Fusarium infections have been reported in aquatic animals, but are still poorly investigated in wild salmonids. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the fungi and their toxins on the health status of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta) migrating from the Baltic Sea to the freshwater. Individuals from the wild brown trout population exhibiting ulcerative skin lesions were collected from the Słupia River in Poland and subjected to microbiological, histopathological, and hematological examinations, as well as toxicological analysis for a presence of mycotoxins. The results of microflora isolation from the brown trout skin samples revealed the presence of conditionally pathogenic bacteria and fungi classified by molecular techniques as Fusarium spp. Toxicological analysis allowed for detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract of the fish. In several cases, there was α-zearalenone (α-ZEL) identified at trace levels in the liver, as well as sterigmatocystin and enniatin B at low levels in the kidney and the liver. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of fungal hyphae disrupting the epidermis and penetrating into the necrotic dermis and hypodermis. The decreased values of the blood parameters, i.e., hemoglobin concentration (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and white blood cell count (WBC), were indicative of osmoregulation failure being a consequence of the skin damage. The results of the study provide new information regarding Fusarium sp. infection in brown trout and serve as the basis for further research on the potential impact of the fungi and their mycotoxins on the Baltic salmonid population, including their role in ulcerative dermal necrosis.

ACS Style

Agnieszka Pękala-Safińska; Piotr Jedziniak; Anna Kycko; Mateusz Ciepliński; Ewa Paździor; Łukasz Panasiuk; Mariusz Kasprzak; Leszek Jerzak. Could mycotoxigenic Fusarium sp. play a role in ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta)? Mycotoxin Research 2020, 36, 311 -318.

AMA Style

Agnieszka Pękala-Safińska, Piotr Jedziniak, Anna Kycko, Mateusz Ciepliński, Ewa Paździor, Łukasz Panasiuk, Mariusz Kasprzak, Leszek Jerzak. Could mycotoxigenic Fusarium sp. play a role in ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta)? Mycotoxin Research. 2020; 36 (3):311-318.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Agnieszka Pękala-Safińska; Piotr Jedziniak; Anna Kycko; Mateusz Ciepliński; Ewa Paździor; Łukasz Panasiuk; Mariusz Kasprzak; Leszek Jerzak. 2020. "Could mycotoxigenic Fusarium sp. play a role in ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta)?" Mycotoxin Research 36, no. 3: 311-318.

Comparative study
Published: 14 January 2019 in Journal of Separation Science
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The aim of this study was a performance comparison of two clean‐up procedures (dilutions versus immunoaffinity columns) in the simultaneous determination of 8 mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1 & B2, ochratoxin A, toxin T‐2 & HT‐2 and zearalenone) in the animal feed. After extraction the analytes were separated on a Kinetex Biphenyl column with a gradient elution using methanol:0.01 M ammonium acetate as a mobile phase and analyzed with the LC‐MS/MS technique. Both of the procedures were validated by analysis of a series of spiked feed samples (n = 6) at three different concentration levels. Better signal to noise ratios were observed for immunoaffinity clean‐up. The recoveries of analyses were in the range 88–110% for the dilution procedure and 78–120% for the immunoaffinity clean‐up. The dilution procedure was more precise (CV of the within‐laboratory reproducibility for it was 7.8–22.4% in comparison to 12–35.5% for the immunoaffinity clean‐up. The results show that both procedures fulfilled the requirements for mycotoxin analysis and can be used successfully in multi‐analyte determination. Although the dilution procedure shows better precision and trueness, the immunoaffinity clean‐up procedure can have advantages in more complex feed samples thanks to lower matrix effect and limits of detections. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

ACS Style

Piotr Jedziniak; Łukasz Panasiuk; Katarzyna Pietruszka; Andrzej Posyniak. Multiple mycotoxins analysis in animal feed with LC‐MS/MS: Comparison of extract dilution and immunoaffinity clean‐up. Journal of Separation Science 2019, 42, 1240 -1247.

AMA Style

Piotr Jedziniak, Łukasz Panasiuk, Katarzyna Pietruszka, Andrzej Posyniak. Multiple mycotoxins analysis in animal feed with LC‐MS/MS: Comparison of extract dilution and immunoaffinity clean‐up. Journal of Separation Science. 2019; 42 (6):1240-1247.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piotr Jedziniak; Łukasz Panasiuk; Katarzyna Pietruszka; Andrzej Posyniak. 2019. "Multiple mycotoxins analysis in animal feed with LC‐MS/MS: Comparison of extract dilution and immunoaffinity clean‐up." Journal of Separation Science 42, no. 6: 1240-1247.

Original article
Published: 22 August 2018 in Mycotoxin Research
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In this study, 120 silage samples collected in 2015 from farms in Poland were analysed by a multimycotoxin method based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The study included toxins which are regulated within the European Union (aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, T-2/HT-2 toxins, ochratoxin A and zearalenone) and non-regulated mycotoxins (enniatins, beauvericin, 8-ketotrichothecenes, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone derivatives). All silage samples were positive for at least one mycotoxin, and 61% of samples contained five or more mycotoxins simultaneously. The most frequently detected toxins were deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone, enniatins and beauvericin, although the levels of these toxins were relatively low. The mean concentration of deoxynivalenol and zearalenon was 406 and 80.6 μg/kg, respectively, and two toxins were positive-correlated. This is the first study that provides information about emerging mycotoxins contaminating silage in Poland.

ACS Style

L. Panasiuk; Piotr Jedziniak; K. Pietruszka; M. Piatkowska; L. Bocian. Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland. Mycotoxin Research 2018, 35, 17 -25.

AMA Style

L. Panasiuk, Piotr Jedziniak, K. Pietruszka, M. Piatkowska, L. Bocian. Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland. Mycotoxin Research. 2018; 35 (1):17-25.

Chicago/Turabian Style

L. Panasiuk; Piotr Jedziniak; K. Pietruszka; M. Piatkowska; L. Bocian. 2018. "Frequency and levels of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in silage in Poland." Mycotoxin Research 35, no. 1: 17-25.

Article
Published: 25 March 2018 in Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
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Salinomycin is an ionophore antibiotic with potential anti-cancer activity. The history of its use in veterinary medicine show large differences in species susceptibility to its toxicity. At the same time, the results of so-far research suggest the correlation between the extent and pathways of ionophore biotransformation and its toxicity. The biotransformation pattern of salinomycin has not been studied so far. The extracts from culture media of human hepatoma cells (HepG2) exposed to salinomycin were analysed with two mass spectrometry techniques. As the first one, micro-liquid chromatography coupled with Q-TOF mass spectrometer was used. In the second approach, high performance liquid chromatography was coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole/ linear ion trap. Both experiments were operated in positive electrospray ionization mode. To identify unknown salinomycin metabolites, information dependent acquisition was applied. Metabolites identified with tandem mass spectrometry included hydroxylated, demethylated and hydroxy-demethylated derivatives, in total 14 compounds. Using high resolution, only eight isomers of hydroxy-salinomycin were detected. The efficiency of biotransformation was low, and so was the abundance of the signals; only for two metabolites exceeded 1% of salinomycin signal. The analysis of fragmentation pattern narrowed the structure combinations but actual modification site could not specified. Tandem mass spectrometry was more sensitive in the identification of salinomycin metabolites in comparison to Q-TOF approach. Because of low efficiency of biotransformation of the applied model, the obtained fragmentation data is not sufficient to fully characterize the detected compounds. The study with more metabolically active primary hepatocytes is needed.

ACS Style

Małgorzata Olejnik; Lidia Radko; Piotr Jedziniak. Identification of metabolites of anticancer candidate salinomycin using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight and hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 2018, 32, 629 -634.

AMA Style

Małgorzata Olejnik, Lidia Radko, Piotr Jedziniak. Identification of metabolites of anticancer candidate salinomycin using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight and hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2018; 32 (8):629-634.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Małgorzata Olejnik; Lidia Radko; Piotr Jedziniak. 2018. "Identification of metabolites of anticancer candidate salinomycin using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight and hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 32, no. 8: 629-634.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Food Chemistry
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Sudan I is a carcinogenic industrial azo-dye, forbidden for use in food. However, it has been detected in food on several occasions, such as in paprika, used in animal husbandry to enhance egg yolk colour. Therefore, an animal experiment was designed to simulate the transfer of Sudan I to eggs after its unintentional administration to laying hens. A group of laying hens (n=18) received feed contaminated with Sudan I at the raising concentrations: 0.45mg/kg, 4.97mg/kg and 42.1mg/kg. Residues of Sudan I were detected in egg yolks (0.29±0.03µg/kg, mean±SD) only after the administration of the feed contaminated with the dye at the highest concentration. The determined concentrations were much lower than expected based on the compound's lipophilicity. In conclusion, the transfer of Sudan I to eggs was limited and strongly dependent on its concentration in feed.

ACS Style

Marta Piątkowska; Piotr Jedziniak; Małgorzata Olejnik; Jan Żmudzki; Andrzej Posyniak. Absence of evidence or evidence of absence? A transfer and depletion study of Sudan I in eggs. Food Chemistry 2018, 239, 598 -602.

AMA Style

Marta Piątkowska, Piotr Jedziniak, Małgorzata Olejnik, Jan Żmudzki, Andrzej Posyniak. Absence of evidence or evidence of absence? A transfer and depletion study of Sudan I in eggs. Food Chemistry. 2018; 239 ():598-602.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Piątkowska; Piotr Jedziniak; Małgorzata Olejnik; Jan Żmudzki; Andrzej Posyniak. 2018. "Absence of evidence or evidence of absence? A transfer and depletion study of Sudan I in eggs." Food Chemistry 239, no. : 598-602.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2018 in Medycyna Weterynaryjna
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Mycotoxins are a wide group of compounds that often occur in food and feeds. These toxins negatively affect living organisms and may pose a risk for consumers’ health. Fish seem to be a particularly vulnerable group because negative effects can be observed at low levels of contamination, much lower than those considered harmful for other farmed animals. Mycotoxins may disturb cellular homeostasis by their influence on cells’ metabolism, causing DNA damage and organ lesions. Moreover, they are capable of immunomodulation, which may increase the occurrence of fish diseases caused by bacteria and other pathogens. Furthermore, these substances often have a negative impact on the growth rate of fish, which may cause economic losses to farmers. Although mycotoxins are commonly found in feeds, their ability to bioaccumulate in fish seems to be marginal. Therefore, according to the available data, fish may not be considered as the main source of mycotoxins for humans. Since there are no legal limits on the amount of mycotoxins present in fish feeds, it is necessary to constantly monitor the levels of mycotoxins in fish feeds and to investigate the influence of these substances on fish health..

ACS Style

Marek Walczak; Piotr Jedziniak; Michał Reichert. Influence of mycotoxins on fish health. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 2018, 74, 6052 -2018.

AMA Style

Marek Walczak, Piotr Jedziniak, Michał Reichert. Influence of mycotoxins on fish health. Medycyna Weterynaryjna. 2018; 74 (1):6052-2018.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marek Walczak; Piotr Jedziniak; Michał Reichert. 2018. "Influence of mycotoxins on fish health." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1: 6052-2018.

Article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Journal of Veterinary Research
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Introduction: Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic metabolite mainly produced by Aspergillus spp. and Penicillum spp. fungi. Research on the contamination of cereals, complete feeds, and tissues with this mycotoxin has indicated that it can be a toxicological problem impacting animal health and food safety in temperate climes. OTA contamination mainly besets the global pig industry, necessitating the monitoring of feeds and animal tissues. The aim of the study was to present the results of the official monitoring of OTA in animal tissues and feeds in Poland in 2014–2016 and determine the possible correlation between the presence of OTA in different types of samples. Material and Methods: The presence of ochratoxin A was determined using accepted procedures based on liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity column clean-up. Determination of OTA was afforded in the range of 0.3 μg/kg to 300 μg/kg in complete feeds and from 0.2 μg/kg to 150 μg/kg in the kidneys, liver, and muscles. Results: Over the three year span, about 23.5% of the animal tissues samples were contaminated by ochratoxin A. In the 2014 survey, 10% of the sample tissues contained 5–10 μg/kg (only one sample above 10 μg/kg), and in 2015 and 2016, 24% of samples showed levels above the limit of quantification 0.2 μg/kg, while none of the samples exceeded the established provisional action level of 5 μg/kg for animal tissues. The animal feed analysis showed that 9% was contaminated with ochratoxin A above the limit of quantification of 0.3μg/kg. In 2% of feed samples the OTA concentration was greater than 50 μg/kg. Conclusion: The results confirm the appropriacy of OTA contamination monitoring and help to increase food safety.

ACS Style

Katarzyna Pietruszka; Marta Piątkowska; Piotr Jedziniak. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in animal tissues and feeds in Poland in 2014–2016. Journal of Veterinary Research 2017, 61, 483 -487.

AMA Style

Katarzyna Pietruszka, Marta Piątkowska, Piotr Jedziniak. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in animal tissues and feeds in Poland in 2014–2016. Journal of Veterinary Research. 2017; 61 (4):483-487.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Katarzyna Pietruszka; Marta Piątkowska; Piotr Jedziniak. 2017. "Occurrence of ochratoxin A in animal tissues and feeds in Poland in 2014–2016." Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 4: 483-487.

Journal article
Published: 01 October 2017 in Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
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Alternariol (AOH) is a toxic metabolite of phytopathogenic fungi of the Alternaria spp. and important contaminant of agricultural commodities. According to the recent studies, AOH has a potential to modulate the endocrine system of humans and animals. In the view of these reports, our study addressed the effects of AOH on human estrogen receptor (hERα) and androgen receptor (hAR) signaling with the use of the yeast estrogen and androgen reporter bioassays. Our results show that, apart from a weak estrogenic response, AOH induces full androgenic response of the bioassay with the EC50 of 269.4μM. The androgenic potency of AOH relative to testosterone (T) is 0.046%. Moreover, in the presence of T, AOH at 5μM acts as a weak antiandrogen, whereas at higher concentrations AOH sum up with the androgenic activity of T in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting additive effect. To our knowledge it is the first report of the androgenic potency of natural, nonsteroidal substance and may have the impact on the direction of the further studies. Further research is warranted to clarify the role of AOH in disruption of AR signaling in humans and animals.

ACS Style

Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas; Maria Minta; Lidia Radko; Piotr Jedziniak; Andrzej Posyniak. Nonsteroidal mycotoxin alternariol is a full androgen agonist in the yeast reporter androgen bioassay. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2017, 55, 208 -211.

AMA Style

Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas, Maria Minta, Lidia Radko, Piotr Jedziniak, Andrzej Posyniak. Nonsteroidal mycotoxin alternariol is a full androgen agonist in the yeast reporter androgen bioassay. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2017; 55 ():208-211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas; Maria Minta; Lidia Radko; Piotr Jedziniak; Andrzej Posyniak. 2017. "Nonsteroidal mycotoxin alternariol is a full androgen agonist in the yeast reporter androgen bioassay." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 55, no. : 208-211.

Journal article
Published: 19 September 2017 in Journal of Veterinary Research
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Introduction: Albendazole is used to treat endoparasitic diseases in animals and humans. After oral administration, it is quickly oxidised into its pharmacologically active metabolite albendazole sulfoxide and then to sulfone. However, it is not clear which compound is responsible for toxic effects towards mammalian cells. Material and Methods: The model systems comprised cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes, two hepatoma cell lines (FaO, HepG2), and non-hepatic Balb/c 3T3 line. Cells were exposed for 24, 48, and 72 h to eight concentrations of albendazole ranging from 0.05 to 100 μg/mL. At all three time points cytotoxic effects were assessed by MTT assay and metabolites in the culture media were determined by LC-MS/MS analysis. Results: The effective concentrations EC50-72h showed that Balb/c 3T3 cells were the most sensitive to albendazole (0.2 ±0.1 μg/mL) followed by FaO (1.0 ±0.4 μg/mL), and HepG2 (6.4 ±0.1 μg/mL). In the case of isolated hepatocytes this value could not be attained up to the highest concentration used. Chemical analysis revealed that the concentrations of albendazole in hepatocytes and HepG2 and FaO culture media gradually decreased with incubation time, while the concentrations of its metabolites increased. The metabolism in isolated hepatocytes was dozens of times greater than in HepG2 and FaO cells. Two metabolites (albendazole sulfoxide, albendazole sulfone) were detected in isolated hepatocytes and HepG2 culture medium, one (albendazole sulfoxide) in FaO culture medium and none in Balb/c 3T3. Conclusion: The obtained data indicate that metabolism of albendazole leads to its detoxification. The lower cytotoxic potential of metabolites was confirmed in the independent experiments in this study.

ACS Style

Lidia Radko; Maria Minta; Piotr Jedziniak; Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas. Comparison of albendazole cytotoxicity in terms of metabolite formation in four model systems. Journal of Veterinary Research 2017, 61, 313 -319.

AMA Style

Lidia Radko, Maria Minta, Piotr Jedziniak, Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas. Comparison of albendazole cytotoxicity in terms of metabolite formation in four model systems. Journal of Veterinary Research. 2017; 61 (3):313-319.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lidia Radko; Maria Minta; Piotr Jedziniak; Sylwia Stypuła-Trębas. 2017. "Comparison of albendazole cytotoxicity in terms of metabolite formation in four model systems." Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 3: 313-319.

Article
Published: 19 September 2017 in Journal of Veterinary Research
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Introduction: The paper presents the method of simultaneous determination of 10 illegal azo dyes in feed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry technique. Material and Methods: The dyes were extracted with hexane, evaporated to dryness, and analysed. Separation was achieved in 7 min in a gradient elution using acetonitrile (A) and 0.1% formic acid (B) as a mobile phase. Results: The validation results showed the repeatability of the method, which was evaluated at three levels (50, 500, and 5,000 μg/kg). All the matrix calibration curves for the working ranges were linear (R2 0.9904 to 1.0), the repeatability was between 2.1% and 24%, and recoveries ranged from 77.9% to 120%. The LOD and LOQ were at 1-2 and 5-10 μg/kg for different dyes, respectively. Furthermore, the method was applied in the homogeneity tests of the in-house prepared feed containing Sudan I at the levels of 0.5, 5, and 50 mg/kg. Conclusions: A sensitive, selective, and fast multiresidue method was successfully developed and validated. Its robustness was confirmed by the analysis of an experimental feed containing Sudan I.

ACS Style

Marta Piątkowska; Piotr Jedziniak; Małgorzata Olejnik; Konrad Pietruk; Jan Żmudzki; Andrzej Posyniak. Simultaneous determination of ten illegal azo dyes in feed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Veterinary Research 2017, 61, 299 -305.

AMA Style

Marta Piątkowska, Piotr Jedziniak, Małgorzata Olejnik, Konrad Pietruk, Jan Żmudzki, Andrzej Posyniak. Simultaneous determination of ten illegal azo dyes in feed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Veterinary Research. 2017; 61 (3):299-305.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Piątkowska; Piotr Jedziniak; Małgorzata Olejnik; Konrad Pietruk; Jan Żmudzki; Andrzej Posyniak. 2017. "Simultaneous determination of ten illegal azo dyes in feed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry." Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 3: 299-305.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2017 in Food Chemistry
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The process of lyophilization causes that the veterinary drugs residues present in egg albumen do not decompose, as it takes place during the process of high-temperature drying. Thus, lyophilized albumen may be a potential source of their residues for consumers. As a consequence, reliable methods for the determination of veterinary medicinal products from egg albumen are needed. The method for the determination of 85 analytes in lyophilized egg albumen was developed and successfully validated. The recoveries were between 84 and 110%, within laboratory repeatability and reproducibility - in the range of 3.29-16.8% and -5.93 to 19.3%. The presence of enrofloxacin and doxycycline was confirmed in real egg albumen samples. The concentrations ranged from 5.65-596µg/kg for doxycycline to 0.89-134µg/kg for enrofloxacin. Nevertheless, the evaluated daily intake and % of the ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake) received by the consumers' were at a toxicologically accepted level.

ACS Style

Marta Piątkowska; Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska; Anna Gajda; Piotr Jedziniak; Tomasz Błądek; Jan Żmudzki; Andrzej Posyniak. Multiresidue determination of veterinary medicines in lyophilized egg albumen with subsequent consumer exposure evaluation. Food Chemistry 2017, 229, 646 -652.

AMA Style

Marta Piątkowska, Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska, Anna Gajda, Piotr Jedziniak, Tomasz Błądek, Jan Żmudzki, Andrzej Posyniak. Multiresidue determination of veterinary medicines in lyophilized egg albumen with subsequent consumer exposure evaluation. Food Chemistry. 2017; 229 ():646-652.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Piątkowska; Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska; Anna Gajda; Piotr Jedziniak; Tomasz Błądek; Jan Żmudzki; Andrzej Posyniak. 2017. "Multiresidue determination of veterinary medicines in lyophilized egg albumen with subsequent consumer exposure evaluation." Food Chemistry 229, no. : 646-652.

Evaluation study
Published: 01 April 2016 in Food Chemistry
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A multiclass method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 120 analytes in fresh eggs. The method covers the analytes from the groups of tetracyclines (6), fluoroquinolones (11), sulphonamides (17), nitroimidazoles (9), amphenicols (2), cephalosporins (7), penicillins (8), macrolides (8), benzimidazoles (20), coccidiostats (14), insecticides (3), dyes (12) and others (3). Samples were extracted using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:water (8:2) with the addition of EDTA and cleaned using solid phase extraction with Hybrid SPE cartridges. The chromatographic separation was achieved on C8 column using mobile phase consisting of (A) methanol:acetonitrile (8:2) - (B) 0.1% formic acid in a gradient mode. Validation results according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC are as follows: linearity (r⩾0.99), recovery (75-108%), repeatability (CV 1.60-15.9%), reproducibility (CV 2.60-15%), decision limit (CCα 2.25-1156 μg/kg) and detection capability (CCβ 2.04-1316 μg/kg). The presented method was used for analysis of 150 real eggs samples taken from monitoring control program.

ACS Style

Marta Piatkowska; Piotr Jedziniak; Jan Zmudzki. Multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of veterinary medicinal products, feed additives and illegal dyes in eggs using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry 2016, 197, 571 -580.

AMA Style

Marta Piatkowska, Piotr Jedziniak, Jan Zmudzki. Multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of veterinary medicinal products, feed additives and illegal dyes in eggs using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry. 2016; 197 ():571-580.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marta Piatkowska; Piotr Jedziniak; Jan Zmudzki. 2016. "Multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of veterinary medicinal products, feed additives and illegal dyes in eggs using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry." Food Chemistry 197, no. : 571-580.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2015 in Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy
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A multiresidue method (LC-MS/MS) for determination of wide range of anthelmintics was developed. The method covered benzimidazoles: albendazole (and metabolites), cambendazole, fenbendazol (and metabolites), flubendazole (and metabolites), mebendazole (and metabolites), oxibendazole, thiabendazole (and metabolites), triclabendazole (and metabolites); macrocyclic lactones: abamectin, doramectin, emamectin, eprinomectin, ivermectin, moxidectin; salicylanilides: closantel, ioxynil, nitroxynil, oxyclosamide, niclosamide, rafoxanid and others: clorsulon, derquantel, imidocarb, monepantel (and metabolites), morantel, praziquantel, and pyrantel. The method was used to examine the potential presence of anthelmintics in goat and sheep milk and dairy products from the Polish market. A total of 120 samples of milk, yoghurt, cottage cheese, cream cheese, and curd were analysed. None of the samples were found positive above CCα (1-10 μg/kg) except for one cottage cheese in which traces of albendazole sulfone were detected (5.2 ug/kg) and confirmed. The results of the study showed negligible anthelmintic residues in the goat and sheep milk and dairy products and confirm their good quality.

ACS Style

Piotr Jedziniak; Małgorzata Olejnik; Jolanta G. Rola; Teresa Szprengier-Juszkiewicz. Anthelmintic residues in goat and sheep dairy products. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 2015, 59, 515 -518.

AMA Style

Piotr Jedziniak, Małgorzata Olejnik, Jolanta G. Rola, Teresa Szprengier-Juszkiewicz. Anthelmintic residues in goat and sheep dairy products. Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy. 2015; 59 (4):515-518.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piotr Jedziniak; Małgorzata Olejnik; Jolanta G. Rola; Teresa Szprengier-Juszkiewicz. 2015. "Anthelmintic residues in goat and sheep dairy products." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 59, no. 4: 515-518.

Journal article
Published: 21 November 2015 in Food Analytical Methods
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A method for the determination of a wide range residues of anti-inflammatory drugs (16 acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and four metamizole metabolites and five corticosteroids) has been was developed. In the first step of sample preparation, acetate buffer was added to minced muscle samples and 15-min ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis was performed. Next, the samples were extracted twice with acetonitrile, freezed and analysed. The analytes were separated on a C18 column with a 25-min gradient of methanol/acetonitrile (8:2) and 0.05 M ammonium formate at pH 5.0 and determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method was validated according to the requirements described in the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC: linearity, precision (repeatability and within-laboratory reproducibility), accuracy, decision limit CCα and detection capability CCβ were calculated. The method developed fulfilled the performance criteria and can be used in the official control of veterinary drug residues in food of animal origin. The method was positively verified in the proficiency test and in the analysis of incurred material.

ACS Style

Piotr Jedziniak; Małgorzata Olejnik; Konrad Pietruk; Edyta Protasiuk; Teresa Szprengier-Juszkiewicz; Jan Żmudzki. Simultaneous Determination of Residues of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Glucocorticosteroids in Animal Muscle by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods 2015, 9, 1837 -1848.

AMA Style

Piotr Jedziniak, Małgorzata Olejnik, Konrad Pietruk, Edyta Protasiuk, Teresa Szprengier-Juszkiewicz, Jan Żmudzki. Simultaneous Determination of Residues of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Glucocorticosteroids in Animal Muscle by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods. 2015; 9 (6):1837-1848.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Piotr Jedziniak; Małgorzata Olejnik; Konrad Pietruk; Edyta Protasiuk; Teresa Szprengier-Juszkiewicz; Jan Żmudzki. 2015. "Simultaneous Determination of Residues of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Glucocorticosteroids in Animal Muscle by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Food Analytical Methods 9, no. 6: 1837-1848.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2015 in Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
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A multi-residue method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of authorized (decoquinate, diclazuril, halofuginone, lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, nicarbazin, robenidine, salinomycin and semduramicin) and non-authorized (amprolium, clopidol, ethopabate and toltrazuril) coccidiostats in animal feed. Feed samples were extracted with basic followed by acidified solution in methanol and, after centrifugation, were injected directly into LC-MS/MS system. Detection was performed in selected reaction monitoring mode with both positive and negative electrospray ionization. The time efficient validation experiment has verified the robustness of a method in different types of feed and on two separate LC-MS/MS instruments. The comparison of different quantification methods demonstrated that, against expectations, the standard addition did not prove better in comparison with matrix-matched calibration curve. Although the sample preparation was very easy, the observed matrix effects were not significant for the most part but they could explain the problems with the quantification of some coccidiostats.

ACS Style

Konrad Pietruk; Małgorzata Olejnik; Piotr Jedziniak; Teresa Szprengier-Juszkiewicz. Determination of fifteen coccidiostats in feed at carry-over levels using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2015, 112, 50 -59.

AMA Style

Konrad Pietruk, Małgorzata Olejnik, Piotr Jedziniak, Teresa Szprengier-Juszkiewicz. Determination of fifteen coccidiostats in feed at carry-over levels using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2015; 112 ():50-59.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Konrad Pietruk; Małgorzata Olejnik; Piotr Jedziniak; Teresa Szprengier-Juszkiewicz. 2015. "Determination of fifteen coccidiostats in feed at carry-over levels using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 112, no. : 50-59.