Limited by the development of energy storage technology, the utilization ratio of renewable energy is still at a low level. Lithium/sodium ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs) with high-performance electrochemical performances, such as large-scale energy storage, low costs and high security, are expected to improve the above situation. Currently, developing anode materials with better electrochemical performances is the main obstacle to the development of LIBs/SIBs. Recently, a variety of studies have focused on cobalt-based anode materials applied for LIBs/SIBs, owing to their high theoretical specific capacity. This review systematically summarizes the recent status of cobalt-based anode materials in LIBs/SIBs, including Li+/Na+ storage mechanisms, preparation methods, applications and strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of cobalt-based anode materials. Furthermore, the current challenges and prospects are also discussed in this review. Benefitting from these results, cobalt-based materials can be the next-generation anode for LIBs/SIBs.

Microstrip transmission line (MS), coplanar waveguide transmission line (CPW), grounded coplanar waveguide transmission line (GCPW), slow-wave transmission line with slotted grounded shields (GSCPW), slow-wave transmission line with slotted floating shields (FSCPW) are widely used in the silicon technology. Because the quasi-TEM assumption is still valid in these structures, an equivalent circuit is proposed to model all these structures. In this work, we notice that for some types of transmission lines, say GCPW and GSCPW, the per unit length capacitance increases with frequency. An LC series subcircuit is proposed to model this phenomenon. For CPW, GCPW, GSCPW and FSCPW, the model has very good accuracy and fits the measurement results very well up to the highest measurement frequency (40GHz). For MS, the results from the 3D EM simulation software are adopted and the model shows a great agreement with the simulation results up to the highest simulation frequency (100GHz).