Public bike-sharing systems provide an alternative transportation method and have been rapidly implemented throughout the world in recent years. Using these systems, individuals can find a bike station near their location, rent a bike for free or at a low cost and then ride to another station near their destination. This paper studies how to determine the number of bikes to be deployed at each station during bike repositioning in bike-sharing systems. The goal is to maximize the time interval between repositioning events, which occur when the demand for renting or returning a bike is not satisfied, or to maximize the satisfaction of demands within a fixed time interval between two repositioning events. To achieve these goals, two mathematical programming models are developed, and a numerical example is used to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed models.

The planning of urban bus-only lane networks is an important measure to improve bus service and bus priority. To determine the effective arrangement of bus-only lanes, a bi-level programming model for urban bus lane layout is developed in this study that considers accessibility and budget constraints. The goal of the upper-level model is to minimize the total travel time, and the lower-level model is a capacity-constrained traffic assignment model that describes the passenger flow assignment on bus lines, in which the priority sequence of the transfer times is reflected in the passengers’ route-choice behaviors. Using the proposed bi-level programming model, optimal bus lines are selected from a set of candidate bus lines; thus, the corresponding bus lane network on which the selected bus lines run is determined. The solution method using a genetic algorithm in the bi-level programming model is developed, and two numerical examples are investigated to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed model.

A survey was conducted to study the characteristics of parking in central Shanghai, with the selected survey areas classified as typical market areas, business- and office-oriented areas, and food- and drink-oriented areas. Different land use types and parking facilities were analyzed based on characteristic parking indexes, including parking saturation, peak parking ratio, parking turnover rate, and parking duration. It was found that market areas and food- and drink-oriented areas exhibit high parking saturation; in business- and office-oriented areas, the total parking space supply is sufficient to meet current parking demands, but the proportion of spaces open for visitor parking is insufficient. In market areas and business- and office-oriented areas, the occupancy of unfenced surface parking lots is generally higher than that of fenced car parks or garages. Moreover, some garages are inconveniently located and lack guidance information, which results in a low parking space utilization rate. ...