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Intense international competition pushes the actors of wood supply chains to implement efficient wood supply chain management incorporating coordinated cost-saving strategies to remain competitive. In order to observe the effects of individual and coordinated decision making, mixed-integer programming models for forestry, round-wood transport, and the wood-based industry were developed and integrated. The models deal with operational planning issues regarding production, harvest, and transport and are solved sequentially for individual cost optimization of each wood supply chain actor as well as simultaneously by a combined model representing joint cost optimization in an integrated wood supply chain. This allows for the first time, benchmarking relative cost-saving potential of the wood procurement strategies coordinated transports, integrated supply chains, satellite stockyards, and higher truck payloads within a single case study setting. Based on case study data from southern Austria, results show the advantages of an integrated supply chain with a cost-saving potential of up to 24%. Higher truck payloads reinforce this potential and enable up to 40% savings compared to the predominant wood procurement situation in Central Europe. Wood supply chain integration for Central European circumstances seems to be feasible only for a limited consortium of a few companies, for example when restricted to a wood-buying syndicate supplying several industry plants or a few large forest enterprises, especially as both groups are commonly steering wood transport on their own. Consequently, further research on the challenging task of implementing integrated supply chains using the opportunities of digitalization to realize existing cost savings potential by deepening cooperation and intensifying information exchange is needed.
Christoph Kogler; Sophie Schimpfhuber; Clemens Eichberger; Peter Rauch. Benchmarking Procurement Cost Saving Strategies for Wood Supply Chains. Forests 2021, 12, 1086 .
AMA StyleChristoph Kogler, Sophie Schimpfhuber, Clemens Eichberger, Peter Rauch. Benchmarking Procurement Cost Saving Strategies for Wood Supply Chains. Forests. 2021; 12 (8):1086.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoph Kogler; Sophie Schimpfhuber; Clemens Eichberger; Peter Rauch. 2021. "Benchmarking Procurement Cost Saving Strategies for Wood Supply Chains." Forests 12, no. 8: 1086.
The indigenous hardwoods in German forests have a substantial ability to store carbon, and forestry reconstruction measures are anticipated to result in an increase in availability of hardwood on the wood market. Despite this, its material usage is declining with over two thirds of the harvested quantity being used for energy production. This study aims to identify policy measures and promising strategies for increasing hardwood utilisation using a combined policy Delphi-SWOT approach with literature review undertaken to identify the barriers and driving factors for an increase in its material use. The results were then ranked by a panel of experts and used as basis for the SWOT analysis, which was then applied to an extended SWOT approach. The resulting strategies were then discussed by the panel and ranked further in the 2nd and 3rd Delphi round. After three Delphi rounds, three strategies and associated policy recommendations were ranked as most effective by the experts: innovative hardwood products including manufacturing processes, research transfer and lobbying. This study provides both strategic analyses and effective strategies to stimulate the production of hardwood-based products and ends with a concise description of these strategies and policy recommendations, which are benchmarked against current literature and best practise examples.
Veronika Auer; Peter Rauch. Developing and evaluating strategies to increase the material utilisation rate of hardwoods: a hybrid policy Delphi-SWOT analysis. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 2021, 1 -15.
AMA StyleVeronika Auer, Peter Rauch. Developing and evaluating strategies to increase the material utilisation rate of hardwoods: a hybrid policy Delphi-SWOT analysis. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 2021; ():1-15.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronika Auer; Peter Rauch. 2021. "Developing and evaluating strategies to increase the material utilisation rate of hardwoods: a hybrid policy Delphi-SWOT analysis." European Journal of Wood and Wood Products , no. : 1-15.
This paper presents a systematic literature review on both the risks affecting wood supply security and risk mitigation strategies by quantitative and qualitative data analysis. It describes wood-specific supply chain risks, thereupon resulting impacts and counteracting strategies to ensure supply. Risks, impacts, and strategies are documented as basis for a comparative analysis, discussion of results, challenges and research gaps. Finally, the suitability and the limitations of the chosen methodology and the achieved results are discussed. Scanning wood supply chain risks and supply strategies, most of the reviewed papers focus on wood supply for bioenergy generation and only a few studies investigate wood supply chain risk issues for the sawing, wood panel, pulp and paper industries, or biorefineries. This review differs significantly from other reviews in this field as it considers the entire wood value chain including recent studies on new chemical wood-based products and thus provides a more complete picture of the wood-based bioeconomy. Consequently, it contributes to the literature by providing an overarching investigation of the risks affecting wood supply security and possible side effects of a growing wood-based bioeconomy. It was found that comprehensive value chain analyses considering established wood products, large-volume bioenergy products, as well as established and new chemical wood-based products in the context of wood supply security are missing. Studies that map the entire wood value chain with its multilevel interdependences and integrating cascading use of wood are lacking.
Veronika Auer; Peter Rauch. Wood supply chain risks and risk mitigation strategies: A systematic review focusing on the Northern hemisphere. Biomass and Bioenergy 2021, 148, 106001 .
AMA StyleVeronika Auer, Peter Rauch. Wood supply chain risks and risk mitigation strategies: A systematic review focusing on the Northern hemisphere. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2021; 148 ():106001.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVeronika Auer; Peter Rauch. 2021. "Wood supply chain risks and risk mitigation strategies: A systematic review focusing on the Northern hemisphere." Biomass and Bioenergy 148, no. : 106001.
Forestry faces frequent and severe natural calamities causing high amounts of salvage wood. Especially under mountainous conditions, regional available self-loading truck capacity is often the main limiting factor causing transport capacity bottlenecks. Therefore, innovative logistics strategies are needed to ensure quick transport of high amounts of salvage wood. Consequently, a multi-echelon unimodal transport concept, where timber is synchronously transshipped at a truck terminal with four transshipment lots from self-loading trucks to semitrailers, was modeled by means of a discrete event simulation. The simulation model calculates key performance indicators such as transshipped volumes and costs and support estimations of optimal truck fleet configuration. The results provide cost-optimal truck fleet configurations in terms of the number of self-loading trucks, semitrailers and prime mover trucks for varying transshipment volumes, delivery time to terminal and legal truck payload scenarios. Applying the truck terminal concept considerably decreases the number of self-loading trucks needed to transport the same volume when compared to unimodal wood transport, which is most common under mountainous conditions in Europe. In the majority of delivery time to terminal and terminal transshipment volume scenarios, the number of self-loading trucks was reduced by more than 50%. Increasing the legal gross vehicle weight for timber transport from 44 t up to 50 t reduces the number of self-loading trucks needed by 20% to 38%, depending on the scenario setting. Additionally, less self-loading trucks arriving at the terminal also cuts queuing times and system efficiency increases as transport cost/t is reduced by 6% to 11% depending on the scenario setting. Expanding the truck terminal concept by adding storage capacity as well as varying the number of transshipping lots and also including costs for terminal construction and operations in the economic analyses are promising topics for future studies.
Christoph Kogler; Alexander Stenitzer; Peter Rauch. Simulating Combined Self-Loading Truck and Semitrailer Truck Transport in the Wood Supply Chain. Forests 2020, 11, 1245 .
AMA StyleChristoph Kogler, Alexander Stenitzer, Peter Rauch. Simulating Combined Self-Loading Truck and Semitrailer Truck Transport in the Wood Supply Chain. Forests. 2020; 11 (12):1245.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoph Kogler; Alexander Stenitzer; Peter Rauch. 2020. "Simulating Combined Self-Loading Truck and Semitrailer Truck Transport in the Wood Supply Chain." Forests 11, no. 12: 1245.
Wood supply chain performance suffers from risks intensified by more frequent and extreme natural calamities such as windstorms, bark beetle infestations, and ice-break treetops. In order to limit further damage and wood value loss after natural calamities, high volumes of salvage wood have to be rapidly transported out of the forest. In these cases, robust decision support and coordinated management strategies based on advanced contingency planning are needed. Consequently, this study introduces a contingency planning toolbox consisting of a discrete event simulation model setup for analyses on an operational level, strategies to cope with challenging business cases, as well as transport templates to analyze outcomes of decisions before real, costly, and long-lasting changes are made. The toolbox enables wood supply managers to develop contingency plans to prepare for increasing risk events and more frequent natural disturbances due to climate change. Crucial key performance indicators including truck to wagon ratios, truck and wagon utilization, worktime coordination, truck queuing times, terminal transhipment volume, and required stockyard are presented for varying delivery time, transport tonnage, and train pick-up scenarios. The strategy BEST FIT was proven to provide robust solutions which saves truck and train resources, as well as keeps transhipment volume on a high level and stockyard and queuing time on a low level. Permission granted for increased truck transport tonnages was evaluated as a potential means to reduce truck trips, if working times and train pick-ups are coordinated. Furthermore, the practical applicability for contingency planning is demonstrated by highly relevant business cases such as limited wagon or truck availability, defined delivery quota, terminal selection, queuing time reduction, or scheduled stock accumulation. Further research should focus on the modeling and management of log quality deterioration and the resulting wood value loss caused by challenging transport and storage conditions.
Christoph Kogler; Peter Rauch. Contingency Plans for the Wood Supply Chain Based on Bottleneck and Queuing Time Analyses of a Discrete Event Simulation. Forests 2020, 11, 396 .
AMA StyleChristoph Kogler, Peter Rauch. Contingency Plans for the Wood Supply Chain Based on Bottleneck and Queuing Time Analyses of a Discrete Event Simulation. Forests. 2020; 11 (4):396.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoph Kogler; Peter Rauch. 2020. "Contingency Plans for the Wood Supply Chain Based on Bottleneck and Queuing Time Analyses of a Discrete Event Simulation." Forests 11, no. 4: 396.
Implementation of process management in the forest supply chains has a great potential for organizational and managerial improvement, at least by resource saving. Nevertheless, techniques of process management have been scarcely used to improve the forest supply chains in many parts of the world. In this study, for both Romanian state and private forests, the processes of the timber supply chain – from the harvest site to the forest-based industry plant – are mapped and analyzed. The main objectives of this work were to identify process optimization potentials and to redesign processes in order to improve the performance of the Romanian timber supply chain. Results show that particularly inter-organizational processes offer great saving potentials, mainly due to the existing multi-level hierarchy and multi-level control obligations. Therefore, introducing a web-based platform to enhance a collaborative workflow can considerably decrease the time needed for providing harvest sites or logs to customers via auctions. Further process optimization can be reached by the empowerment of lower level hierarchies facilitating the reduction of hierarchy levels of involved state organizations.
Peter Rauch; Stelian Alexandru Borz. Reengineering the Romanian Timber Supply Chain from a Process Management Perspective. Croatian journal of forest engineering 2019, 41, 85 -94.
AMA StylePeter Rauch, Stelian Alexandru Borz. Reengineering the Romanian Timber Supply Chain from a Process Management Perspective. Croatian journal of forest engineering. 2019; 41 (1):85-94.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Rauch; Stelian Alexandru Borz. 2019. "Reengineering the Romanian Timber Supply Chain from a Process Management Perspective." Croatian journal of forest engineering 41, no. 1: 85-94.
Advanced logistics and transportation concepts are required to improve the timber industry supply chain. In this paper, terminal operation concepts are analyzed to show a strengthening of railway timber transport. As a first step, a detailed process analysis of roundwood (i.e. sawlogs and pulpwood) transport and its handling in dedicated wood terminals is made. Through a mass flow analysis the structure of timber transportation, in terms of both the transport mode and the actual spatial distribution of the wood transports, are evaluated. A generic discrete-event simulation model is developed in order to analyze various prevalent terminal layout configurations and to disclose potential improvements within the timber railway transportation system. This is done by proposing new terminal layouts and new railway transport options. We conduct comprehensive simulation experiments of the wood supply network with several terminals and industry sites to reveal the system’s bottlenecks and appropriate railway operation schedules. As a result, for the analyzed system, changing the railway operation from a single wagon load to a shuttle system almost doubles the capacity for round wood transportation. If it is feasible to change the terminal layout (i.e. loading track length), railway transport volumes can be further increased.
Manfred Gronalt; Peter Rauch. Analyzing railroad terminal performance in the timber industry supply chain – a simulation study. International Journal of Forest Engineering 2018, 29, 162 -170.
AMA StyleManfred Gronalt, Peter Rauch. Analyzing railroad terminal performance in the timber industry supply chain – a simulation study. International Journal of Forest Engineering. 2018; 29 (3):162-170.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManfred Gronalt; Peter Rauch. 2018. "Analyzing railroad terminal performance in the timber industry supply chain – a simulation study." International Journal of Forest Engineering 29, no. 3: 162-170.
This review systematically analyses and classifies research and review papers focusing on discrete event simulation applied to wood transport, and therefore illustrates the development of the research area from 1997 until 2017. Discrete event simulation allows complex supply chain models to be mapped in a straightforward manner to study supply chain dynamics, test alternative strategies, communicate findings and facilitate understanding of various stakeholders. The presented analyses confirm that discrete event simulation is well-suited for analyzing interconnected wood supply chain transportation issues on an operational and tactical level. Transport is the connective link between interrelated system components of the forest products industry. Therefore, a survey on transport logistics allows to analyze the significance of entire supply chain management considerations to improve the overall performance and not only one part in isolation. Thus far, research focuses mainly on biomass, unimodal truck transport and terminal operations. Common shortcomings identified include rough explanations of simulation models and sparse details provided about the verification and validation processes. Research gaps exist concerning simulations of entire, resilient and multimodal wood supply chains as well as supply and demand risks. Further studies should expand upon the few initial attempts to combine various simulation methods with optimization.
Christoph Kogler; Peter Rauch. Discrete event simulation of multimodal and unimodal transportation in the wood supply chain: a literature review. Silva Fennica 2018, 52, 1 .
AMA StyleChristoph Kogler, Peter Rauch. Discrete event simulation of multimodal and unimodal transportation in the wood supply chain: a literature review. Silva Fennica. 2018; 52 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChristoph Kogler; Peter Rauch. 2018. "Discrete event simulation of multimodal and unimodal transportation in the wood supply chain: a literature review." Silva Fennica 52, no. 4: 1.
Peter Rauch. Developing and evaluating strategies to overcome biomass supply risks. Renewable Energy 2017, 103, 561 -569.
AMA StylePeter Rauch. Developing and evaluating strategies to overcome biomass supply risks. Renewable Energy. 2017; 103 ():561-569.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Rauch. 2017. "Developing and evaluating strategies to overcome biomass supply risks." Renewable Energy 103, no. : 561-569.
Peter Rauch; Ulrich J. Wolfsmayr; Stelian Alexandru Borz; Matevž Triplat; Nike Krajnc; Matthias Kolck; Roland Oberwimmer; Chrysovalantis Ketikidis; Aleksandar Vasiljevic; Michael Stauder; Christoph Mühlberg; Rudolf Derczeni; Milan Oravec; Ingrid Krissakova; Maximilian Handlos. SWOT analysis and strategy development for forest fuel supply chains in South East Europe. Forest Policy and Economics 2015, 61, 87 -94.
AMA StylePeter Rauch, Ulrich J. Wolfsmayr, Stelian Alexandru Borz, Matevž Triplat, Nike Krajnc, Matthias Kolck, Roland Oberwimmer, Chrysovalantis Ketikidis, Aleksandar Vasiljevic, Michael Stauder, Christoph Mühlberg, Rudolf Derczeni, Milan Oravec, Ingrid Krissakova, Maximilian Handlos. SWOT analysis and strategy development for forest fuel supply chains in South East Europe. Forest Policy and Economics. 2015; 61 ():87-94.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Rauch; Ulrich J. Wolfsmayr; Stelian Alexandru Borz; Matevž Triplat; Nike Krajnc; Matthias Kolck; Roland Oberwimmer; Chrysovalantis Ketikidis; Aleksandar Vasiljevic; Michael Stauder; Christoph Mühlberg; Rudolf Derczeni; Milan Oravec; Ingrid Krissakova; Maximilian Handlos. 2015. "SWOT analysis and strategy development for forest fuel supply chains in South East Europe." Forest Policy and Economics 61, no. : 87-94.
Ulrich J. Wolfsmayr; Rossana Merenda; Peter Rauch; Francesco Longo; Manfred Gronalt. Evaluating primary forest fuel rail terminals with discrete event simulation: A case study from Austria. Annals of Forest Research 2014, 59, 1 .
AMA StyleUlrich J. Wolfsmayr, Rossana Merenda, Peter Rauch, Francesco Longo, Manfred Gronalt. Evaluating primary forest fuel rail terminals with discrete event simulation: A case study from Austria. Annals of Forest Research. 2014; 59 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUlrich J. Wolfsmayr; Rossana Merenda; Peter Rauch; Francesco Longo; Manfred Gronalt. 2014. "Evaluating primary forest fuel rail terminals with discrete event simulation: A case study from Austria." Annals of Forest Research 59, no. 1: 1.
Ulrich J. Wolfsmayr; Peter Rauch. The primary forest fuel supply chain: A literature review. Biomass and Bioenergy 2014, 60, 203 -221.
AMA StyleUlrich J. Wolfsmayr, Peter Rauch. The primary forest fuel supply chain: A literature review. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2014; 60 ():203-221.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUlrich J. Wolfsmayr; Peter Rauch. 2014. "The primary forest fuel supply chain: A literature review." Biomass and Bioenergy 60, no. : 203-221.
Ulrich Wolfsmayr; Peter Rauch. Primary forest fuel supply chain: assessing barriers and drivers for the modal shift from truck to train. Silva Fennica 2014, 48, 1 .
AMA StyleUlrich Wolfsmayr, Peter Rauch. Primary forest fuel supply chain: assessing barriers and drivers for the modal shift from truck to train. Silva Fennica. 2014; 48 (5):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUlrich Wolfsmayr; Peter Rauch. 2014. "Primary forest fuel supply chain: assessing barriers and drivers for the modal shift from truck to train." Silva Fennica 48, no. 5: 1.
Primary forest fuel transport chains – state of the art and innovations Transport modes available for primary forest fuel are truck, train and ship, while truck transport is predominant. Primary forest fuel requires an initial road transport in most of the cases. The comparison of different transport modes shows that distance-variable costs are highest for truck transport and lower for train and ship. However, because the very high transshipment costs must be compensated, long transport distances are required for train and ship to become more profitable than the road. The allocation of the comminution process determines the form of transported material and is, therefore, crucial for the whole supply system. According to that, transport chains are classified and explained from a practical point of view.
Ulrich J. Wolfsmayr; Peter Rauch. Transportketten forstlicher Biomasse – Stand der Technik und Innovationen. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 2013, 164, 365 -373.
AMA StyleUlrich J. Wolfsmayr, Peter Rauch. Transportketten forstlicher Biomasse – Stand der Technik und Innovationen. Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen. 2013; 164 (12):365-373.
Chicago/Turabian StyleUlrich J. Wolfsmayr; Peter Rauch. 2013. "Transportketten forstlicher Biomasse – Stand der Technik und Innovationen." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 164, no. 12: 365-373.
Since fossil fuels have been broadly recognized as a non-renewable energy source that threatens the climate, sustainable and CO2 neutral energy sources – such as forest fuels – are being promoted in Europe, instead. With the expeditiously growing forest fuel demand, the strategic problem of how to design a cost-efficient distribution network has evolved. This paper presents an MILP model, comprising decisions on modes of transportation and spatial arrangement of terminals, in order to design a forest fuel supply network for Austria. The MILP model is used to evaluate the impacts of rising energy costs on procurement sources, transport mix and procurement costs on a national scale, based on the example of Austria. A 20% increase of energy costs results in a procurement cost increase of 7%, and another 20% increase of energy costs would have similar results. While domestic waterways become more important as a result of the first energy cost increase, rail only does so after the second. One way to decrease procurement costs would be to reduce the share of empty trips with truck and trailer. Reducing this share by 10% decreases the average procurement costs by up to 20%. Routing influences the modal split considerably, and the truck transport share increases from 86% to 97%, accordingly. Increasing forest fuel imports by large CHPs lowers domestic competition and also enables smaller plants to cut their procurement costs. Rising forest fuel imports via ship will not significantly decrease domestic market shares, but they will reduce procurement costs considerably.
Peter Rauch; Manfred Gronalt. The effects of rising energy costs and transportation mode mix on forest fuel procurement costs. Biomass and Bioenergy 2011, 35, 690 -699.
AMA StylePeter Rauch, Manfred Gronalt. The effects of rising energy costs and transportation mode mix on forest fuel procurement costs. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2011; 35 (1):690-699.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Rauch; Manfred Gronalt. 2011. "The effects of rising energy costs and transportation mode mix on forest fuel procurement costs." Biomass and Bioenergy 35, no. 1: 690-699.
Climate change effects such as storms and droughts are leading to increased risk of forest damage in central Europe. The aim of this paper was to evaluate forest fuel sourcing models including climate change-induced risks on forest fuel supply. Stochastic risk events, such as storms and bark beetle infestations, were modelled by means of a Monte Carlo simulation, and the economic performance was evaluated for two fuel-sourcing models supplying a single combined heat and power plant (CHP). The first sourcing model depicted a common sourcing model for Austrian CHPs, where only forest chips provided by long- and short-term suppliers were stored. The second sourcing model additionally enabled the storage of salvaged pulpwood to supply forest fuel from the plant's own inventory during shortage periods. Simulation results showed that storing salvage pulpwood as feedstock considerably reduced supply chain risks and resulted in lower procurement costs (1–3% less than normal delivered cost without storing salvaged pulpwood).
Peter Rauch. Stochastic simulation of forest fuel sourcing models under risk. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2010, 25, 574 -584.
AMA StylePeter Rauch. Stochastic simulation of forest fuel sourcing models under risk. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 2010; 25 (6):574-584.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Rauch. 2010. "Stochastic simulation of forest fuel sourcing models under risk." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 6: 574-584.
Peter Rauch; Manfred Gronalt. The Terminal Location Problem in the Forest Fuels Supply Network. International Journal of Forest Engineering 2010, 21, 32 -40.
AMA StylePeter Rauch, Manfred Gronalt. The Terminal Location Problem in the Forest Fuels Supply Network. International Journal of Forest Engineering. 2010; 21 (2):32-40.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Rauch; Manfred Gronalt. 2010. "The Terminal Location Problem in the Forest Fuels Supply Network." International Journal of Forest Engineering 21, no. 2: 32-40.
Peter Rauch; Manfred Gronalt; Patrick Hirsch. Co-operative forest fuel procurement strategy and its saving effects on overall transportation costs. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 2010, 25, 251 -261.
AMA StylePeter Rauch, Manfred Gronalt, Patrick Hirsch. Co-operative forest fuel procurement strategy and its saving effects on overall transportation costs. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 2010; 25 (3):251-261.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Rauch; Manfred Gronalt; Patrick Hirsch. 2010. "Co-operative forest fuel procurement strategy and its saving effects on overall transportation costs." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 25, no. 3: 251-261.
Manfred Gronalt; Peter Rauch. Vendor managed inventory in wood processing industries – a case study. Silva Fennica 2008, 42, 1 .
AMA StyleManfred Gronalt, Peter Rauch. Vendor managed inventory in wood processing industries – a case study. Silva Fennica. 2008; 42 (1):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManfred Gronalt; Peter Rauch. 2008. "Vendor managed inventory in wood processing industries – a case study." Silva Fennica 42, no. 1: 1.
New regulations on bioenergy lead to increasing demand for forest fuel. This paper describes a new approach to configure a wood biomass supply network for a certain region, a federal state of Austria. The network consists of several forest areas and a number of energy plants with a total demand of 1.2 million loose cubic meter (lcbm) wood biomass and 502,000 lcbm forest fuels. Starting with the regionally available forest fuel and the potential number of heating and energy plants we evaluate the different supply lines for the woody biomass from forest to plants by calculating the system cost for a number of alternative configurations. Especially, we compare central chipping against a local approach. The main contribution of this paper is to provide an evaluation method of forest fuel supply network design for a whole region.
Manfred Gronalt; Peter Rauch. Designing a regional forest fuel supply network. Biomass and Bioenergy 2007, 31, 393 -402.
AMA StyleManfred Gronalt, Peter Rauch. Designing a regional forest fuel supply network. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2007; 31 (6):393-402.
Chicago/Turabian StyleManfred Gronalt; Peter Rauch. 2007. "Designing a regional forest fuel supply network." Biomass and Bioenergy 31, no. 6: 393-402.