• Assessment of food waste reduction impact needs to include economic and biophysical indicators. • Economy-wide models as proposed in this paper can account for all market and non-market impacts of reducing food waste. • Reducing households' food waste increases savings; it decreases agri-food production and to a minor extent GDP. • Environmental indicators are improving as EU land use, water abstraction and greenhouse gas emissions decline.

Greenhouse gas emissions cause climate change, and agriculture is the most vulnerable sector. Farmers do have some capability to adapt to changing weather and climate, but this capability is contingent on many factors, including geographical and socioeconomic conditions. Assessing the actual adaptation potential in the agricultural sector is therefore an empirical issue, to which this paper contributes by presenting a study examining the impacts of climate change on cereal yields in 55 developing and developed countries, using data from 1991 to 2015. The results indicate that cereal yields are affected in all regions by changes in temperature and precipitation, with significant differences in certain macro-regions in the world. In Southern Asia and Central Africa, farmers fail to adapt to climate change. The findings suggest that the world should focus more on enhancing adaptive capacity to moderate potential damage and on coping with the consequences of climate change.

Malnutrition, in all its forms, poses a significant threat to human development and economic growth. Consequently, enhancing food security and consumption is a moral and social imperative for fostering development. Despite the substantial evidence on the relationship between caloric intake and labour productivity, research on the connection between labour productivity and diet quality, measured by micronutrient intake, is scarce. This paper, focusing on Kenya, estimates the linkages between micronutrient intake and labour productivity, measured by household labour income. The daily intakes of energy and micronutrients per adult male equivalent at the household level is computed employing food consumption data collected in the 2015–2016 Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey. Econometric results show that daily micronutrient (haem iron, zinc, folate, calcium, vitamins B2 and A) intakes are significantly and positively correlated with labour productivity. The quality of diets, reflected by micronutrient intakes, has a bigger impact on labour productivity than the daily energy consumed, measured by caloric intake. This paper contributes to the nutrition–productivity literature and provides a basis for designing policies to improve the nutritional quality of diets.

Water scarcity is increasingly recognized as a systemic economic constraint, with impacts that extend far beyond directly water-using sectors. Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models constitute a powerful tool for capturing the indirect and structural effects of water scarcity across interconnected markets, yet their application to water resources poses distinctive conceptual, methodological, and data challenges. This paper reviews how water has been conceptualized and operationalized within CGE models, focusing on the treatment of water scarcity, allocation mechanisms, and economic valuation under conditions characterized by weak or missing price signals. Rather than providing an exhaustive catalogue of applications, the analysis compares alternative modelling strategies—embedding water in land, treating water as an independent production factor, representing water implicitly through productivity effects, and modelling water as a produced commodity—highlighting their respective advantages, limitations, and suitability for different policy questions. The review shows that no single approach dominates across contexts: implicit representations are often sufficient for climate-impact assessments, whereas explicit formulations are required to analyse water markets, allocation rules, and infrastructure investments. A central challenge across all approaches is the fundamentally non-market nature of water, which complicates calibration, pricing, and the interpretation of economic rents. Additional difficulties arise from spatial and temporal heterogeneity, basin-level constraints, return flows, and water quality differentiation, which standard CGE structures struggle to represent. The paper also shortly discusses recent advances in hybrid modelling frameworks that couple CGE models with hydro-economic models (HEMs). The paper concludes by outlining key directions for future research, emphasizing the need for improved water accounts, dynamic and seasonal modelling, and closer integration between economic and hydrological modelling communities.

Climate change damage (or, more correctly, impact) functions relate variations in temperature (or other climate variables) to economic impacts in various dimensions, and are at the basis of quantitative modeling exercises for the assessment of climate change policies. This document provides a summary of results from a series of meta-analyses aimed at estimating parameters for six specific damage functions, referring to: sea level rise, agricultural productivity, heat effects on labor productivity, human health, tourism flows and households' energy demand. All parameters of the damage functions are estimated for each of the 140 countries and regions in the GTAP9 dataset. To illustrate the salient characteristics of our estimates, we approximate the change in real GDP for the different effects, in all regions, corresponding to an increase in average temperature of 3°C. After considering the overall impact, we highlight which factor is the most significant one in each country, and we elaborate on the distributional consequences of climate change.