This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.

Unclaimed
Rugang Liu
Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China

Honors and Awards

The user has no records in this section


Career Timeline

The user has no records in this section.


Short Biography

The user biography is not available.
Following
Followers
Co Authors
The list of users this user is following is empty.
Following: 0 users

Feed

Journal article
Published: 11 May 2021 in Vaccines
Reads 0
Downloads 0

(1) Background: By April 2021, over 160 million Chinese have been vaccinated against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study analyzed the impact of vaccination on discrimination against recovered COVID-19 patients and the determinants of discrimination among intended vaccinated people. (2) Methods: A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect data on COVID-19 associated discrimination from nine provinces in China. Pearson chi-square tests and a multivariate ordered logistic regression analyzed the determinants of COVID-19-related discrimination. (3) Results: People who intended to be COVID-19 vaccinated displayed a high level of discrimination against recovered COVID-19 patients, with only 37.74% of the intended vaccinated without any prejudice and 34.11% displaying severe discrimination. However, vaccinations reduced COVID-19-related discrimination against recovered COVID-19 patients from 79.76% to 62.26%. Sex, age, education level, occupation, geographical region, respondents’ awareness of vaccine effectiveness and infection risk, and COVID-19 knowledge score had a significant influence on the COVID-19 related discrimination (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Vaccination significantly reduced COVID-19 associated discrimination, but discrimination rates remained high. Among the intended vaccinated respondents, females, the older aged, people with high school and above education level, retirees, migrant workers, and residents in central China were identified as key targets for information campaigns to reduce COVID-19 related discrimination.

ACS Style

Lu Li; Jian Wang; Anli Leng; Stephen Nicholas; Elizabeth Maitland; Rugang Liu. Will COVID-19 Vaccinations End Discrimination against COVID-19 Patients in China? New Evidence on Recovered COVID-19 Patients. Vaccines 2021, 9, 490 .

AMA Style

Lu Li, Jian Wang, Anli Leng, Stephen Nicholas, Elizabeth Maitland, Rugang Liu. Will COVID-19 Vaccinations End Discrimination against COVID-19 Patients in China? New Evidence on Recovered COVID-19 Patients. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (5):490.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lu Li; Jian Wang; Anli Leng; Stephen Nicholas; Elizabeth Maitland; Rugang Liu. 2021. "Will COVID-19 Vaccinations End Discrimination against COVID-19 Patients in China? New Evidence on Recovered COVID-19 Patients." Vaccines 9, no. 5: 490.

Journal article
Published: 02 May 2021 in Vaccines
Reads 0
Downloads 0

(1) Background: More coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are gradually being developed and marketed. Improving the vaccination intention will be the key to increasing the vaccination rate in the future; (2) Methods: A self-designed questionnaire was used to collect data on COVID-19 vaccination intentions, protection motivation and control variables. Pearson Chi-square test and multivariate ordered logistic regression models were specified to analyze the determinants of intention to receive COVID-19 vaccine; (3) Results: Although the vaccine was free, 17.75% of the 2377 respondents did not want, or were hesitant, to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Respondents’ cognition of vaccine safety, external reward and response efficacy were positively related to COVID-19 vaccination intention, while age, income and response cost were negatively related to the intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Professionals and people without medical insurance had the lowest intention to vaccinate; (4) Conclusions: The older aged, people without health insurance, those with higher incomes and professionals should be treated as the key intervention targets. Strengthening publicity and education about the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, training vaccinated people and community leaders as propagandists for the vaccine, and improving the accessibility to the COVID-19 vaccine are recommended to improve COVID-19 vaccination intention.

ACS Style

Lu Li; Jian Wang; Stephen Nicholas; Elizabeth Maitland; Anli Leng; Rugang Liu. The Intention to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine in China: Insights from Protection Motivation Theory. Vaccines 2021, 9, 445 .

AMA Style

Lu Li, Jian Wang, Stephen Nicholas, Elizabeth Maitland, Anli Leng, Rugang Liu. The Intention to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine in China: Insights from Protection Motivation Theory. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (5):445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lu Li; Jian Wang; Stephen Nicholas; Elizabeth Maitland; Anli Leng; Rugang Liu. 2021. "The Intention to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccine in China: Insights from Protection Motivation Theory." Vaccines 9, no. 5: 445.

Journal article
Published: 21 March 2021 in Vaccines
Reads 0
Downloads 0

(1) Background: China will provide free coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations for the entire population. This study analyzed the COVID-19 vaccination willingness rate (VWR) and its determinants under China’s free vaccination policy compared to a paid vaccine. (2) Methods: Data on 2377 respondents were collected through a nationwide questionnaire survey. Multivariate ordered logistic regression models were specified to explore the correlation between the VWR and its determinants. (3) Results: China’s free vaccination policy for COVID-19 increased the VWR from 73.62% to 82.25% of the respondents. Concerns about the safety and side-effects were the primary reason for participants’ unwillingness to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Age, medical insurance and vaccine safety were significant determinants of the COVID-19 VWR for both the paid and free vaccine. Income, occupation and vaccine effectiveness were significant determinants of the COVID-19 VWR for the free vaccine. (4) Conclusions: Free vaccinations increased the COVID-19 VWR significantly. People over the age of 58 and without medical insurance should be treated as the target intervention population for improving the COVID-19 VWR. Contrary to previous research, high-income groups and professional workers should be intervention targets to improve the COVID-19 VWR. Strengthening nationwide publicity and education on COVID-19 vaccine safety and effectiveness are recommended policies for decision-makers.

ACS Style

Rugang Liu; Yuxun Zhang; Stephen Nicholas; Anli Leng; Elizabeth Maitland; Jian Wang. COVID-19 Vaccination Willingness among Chinese Adults under the Free Vaccination Policy. Vaccines 2021, 9, 292 .

AMA Style

Rugang Liu, Yuxun Zhang, Stephen Nicholas, Anli Leng, Elizabeth Maitland, Jian Wang. COVID-19 Vaccination Willingness among Chinese Adults under the Free Vaccination Policy. Vaccines. 2021; 9 (3):292.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rugang Liu; Yuxun Zhang; Stephen Nicholas; Anli Leng; Elizabeth Maitland; Jian Wang. 2021. "COVID-19 Vaccination Willingness among Chinese Adults under the Free Vaccination Policy." Vaccines 9, no. 3: 292.

Journal article
Published: 22 February 2021
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Fang Tang; Jian Wang; Stephen Nicholas; Dongfu Qian; Rugang Liu. A cohort study on risk factors of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol hypolipidemia among urban Chinese adults. 2021, 20, 20 .

AMA Style

Fang Tang, Jian Wang, Stephen Nicholas, Dongfu Qian, Rugang Liu. A cohort study on risk factors of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol hypolipidemia among urban Chinese adults. . 2021; 20 (1):20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fang Tang; Jian Wang; Stephen Nicholas; Dongfu Qian; Rugang Liu. 2021. "A cohort study on risk factors of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol hypolipidemia among urban Chinese adults." 20, no. 1: 20.

Journal article
Published: 05 December 2020 in Vaccine
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Vaccinations are an effective choice to stop disease outbreaks, including COVID-19. There is little research on individuals' COVID-19 vaccination decision-making. We aimed to determine individual preferences for COVID-19 vaccinations in China, and to assess the factors influencing vaccination decision-making to facilitate vaccination coverage. A D-efficient discrete choice experiment was conducted across six Chinese provinces selected by the stratified random sampling method. Vaccine choice sets were constructed using seven attributes: vaccine effectiveness, side-effects, accessibility, number of doses, vaccination sites, duration of vaccine protection, and proportion of acquaintances vaccinated. Conditional logit and latent class models were used to identify preferences. Although all seven attributes were proved to significantly influence respondents’ vaccination decision, vaccine effectiveness, side-effects and proportion of acquaintances vaccinated were the most important. We also found a higher probability of vaccinating when the vaccine was more effective; risks of serious side effects were small; vaccinations were free and voluntary; the fewer the number of doses; the longer the protection duration; and the higher the proportion of acquaintances vaccinated. Higher local vaccine coverage created altruistic herd incentives to vaccinate rather than free-rider problems. The predicted vaccination uptake of the optimal vaccination scenario in our study was 84.77%. Preference heterogeneity was substantial. Individuals who were older, had a lower education level, lower income, higher trust in the vaccine and higher perceived risk of infection, displayed a higher probability to vaccinate. Preference heterogeneity among individuals should lead health authorities to address the diversity of expectations about COVID-19 vaccinations. To maximize COVID-19 vaccine uptake, health authorities should promote vaccine effectiveness; pro-actively communicate the absence or presence of vaccine side effects; and ensure rapid and wide media communication about local vaccine coverage.

ACS Style

Anli Leng; Elizabeth Maitland; Siyuan Wang; Stephen Nicholas; Rugang Liu; Jian Wang. Individual preferences for COVID-19 vaccination in China. Vaccine 2020, 39, 247 -254.

AMA Style

Anli Leng, Elizabeth Maitland, Siyuan Wang, Stephen Nicholas, Rugang Liu, Jian Wang. Individual preferences for COVID-19 vaccination in China. Vaccine. 2020; 39 (2):247-254.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anli Leng; Elizabeth Maitland; Siyuan Wang; Stephen Nicholas; Rugang Liu; Jian Wang. 2020. "Individual preferences for COVID-19 vaccination in China." Vaccine 39, no. 2: 247-254.

Journal article
Published: 24 September 2020 in Health Economics Review
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Background Health care systems in many countries are characterized by limited availability of provider performance data that can be used to design and implement welfare improving reforms in the health sector. We question whether a simple mystery shopper scheme can be an effective measure to improve primary care quality in such settings. Methods Using a randomized treatment-control design, we conducted a field experiment in primary care clinics in a Chinese city. We investigate whether informing physicians of a forthcoming mystery shopper audit influences their prescribing behavior. The intervention effects are estimated using conditional fixed-effects logistic regression. The estimated coefficients are interpreted as marginal utilities in a choice model. Results Our findings suggest that the mystery shopper intervention reduced the probability of prescribing overall. Moreover, the intervention had heterogeneous effects on different types of drugs. Conclusions This study provides new evidence suggesting that announced performance auditing of primary care providers could directly affect physician behavior even when it is not combined with pay-for-performance, or measures such as reminders, feedback or educational interventions.

ACS Style

Roland Cheo; Ge Ge; Geir Godager; Rugang Liu; Jian Wang; QiQi Wang. The effect of a mystery shopper scheme on prescribing behavior in primary care: Results from a field experiment. Health Economics Review 2020, 10, 1 -19.

AMA Style

Roland Cheo, Ge Ge, Geir Godager, Rugang Liu, Jian Wang, QiQi Wang. The effect of a mystery shopper scheme on prescribing behavior in primary care: Results from a field experiment. Health Economics Review. 2020; 10 (1):1-19.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roland Cheo; Ge Ge; Geir Godager; Rugang Liu; Jian Wang; QiQi Wang. 2020. "The effect of a mystery shopper scheme on prescribing behavior in primary care: Results from a field experiment." Health Economics Review 10, no. 1: 1-19.

Research papers
Published: 14 April 2016 in Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
Reads 0
Downloads 0

Introduction: With China's accelerating urbanization, migrant workers comprise up to 40% of the urban population of China's largest cities. More mobile than non-migrant urban dwellers, migrants are more likely to contract and spread hepatitis B (HB) than non-migrants. Due to the mandatory system of household registration (hukou), migrants are less likely to be covered by national HB immunization programs and also to have more limited access to public health services where they work than non-migrants. Migrants form a significant sub-group in all Chinese cities posing unique public policy vaccination challenges. Objective: Using protection motivation theory (PMT), we developed and measured HB cognitive variables and analyze the factors affecting HB vaccination behavior and willingness to vaccinate by migrant workers. We propose public policy interventions to increase HB vaccination rates of migrant workers. Methods: We developed a questionnaire to collect information on the HB vaccination characteristics of 1684 respondents from 6 provinces and Beijing. Exploratory factor analysis was used to create PMT variables and a binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the factors affecting migrant workers' HB vaccination behavior and willingness to vaccinate. Results: Vulnerability and response-efficacy were significant PMT cognition factors determining HB vaccination behavior. The HB vaccination rate for migrants decreased with increasing age and was smaller for the primary education than the high education group. The vaccination rate of the medical insurance group was significantly greater than the non-insured group, and the vaccination probability was significantly higher for the self-rated good health compared to the self-rated poor health group. Geographical birth location mattered: the vaccination rate for Beijing city and Ningxia province migrants were higher than for Hebei province and the vaccination rate was lower for migrants born far from health facilities compared to those located middle-near distances from health facilities. We also studied vaccination willingness for the unvaccinated group. For this group, vulnerability and self-efficacy cognition factors were significant factors determining HB vaccination willingness. The probability of willingness to vaccinate for the 46+ age group was significantly smaller than the 16–25 age group and the willingness to vaccinate was lower in Jiangsu and Hainan province than in Hebei province. Conclusion: Increased knowledge of HB cognition is an effective way for improving HB vaccination behavior and HB vaccination willingness of migrant workers. We also found that health intervention policies should focus on older migrants (age 46+), without medical insurance, with poorer self-reported health status and poor health services accessibility.

ACS Style

Rugang Liu; Youwei Li; Knut R. Wangen; Elizabeth Maitland; Stephen Nicholas; Jian Wang. Analysis of hepatitis B vaccination behavior and vaccination willingness among migrant workers from rural China based on protection motivation theory. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 2016, 12, 1155 -1163.

AMA Style

Rugang Liu, Youwei Li, Knut R. Wangen, Elizabeth Maitland, Stephen Nicholas, Jian Wang. Analysis of hepatitis B vaccination behavior and vaccination willingness among migrant workers from rural China based on protection motivation theory. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. 2016; 12 (5):1155-1163.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rugang Liu; Youwei Li; Knut R. Wangen; Elizabeth Maitland; Stephen Nicholas; Jian Wang. 2016. "Analysis of hepatitis B vaccination behavior and vaccination willingness among migrant workers from rural China based on protection motivation theory." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 12, no. 5: 1155-1163.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2015 in Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine]
Reads 0
Downloads 0
ACS Style

Lijie Yu; Hongyu Liu; Juan Zheng; Rugang Liu; Knut R Wangen; Jian Wang. [Present situation and influencing factors of discrimination against hepatitis B patients and carriers among rural adults in three eastern provinces in China]. Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine] 2015, 49, 1 .

AMA Style

Lijie Yu, Hongyu Liu, Juan Zheng, Rugang Liu, Knut R Wangen, Jian Wang. [Present situation and influencing factors of discrimination against hepatitis B patients and carriers among rural adults in three eastern provinces in China]. Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine]. 2015; 49 (9):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lijie Yu; Hongyu Liu; Juan Zheng; Rugang Liu; Knut R Wangen; Jian Wang. 2015. "[Present situation and influencing factors of discrimination against hepatitis B patients and carriers among rural adults in three eastern provinces in China]." Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine] 49, no. 9: 1.