Objectives: The main goal of the study was to determine whether uncomplicated pregnancy and natural labor exert influence on the cornea and the anterior chamber of the eye. Material and methods: The study included 114 eyes of 57 women in age of 21–35 years old. Only patients in the physiological pregnancy and giving natural birth were recruited into study. Prospective observative examination was performed. Patients were diagnosed twice: in 36 HBD and 6 weeks after labor. Using the Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam system) the following parameters were assessed: central corneal thickness (CCT), keratometric parameters: flat (K1) and steep (K2), astigmatism value and axis, anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV) and anterior chamber angle (ACA). The statistical analysis was carried out in the StatSoft Statistica 13 program. Results: CCT value is greater in the third trimester than in 6th week after the labour. ACD and ACA values are higher in 36 HBD than in the post-partum period but the difference is not statistically important (p > 0.05). K1, K2, cylindrical refraction error, axis of cylindrical refraction error do not change. Conclusions: Authors claim that it is the result from an increase in water retention in the corneal stroma as a response to hormonal changes. The plasticity of the anterior chamber seen before delivery can be a natural adaptive mechanism of the female body, which counteracts the excessive increase in intraocular pressure in the second stage of delivery. Objectives: The main goal of the study was to determine whether uncomplicated pregnancy and natural labor exert influence on the cornea and the anterior chamber of the eye. Material and methods: The study included 114 eyes of 57 women in age of 21–35 years old. Only patients in the physiological pregnancy and giving natural birth were recruited into study. Prospective observative examination was performed. Patients were diagnosed twice: in 36 HBD and 6 weeks after labor. Using the Scheimpflug camera (Pentacam system) the following parameters were assessed: central corneal thickness (CCT), keratometric parameters: flat (K1) and steep (K2), astigmatism value and axis, anterior chamber depth (ACD), anterior chamber volume (ACV) and anterior chamber angle (ACA). The statistical analysis was carried out in the StatSoft Statistica 13 program. Results: CCT value is greater in the third trimester than in 6th week after the labour. ACD and ACA values are higher in 36 HBD than in the post-partum period but the difference is not statistically important (p > 0.05). K1, K2, cylindrical refraction error, axis of cylindrical refraction error do not change. Conclusions: Authors claim that it is the result from an increase in water retention in the corneal stroma as a response to hormonal changes. The plasticity of the anterior chamber seen before delivery can be a natural adaptive mechanism of the female body, which counteracts the excessive increase in intraocular pressure in the second stage of delivery.

The physiology of pregnancy is a curious issue for specialists from different branches of medicine and science. In this systematic review, the attention was focused on changes in eyes during pregnancy and confinement. To summarise and systematize actual knowledge in eyes’ changes during pregnancy, publications from years 2011–2017 were analysed. Stud­ies about parameters of corneal endothelial cells, corneal biomechanical parameters, keratometric variables, intraocular pressure and biometry of the anterior chamber were compared. The conducted studies demonstrated the unambiguous character of changes only in case of intraocular pressure, which decreased during the II and III trimesters of pregnancy. Inconsistent study methods and low number of examined patients did not enable to draw explicit conclusions in context of other parameters of the anterior segment of the eye in pregnant women. It is indicated to perform further studies on a representative and homogeneous group of female patients. The physiology of pregnancy is a curious issue for specialists from different branches of medicine and science. In this systematic review, the attention was focused on changes in eyes during pregnancy and confinement. To summarise and systematize actual knowledge in eyes’ changes during pregnancy, publications from years 2011–2017 were analysed. Stud­ies about parameters of corneal endothelial cells, corneal biomechanical parameters, keratometric variables, intraocular pressure and biometry of the anterior chamber were compared. The conducted studies demonstrated the unambiguous character of changes only in case of intraocular pressure, which decreased during the II and III trimesters of pregnancy. Inconsistent study methods and low number of examined patients did not enable to draw explicit conclusions in context of other parameters of the anterior segment of the eye in pregnant women. It is indicated to perform further studies on a representative and homogeneous group of female patients.

Human colostrum (HC) is a rich source of immune mediators that play a role in immune defences of a newly born infant. The mediators include transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) which exists in three isoforms that regulate cellular homeostasis and inflammation, can induce or suppress immune responses, limit T helper 1 cells (Th1) reactions and stimulate secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) production. Human milk TGF-β also decreases apoptosis of intestinal cells and suppresses macrophage cytokine expression. The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of TGF-β2 in HC obtained from the mothers who delivered vaginally (VD) or by caesarean section (CS), and to compare the concentrations in HC from mothers who delivered at term (TB) or preterm (PB). In this study, 56% of preterm pregnancies were delivered via CS. The concentrations of TGF-β2 were measured in HC from 299 women who delivered in the 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Warsaw: 192 (VD), 107 (CS), 251 (TB), and 48 (PB). The colostrum samples were collected within 5 days post-partum. TGF-β2 levels in HC were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test with the Quantikine ELISA Kit-Human TGF-β2 (cat.no. SB250). Statistical significance between groups was calculated by the Student t-test using StatSoft Statistica 13 software. The mean TGF-β2 concentration in patients who delivered at term or preterm were comparable. The levels of TGF-β2 in HC were higher after preterm than term being 4648 vs. 3899 ng/mL (p = 0.1244). The delivery via CS was associated with higher HC concentrations of TGF-β2. The levels of TGF-β2 were significantly higher in HC after CS than VD (7429 vs. 5240 ng/mL; p = 0.0017). The data from this study suggest: caesarean section was associated with increased levels of TGF-β2 in HC. The increased levels of TGF-β2 in HC of women who delivered prematurely require further research. Early and exclusive breast-feeding by mothers after caesarean section and premature births with colostrum containing high TGF-β2 levels may prevent the negative impact of pathogens which often colonize the gastrointestinal tract and may reduce the risk of chronic diseases in this group of patients.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the choroidal thickness (CT) with use of EDI-OCT in patients before and after delivery depending on the mode of delivery. Material and methods: The study involved 146 eyes of 73 patients aged 20-34 years, after natural labour (66 eyes) and C-section (80 eyes). Main inclusion criteria: Informed consent to participate in the study, age 18–35 years, single pregnancy, spherical refraction error –4.00 to +4.00 D, no eye pathologies, no surgery and ophthalmic procedures-including refractive surgery, childbirth after 36 weeks of pregnancy, BCVA = 1.0. Patients were examined twice: in 36 WG and on 6th week after the birth. All examinations were carried out between 8:00 am and 10:00 am in order to avoid daily cycle fluctuations. CT measurements were made manually by two independent researchers at: subfoveal and 500 μm, 1000 μm, 1500 μm, 3000 μm temporally and nasally. The student’s t-test was made. Results: In C-section group CT differences before and after delivery were statistically significant in 7/9 of the analysed areas. Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 370.86 μm vs 388.71 μm in 36 WG and in 6th week postpartum respectively (p = 0.0003). In women after natural labour, differences were statistically significant in 3/9 of the analysed areas. Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 303.27 μm vs 308,34 μm in 36 WG and in 6th week postpartum respectively (p = 0.4800). Conclusions: The thickness of the choroid was lower in women in 36 WG in comparison to 6th week after birth. Changes in the thickness of the choroid are particularly noticeable in women after caesarean section. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the choroidal thickness (CT) with use of EDI-OCT in patients before and after delivery depending on the mode of delivery. Material and methods: The study involved 146 eyes of 73 patients aged 20-34 years, after natural labour (66 eyes) and C-section (80 eyes). Main inclusion criteria: Informed consent to participate in the study, age 18–35 years, single pregnancy, spherical refraction error –4.00 to +4.00 D, no eye pathologies, no surgery and ophthalmic procedures-including refractive surgery, childbirth after 36 weeks of pregnancy, BCVA = 1.0. Patients were examined twice: in 36 WG and on 6th week after the birth. All examinations were carried out between 8:00 am and 10:00 am in order to avoid daily cycle fluctuations. CT measurements were made manually by two independent researchers at: subfoveal and 500 μm, 1000 μm, 1500 μm, 3000 μm temporally and nasally. The student’s t-test was made. Results: In C-section group CT differences before and after delivery were statistically significant in 7/9 of the analysed areas. Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 370.86 μm vs 388.71 μm in 36 WG and in 6th week postpartum respectively (p = 0.0003). In women after natural labour, differences were statistically significant in 3/9 of the analysed areas. Mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 303.27 μm vs 308,34 μm in 36 WG and in 6th week postpartum respectively (p = 0.4800). Conclusions: The thickness of the choroid was lower in women in 36 WG in comparison to 6th week after birth. Changes in the thickness of the choroid are particularly noticeable in women after caesarean section.

Immunization is the most effective form of the primary prevention of infectious diseases. Knowledge on the efficacy and immunogenicity of vaccinations in the group of organ transplant patients taki...

The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic has been successfully driven by efforts to ramp up access to vaccines. Pregnant or breastfeeding women and their children have not benefited from the vaccines despite their susceptibility to the virus. We investigated whether women who were offered vaccination after delivery passively transferred protective antibodies to their infants via breast milk. Serum was collected from breast feeding mother–infant pairs and analysed for levels of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using the CLIA chemiluminescence technique. Data were analysed for the significance of the differences using the Mann–Whitney U test and the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient to determine the strength of the correlation. A total of 13 mothers, mean age 34.86 (95%CI = 33.21–36.48) years and their infants, mean age 15.77 (95%CI = 11.24–20.29) months were enrolled. The mothers had completed their courses of the mRNA BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine during breastfeeding, 8.3 (95%CI = 7.24–9.36) months before the study. All 13 mothers had detectable antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, mean 1252, (95%CI = 736–1769) BAU/mL. Antibodies were detected in 3/13 (23%) breast-fed infants mean 322, (95%CI = 252–897) BAU/mL. There was no correlation between the maternal and infant IgG antibody titres. The time-lag since full vaccination did not correlate to the presence of antibodies in infant sera. Maternal or infant ages did not correlate to the presence of antibodies. Although some children (23%) had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, there was no association between vaccine-induced COVID-19 spike protein specific maternal IgG antibody titres and the presence of antibodies in the breastfed infants. The data show that the transfer of passive immunity to infants following post-partum vaccination with the mRNA BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine may be infrequent in this population.