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Dr. Timothy P. Jenkins
Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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0 Bioinformatics
0 Biologics
0 Phage Display
0 Droplet Microfluidics
0 Snakebite envenoming

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Journal article
Published: 14 July 2021 in Biomedicines
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Assassin bug venoms are potent and exert diverse biological functions, making them potential biomedical goldmines. Besides feeding functions on arthropods, assassin bugs also use their venom for defense purposes causing localized and systemic reactions in vertebrates. However, assassin bug venoms remain poorly characterized. We collected the venom from the assassin bug Rhynocoris iracundus and investigated its composition and bioactivity in vitro and in vivo. It caused lysis of murine neuroblastoma, hepatoma cells, and healthy murine myoblasts. We demonstrated, for the first time, that assassin bug venom induces neurolysis and suggest that it counteracts paralysis locally via the destruction of neural networks, contributing to tissue digestion. Furthermore, the venom caused paralysis and melanization of Galleria mellonella larvae and pupae, whilst also possessing specific antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, but not Listeria grayi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A combinatorial proteo-transcriptomic approach was performed to identify potential toxins responsible for the observed effects. We identified neurotoxic Ptu1, an inhibitory cystin knot (ICK) toxin homologous to ω-conotoxins from cone snails, cytolytic redulysins homologous to trialysins from hematophagous kissing bugs, and pore-forming hemolysins. Additionally, chitinases and kininogens were found and may be responsible for insecticidal and cytolytic activities. We demonstrate the multifunctionality and complexity of assassin bug venom, which renders its molecular components interesting for potential biomedical applications.

ACS Style

Nicolai Rügen; Timothy Jenkins; Natalie Wielsch; Heiko Vogel; Benjamin-Florian Hempel; Roderich Süssmuth; Stuart Ainsworth; Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz; Andreas Vilcinskas; Miray Tonk. Hexapod Assassins’ Potion: Venom Composition and Bioactivity from the Eurasian Assassin Bug Rhynocoris iracundus. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 819 .

AMA Style

Nicolai Rügen, Timothy Jenkins, Natalie Wielsch, Heiko Vogel, Benjamin-Florian Hempel, Roderich Süssmuth, Stuart Ainsworth, Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz, Andreas Vilcinskas, Miray Tonk. Hexapod Assassins’ Potion: Venom Composition and Bioactivity from the Eurasian Assassin Bug Rhynocoris iracundus. Biomedicines. 2021; 9 (7):819.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nicolai Rügen; Timothy Jenkins; Natalie Wielsch; Heiko Vogel; Benjamin-Florian Hempel; Roderich Süssmuth; Stuart Ainsworth; Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz; Andreas Vilcinskas; Miray Tonk. 2021. "Hexapod Assassins’ Potion: Venom Composition and Bioactivity from the Eurasian Assassin Bug Rhynocoris iracundus." Biomedicines 9, no. 7: 819.

Opinion
Published: 25 March 2021 in Trends in Biotechnology
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For years, a discussion has persevered on the benefits and drawbacks of antibody discovery using animal immunization versus in vitro selection from non-animal-derived recombinant repertoires using display technologies. While it has been argued that using recombinant display libraries can reduce animal consumption, we hold that the number of animals used in immunization campaigns is dwarfed by the number sacrificed during preclinical studies. Thus, improving quality control of antibodies before entering in vivo studies will have a larger impact on animal consumption. Both animal immunization and recombinant repertoires present unique advantages for discovering antibodies that are fit for purpose. Furthermore, we anticipate that machine learning will play a significant role within discovery workflows, refining current antibody discovery practices.

ACS Style

Andreas H. Laustsen; Victor Greiff; Aneesh Karatt-Vellatt; Serge Muyldermans; Timothy P. Jenkins. Animal Immunization, in Vitro Display Technologies, and Machine Learning for Antibody Discovery. Trends in Biotechnology 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Andreas H. Laustsen, Victor Greiff, Aneesh Karatt-Vellatt, Serge Muyldermans, Timothy P. Jenkins. Animal Immunization, in Vitro Display Technologies, and Machine Learning for Antibody Discovery. Trends in Biotechnology. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andreas H. Laustsen; Victor Greiff; Aneesh Karatt-Vellatt; Serge Muyldermans; Timothy P. Jenkins. 2021. "Animal Immunization, in Vitro Display Technologies, and Machine Learning for Antibody Discovery." Trends in Biotechnology , no. : 1.

Original investigation
Published: 01 September 2020 in JAMA Neurology
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Question What are the effects of hookworm treatment compared with placebo on relapsing multiple sclerosis? Findings In this randomized clinical trial that included 71 patients, the median cumulative numbers of new magnetic resonance imaging lesions were not significantly different between the groups, but approximately half of participants treated with hookworm vs approximately a quarter of those receiving placebo had no detectable magnetic resonance activity. Hookworm significantly increased T regulatory cell counts in peripheral blood. Meaning The data from this study suggest a possible, albeit mild, therapeutic effect of hookworm infection in relapsing multiple sclerosis that warrants further study. Importance Studies suggest gut worms induce immune responses that can protect against multiple sclerosis (MS). To our knowledge, there are no controlled treatment trials with helminth in MS. Objective To determine whether hookworm treatment has effects on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity and T regulatory cells in relapsing MS. Design, Setting, and Participants This 9-month double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted between September 2012 and March 2016 in a modified intention-to-treat population (the data were analyzed June 2018) at the University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, a single tertiary referral center. Patients aged 18 to 61 years with relapsing MS without disease-modifying treatment were recruited from the MS clinic. Seventy-three patients were screened; of these, 71 were recruited (2 ineligible/declined). Interventions Patients were randomized (1:1) to receive either 25 Necator americanus larvae transcutaneously or placebo. The MRI scans were performed monthly during months 3 to 9 and 3 months posttreatment. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was the cumulative number of new/enlarging T2/new enhancing T1 lesions at month 9. The secondary end point was the percentage of cluster of differentiation (CD) 4+CD25highCD127negT regulatory cells in peripheral blood. Results Patients (mean [SD] age, 45 [9.5] years; 50 women [71%]) were randomized to receive hookworm (35 [49.3%]) or placebo (36 [50.7%]). Sixty-six patients (93.0%) completed the trial. The median cumulative numbers of new/enlarging/enhancing lesions were not significantly different between the groups by preplanned Mann-Whitney U tests, which lose power with tied data (high number of zeroactivity MRIs in the hookworm group, 18/35 [51.4%] vs 10/36 [27.8%] in the placebo group). The percentage of CD4+CD25highCD127negT cells increased at month 9 in the hookworm group (hookworm, 32 [4.4%]; placebo, 34 [3.9%]; P = .01). No patients withdrew because of adverse effects. There were no differences in adverse events between groups except more application-site skin discomfort in the hookworm group (82% vs 28%). There were 5 relapses (14.3%) in the hookworm group vs 11 (30.6%) receiving placebo. Conclusions and Relevance Treatment with hookworm was safe and well tolerated. The primary outcome did not reach significance, likely because of a low level of disease activity. Hookworm infection increased T regulatory cells, suggesting an immunobiological effect of hookworm. It appears that a living organism can precipitate immunoregulatory changes that may affect MS disease activity. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01470521 Identify all potential conflicts of interest that might be relevant to your comment. Conflicts of interest comprise financial interests, activities, and relationships within the past 3 years including but not limited to employment, affiliation, grants or funding, consultancies, honoraria or payment, speaker's bureaus, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, royalties, donation of medical equipment, or patents planned, pending, or issued. Err on the side of full disclosure. If you have no conflicts of interest, check "No potential conflicts of interest" in the box below. The information will be posted with your response. Not all submitted comments are published. Please see our commenting policy for details.

ACS Style

Radu Tanasescu; Christopher R. Tench; Cris S. Constantinescu; Gary Telford; Sonika Singh; Nanci Frakich; David Onion; Dorothee P. Auer; Bruno Gran; Nikos Evangelou; Yasser Falah; Colin Ranshaw; Cinzia Cantacessi; Timothy P. Jenkins; David I. Pritchard. Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurology 2020, 77, 1089 .

AMA Style

Radu Tanasescu, Christopher R. Tench, Cris S. Constantinescu, Gary Telford, Sonika Singh, Nanci Frakich, David Onion, Dorothee P. Auer, Bruno Gran, Nikos Evangelou, Yasser Falah, Colin Ranshaw, Cinzia Cantacessi, Timothy P. Jenkins, David I. Pritchard. Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis. JAMA Neurology. 2020; 77 (9):1089.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Radu Tanasescu; Christopher R. Tench; Cris S. Constantinescu; Gary Telford; Sonika Singh; Nanci Frakich; David Onion; Dorothee P. Auer; Bruno Gran; Nikos Evangelou; Yasser Falah; Colin Ranshaw; Cinzia Cantacessi; Timothy P. Jenkins; David I. Pritchard. 2020. "Hookworm Treatment for Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis." JAMA Neurology 77, no. 9: 1089.

Original research article
Published: 10 July 2020 in Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
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Snakebite envenoming is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people across the globe. It has been suggested that recombinant antivenoms based on mixtures of human monoclonal antibodies, which target key toxins of medically important snake venom, could present a promising avenue toward the reduction of morbidity and mortality of envenomated patients. However, since snakebite envenoming is a disease of poverty, it is pivotal that next-generation therapies are affordable to those most in need; this warrants analysis of the cost dynamics of recombinant antivenom manufacture. Therefore, we present, for the first time, a bottom-up analysis of the cost dynamics surrounding the production of future recombinant antivenoms based on available industry data. We unravel the potential impact that venom volume, abundance of medically relevant toxins in a venom, and the molecular weight of these toxins may have on the final product cost. Furthermore, we assess the roles that antibody molar mass, manufacturing and purification strategies, formulation, antibody efficacy, and potential cross-reactivity play in the complex cost dynamics of recombinant antivenom manufacture. Notably, according to our calculations, it appears that such next-generation antivenoms based on cocktails of monoclonal immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) could be manufacturable at a comparable or lower cost to current plasma-derived antivenoms, which are priced at USD 13-1120 per treatment. We found that monovalent recombinant antivenoms based on IgGs could be manufactured for USD 20-225 per treatment, while more complex polyvalent recombinant antivenoms based on IgGs could be manufactured for USD 48-1354 per treatment. Finally, we investigated the prospective cost of manufacturing for recombinant antivenoms based on alternative protein scaffolds, such as DARPins and nanobodies, and highlight the potential utility of such scaffolds in the context of low-cost manufacturing. In conclusion, the development of recombinant antivenoms not only holds a promise for improving therapeutic parameters, such as safety and efficacy, but could possibly also lead to a more competetive cost of manufacture of antivenom products for patients worldwide.

ACS Style

Timothy P. Jenkins; Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. Cost of Manufacturing for Recombinant Snakebite Antivenoms. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2020, 8, 703 .

AMA Style

Timothy P. Jenkins, Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. Cost of Manufacturing for Recombinant Snakebite Antivenoms. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2020; 8 ():703.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Timothy P. Jenkins; Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. 2020. "Cost of Manufacturing for Recombinant Snakebite Antivenoms." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 8, no. : 703.

Research article
Published: 24 June 2020 in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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Snakebite envenoming is a major neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people every year. The only effective treatment against snakebite envenoming consists of unspecified cocktails of polyclonal antibodies purified from the plasma of immunized production animals. Currently, little data exists on the molecular interactions between venom-toxin epitopes and antivenom-antibody paratopes. To address this issue, high-density peptide microarray (hdpm) technology has recently been adapted to the field of toxinology. However, analysis of such valuable datasets requires expert understanding and, thus, complicates its broad application within the field. In the present study, we developed a user-friendly, and high-throughput web application named “Snake Toxin and Antivenom Binding Profiles” (STAB Profiles), to allow straight-forward analysis of hdpm datasets. To test our tool and evaluate its performance with a large dataset, we conducted hdpm assays using all African snake toxin protein sequences available in the UniProt database at the time of study design, together with eight commercial antivenoms in clinical use in Africa, thus representing the largest venom-antivenom dataset to date. Furthermore, we introduced a novel method for evaluating raw signals from a peptide microarray experiment and a data normalization protocol enabling intra-microarray and even inter-microarray chip comparisons. Finally, these data, alongside all the data from previous similar studies by Engmark et al., were preprocessed according to our newly developed protocol and made publicly available for download through the STAB Profiles web application (http://tropicalpharmacology.com/tools/stab-profiles/). With these data and our tool, we were able to gain key insights into toxin-antivenom interactions and were able to differentiate the ability of different antivenoms to interact with certain toxins of interest. The data, as well as the web application, we present in this article should be of significant value to the venom-antivenom research community. Knowledge gained from our current and future analyses of this dataset carry the potential to guide the improvement and optimization of current antivenoms for maximum patient benefit, as well as aid the development of next-generation antivenoms. Millions of people are bitten by venomous snakes each year, resulting in over 100,000 deaths. Currently, such envenomings are treated with animal derived antivenoms that contain undefined antibodies against snake venom toxins that have been raised by the production animal’s immune system. To date, our understanding of these antibody toxin interactions is sparse, but with the help of high-density peptide microarray (hdpm) technology this is starting to change. Whilst this technology is very powerful, analysis of the output data is complex and requires expert training. Therefore, in this study, we developed a user-friendly, and high-throughput web application named “Snake Toxin and Antivenom Binding Profiles” (STAB Profiles). Furthermore, we ensured our tool was functional and able to handle large amounts of data by creating an entirely novel and larger than ever hdpm dataset based on all African snake toxin proteins together with eight commercial antivenoms. With these data and our tool, we were able to further our understanding on toxin-antivenom interactions and were able to differentiate the ability of different antivenoms to interact with certain toxins of interest. Ideally, these and future insights can help guide the improvement and optimization of current antivenoms, as well as aid the informed development of next-generation antivenoms.

ACS Style

Kamille E. Krause; Timothy P. Jenkins; Carina Skaarup; Mikael Engmark; Nicholas R. Casewell; Stuart Ainsworth; Bruno Lomonte; Julián Fernández; José M. Gutiérrez; Ole Lund; Andreas H. Laustsen. An interactive database for the investigation of high-density peptide microarray guided interaction patterns and antivenom cross-reactivity. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2020, 14, e0008366 .

AMA Style

Kamille E. Krause, Timothy P. Jenkins, Carina Skaarup, Mikael Engmark, Nicholas R. Casewell, Stuart Ainsworth, Bruno Lomonte, Julián Fernández, José M. Gutiérrez, Ole Lund, Andreas H. Laustsen. An interactive database for the investigation of high-density peptide microarray guided interaction patterns and antivenom cross-reactivity. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2020; 14 (6):e0008366.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kamille E. Krause; Timothy P. Jenkins; Carina Skaarup; Mikael Engmark; Nicholas R. Casewell; Stuart Ainsworth; Bruno Lomonte; Julián Fernández; José M. Gutiérrez; Ole Lund; Andreas H. Laustsen. 2020. "An interactive database for the investigation of high-density peptide microarray guided interaction patterns and antivenom cross-reactivity." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 6: e0008366.

Review
Published: 03 February 2020 in Microbiome
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Background The complex network of interactions occurring between gastrointestinal (GI) and extra-intestinal (EI) parasitic helminths of humans and animals and the resident gut microbial flora is attracting increasing attention from biomedical researchers, because of the likely implications for the pathophysiology of helminth infection and disease. Nevertheless, the vast heterogeneity of study designs and microbial community profiling strategies, and of bioinformatic and biostatistical approaches for analyses of metagenomic sequence datasets hinder the identification of bacterial targets for follow-up experimental investigations of helminth-microbiota cross-talk. Furthermore, comparative analyses of published datasets are made difficult by the unavailability of a unique repository for metagenomic sequence data and associated metadata linked to studies aimed to explore potential changes in the composition of the vertebrate gut microbiota in response to GI and/or EI helminth infections. Results Here, we undertake a meta-analysis of available metagenomic sequence data linked to published studies on helminth-microbiota cross-talk in humans and veterinary species using a single bioinformatic pipeline, and introduce the 'MICrobiome HELminth INteractions database' (MICHELINdb), an online resource for mining of published sequence datasets, and corresponding metadata, generated in these investigations. Conclusions By increasing data accessibility, we aim to provide the scientific community with a platform to identify gut microbial populations with potential roles in the pathophysiology of helminth disease and parasite-mediated suppression of host inflammatory responses, and facilitate the design of experiments aimed to disentangle the cause(s) and effect(s) of helminth-microbiota relationships.

ACS Style

Riccardo Scotti; Stuart Southern; Christine Boinett; Timothy P. Jenkins; Alba Cortés; Cinzia Cantacessi. MICHELINdb: a web-based tool for mining of helminth-microbiota interaction datasets, and a meta-analysis of current research. Microbiome 2020, 8, 1 -15.

AMA Style

Riccardo Scotti, Stuart Southern, Christine Boinett, Timothy P. Jenkins, Alba Cortés, Cinzia Cantacessi. MICHELINdb: a web-based tool for mining of helminth-microbiota interaction datasets, and a meta-analysis of current research. Microbiome. 2020; 8 (1):1-15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Riccardo Scotti; Stuart Southern; Christine Boinett; Timothy P. Jenkins; Alba Cortés; Cinzia Cantacessi. 2020. "MICHELINdb: a web-based tool for mining of helminth-microbiota interaction datasets, and a meta-analysis of current research." Microbiome 8, no. 1: 1-15.

Review article
Published: 18 September 2019 in Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of vertebrates is inhabited by a vast array of organisms, that is, the microbiota and macrobiota. The former is composed largely of commensal microorganisms, which play vital roles in host nutrition and maintenance of energy balance, in addition to supporting the development and function of the vertebrate immune system. By contrast, the macrobiota includes parasitic helminths, which are mostly considered detrimental to host health via a range of pathogenic effects that depend on parasite size, location in the GI tract, burden of infection, metabolic activity, and interactions with the host immune system. Sharing the same environment within the vertebrate host, the GI microbiota and parasitic helminths interact with each other, and the results of such interactions may impact, directly or indirectly, on host health and homeostasis. The complex relationships occurring between parasitic helminths and microbiota have long been neglected; however, recent studies point towards a role for these interactions in the overall pathophysiology of helminth disease, as well as in parasite-mediated suppression of inflammation. Whilst several discrepancies in qualitative and quantitative modifications in gut microbiota composition have been described based on host and helminth species under investigation, we argue that attention should be paid to the systems biology of the gut compartment under consideration, as variations in the abundances of the same population of bacteria inhabiting different niches of the GI tract may result in varying functional consequences for host physiology.

ACS Style

Alba Cortés; Laura Peachey; Riccardo Scotti; Timothy P. Jenkins; Cinzia Cantacessi. Helminth-microbiota cross-talk – A journey through the vertebrate digestive system. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 2019, 233, 111222 .

AMA Style

Alba Cortés, Laura Peachey, Riccardo Scotti, Timothy P. Jenkins, Cinzia Cantacessi. Helminth-microbiota cross-talk – A journey through the vertebrate digestive system. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 2019; 233 ():111222.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alba Cortés; Laura Peachey; Riccardo Scotti; Timothy P. Jenkins; Cinzia Cantacessi. 2019. "Helminth-microbiota cross-talk – A journey through the vertebrate digestive system." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 233, no. : 111222.

Review article
Published: 06 September 2019 in Frontiers in Immunology
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Honey bees can be found all around the world and fulfill key pollination roles within their natural ecosystems, as well as in agriculture. Most species are typically docile, and most interactions between humans and bees are unproblematic, despite their ability to inject a complex venom into their victims as a defensive mechanism. Nevertheless, incidences of bee stings have been on the rise since the accidental release of Africanized bees to Brazil in 1956 and their subsequent spread across the Americas. These bee hybrids are more aggressive and are prone to attack, presenting a significant healthcare burden to the countries they have colonized. To date, treatment of such stings typically focuses on controlling potential allergic reactions, as no specific antivenoms against bee venom currently exist. Researchers have investigated the possibility of developing bee antivenoms, but this has been complicated by the very low immunogenicity of the key bee toxins, which fail to induce a strong antibody response in the immunized animals. However, with current cutting-edge technologies, such as phage display, alongside the rise of monoclonal antibody therapeutics, the development of a recombinant bee antivenom is achievable, and promising results towards this goal have been reported in recent years. Here, current knowledge on the venom biology of Africanized bees and current treatment options against bee envenoming are reviewed. Additionally, recent developments within next-generation bee antivenoms are presented and discussed.

ACS Style

Manuela B. Pucca; Felipe A. Cerni; Isadora S. Oliveira; Timothy P. Jenkins; Lídia Argemí; Christoffer V. Sørensen; Shirin Ahmadi; José E. Barbosa; Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. Bee Updated: Current Knowledge on Bee Venom and Bee Envenoming Therapy. Frontiers in Immunology 2019, 10, 2090 .

AMA Style

Manuela B. Pucca, Felipe A. Cerni, Isadora S. Oliveira, Timothy P. Jenkins, Lídia Argemí, Christoffer V. Sørensen, Shirin Ahmadi, José E. Barbosa, Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. Bee Updated: Current Knowledge on Bee Venom and Bee Envenoming Therapy. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019; 10 ():2090.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Manuela B. Pucca; Felipe A. Cerni; Isadora S. Oliveira; Timothy P. Jenkins; Lídia Argemí; Christoffer V. Sørensen; Shirin Ahmadi; José E. Barbosa; Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. 2019. "Bee Updated: Current Knowledge on Bee Venom and Bee Envenoming Therapy." Frontiers in Immunology 10, no. : 2090.

Review
Published: 31 July 2019 in Parasitology
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The multifaceted interactions occurring between gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic helminths and the host gut microbiota are emerging as a key area of study within the broader research domain of host-pathogen relationships. Over the past few years, a wealth of investigations has demonstrated that GI helminths interact with the host gut flora, and that such interactions result in modifications of the host immune and metabolic statuses. Nevertheless, whilst selected changes in gut microbial composition are consistently observed in response to GI helminth infections across several host-parasite systems, research in this area to date is largely characterised by inconsistent findings. These discrepancies are particularly evident when data from studies of GI helminth-microbiota interactions conducted in humans from parasite-endemic regions are compared. In this review, we provide an overview of the main sources of variance that affect investigations on helminth-gut microbiota interactions in humans, and propose a series of methodological approaches that, whilst accounting for the inevitable constraints of fieldwork, are aimed at minimising confounding factors and draw biologically meaningful interpretations from highly variable datasets.

ACS Style

Alba Cortés; Laura E. Peachey; Timothy P. Jenkins; Riccardo Scotti; Cinzia Cantacessi. Helminths and microbes within the vertebrate gut - not all studies are created equal. Parasitology 2019, 146, 1371 -1378.

AMA Style

Alba Cortés, Laura E. Peachey, Timothy P. Jenkins, Riccardo Scotti, Cinzia Cantacessi. Helminths and microbes within the vertebrate gut - not all studies are created equal. Parasitology. 2019; 146 (11):1371-1378.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alba Cortés; Laura E. Peachey; Timothy P. Jenkins; Riccardo Scotti; Cinzia Cantacessi. 2019. "Helminths and microbes within the vertebrate gut - not all studies are created equal." Parasitology 146, no. 11: 1371-1378.

Journal article
Published: 31 July 2019 in Scientific Reports
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A plethora of data points towards a role of the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota of neonatal and young vertebrates in supporting the development and regulation of the host immune system. However, knowledge of the impact that infections by GI helminths exert on the developing microbiota of juvenile hosts is, thus far, limited. This study investigates, for the first time, the associations between acute infections by GI helminths and the faecal microbial and metabolic profiles of a cohort of equine youngstock, prior to and following treatment with parasiticides (ivermectin). We observed that high versus low parasite burdens (measured via parasite egg counts in faecal samples) were associated with specific compositional alterations of the developing microbiome; in particular, the faecal microbiota of animals with heavy worm infection burdens was characterised by lower microbial richness, and alterations to the relative abundances of bacterial taxa with immune-modulatory functions. Amino acids and glucose were increased in faecal samples from the same cohort, which indicated the likely occurrence of intestinal malabsorption. These data support the hypothesis that GI helminth infections in young livestock are associated with significant alterations to the GI microbiota, which may impact on both metabolism and development of acquired immunity. This knowledge will direct future studies aimed to identify the long-term impact of infection-induced alterations of the GI microbiota in young livestock.

ACS Style

Laura E. Peachey; Cecilia Castro; Rebecca A. Molena; Timothy P. Jenkins; Julian L. Griffin; Cinzia Cantacessi. Dysbiosis associated with acute helminth infections in herbivorous youngstock – observations and implications. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Laura E. Peachey, Cecilia Castro, Rebecca A. Molena, Timothy P. Jenkins, Julian L. Griffin, Cinzia Cantacessi. Dysbiosis associated with acute helminth infections in herbivorous youngstock – observations and implications. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Laura E. Peachey; Cecilia Castro; Rebecca A. Molena; Timothy P. Jenkins; Julian L. Griffin; Cinzia Cantacessi. 2019. "Dysbiosis associated with acute helminth infections in herbivorous youngstock – observations and implications." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-16.

Author correction
Published: 07 June 2019 in Scientific Reports
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A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

ACS Style

Timothy P. Jenkins; Fabio Formenti; Cecilia Castro; Chiara Piubelli; Francesca Perandin; Dora Buonfrate; Domenico Otranto; Julian L. Griffin; Lutz Krause; Zeno Bisoffi; Cinzia Cantacessi. Author Correction: A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area. Scientific Reports 2019, 9, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Timothy P. Jenkins, Fabio Formenti, Cecilia Castro, Chiara Piubelli, Francesca Perandin, Dora Buonfrate, Domenico Otranto, Julian L. Griffin, Lutz Krause, Zeno Bisoffi, Cinzia Cantacessi. Author Correction: A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9 (1):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Timothy P. Jenkins; Fabio Formenti; Cecilia Castro; Chiara Piubelli; Francesca Perandin; Dora Buonfrate; Domenico Otranto; Julian L. Griffin; Lutz Krause; Zeno Bisoffi; Cinzia Cantacessi. 2019. "Author Correction: A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area." Scientific Reports 9, no. 1: 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 04 June 2019 in Nature Communications
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Ageing is a complex multifactorial process associated with a plethora of disorders, which contribute significantly to morbidity worldwide. One of the organs significantly affected by age is the gut. Age-dependent changes of the gut-associated microbiome have been linked to increased frailty and systemic inflammation. This change in microbial composition with age occurs in parallel with a decline in function of the gut immune system; however, it is not clear whether there is a causal link between the two. Here we report that the defective germinal centre reaction in Peyer's patches of aged mice can be rescued by faecal transfers from younger adults into aged mice and by immunisations with cholera toxin, without affecting germinal centre reactions in peripheral lymph nodes. This demonstrates that the poor germinal centre reaction in aged animals is not irreversible, and that it is possible to improve this response in older individuals by providing appropriate stimuli.

ACS Style

Marisa Stebegg; Alyssa Silva-Cayetano; Silvia Innocentin; Timothy P. Jenkins; Cinzia Cantacessi; Colin Gilbert; Michelle A. Linterman. Heterochronic faecal transplantation boosts gut germinal centres in aged mice. Nature Communications 2019, 10, 2443 .

AMA Style

Marisa Stebegg, Alyssa Silva-Cayetano, Silvia Innocentin, Timothy P. Jenkins, Cinzia Cantacessi, Colin Gilbert, Michelle A. Linterman. Heterochronic faecal transplantation boosts gut germinal centres in aged mice. Nature Communications. 2019; 10 (1):2443.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Marisa Stebegg; Alyssa Silva-Cayetano; Silvia Innocentin; Timothy P. Jenkins; Cinzia Cantacessi; Colin Gilbert; Michelle A. Linterman. 2019. "Heterochronic faecal transplantation boosts gut germinal centres in aged mice." Nature Communications 10, no. 1: 2443.

Review
Published: 17 January 2019 in Toxins
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Animal toxins present a major threat to human health worldwide, predominantly through snakebite envenomings, which are responsible for over 100,000 deaths each year. To date, the only available treatment against snakebite envenoming is plasma-derived antivenom. However, despite being key to limiting morbidity and mortality among snakebite victims, current antivenoms suffer from several drawbacks, such as immunogenicity and high cost of production. Consequently, avenues for improving envenoming therapy, such as the discovery of toxin-sequestering monoclonal antibodies against medically important target toxins through phage display selection, are being explored. However, alternative binding protein scaffolds that exhibit certain advantages compared to the well-known immunoglobulin G scaffold, including high stability under harsh conditions and low cost of production, may pose as possible low-cost alternatives to antibody-based therapeutics. There is now a plethora of alternative binding protein scaffolds, ranging from antibody derivatives (e.g., nanobodies), through rationally designed derivatives of other human proteins (e.g., DARPins), to derivatives of non-human proteins (e.g., affibodies), all exhibiting different biochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles. Undeniably, the high level of engineerability and potentially low cost of production, associated with many alternative protein scaffolds, present an exciting possibility for the future of snakebite therapeutics and merit thorough investigation. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the different types of binding protein scaffolds is provided together with a discussion on their relevance as potential modalities for use as next-generation antivenoms.

ACS Style

Timothy Patrick Jenkins; Thomas Fryer; Rasmus Ibsen Dehli; Jonas Arnold Jürgensen; Albert Fuglsang-Madsen; Sofie Føns; Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. Toxin Neutralization Using Alternative Binding Proteins. Toxins 2019, 11, 53 .

AMA Style

Timothy Patrick Jenkins, Thomas Fryer, Rasmus Ibsen Dehli, Jonas Arnold Jürgensen, Albert Fuglsang-Madsen, Sofie Føns, Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. Toxin Neutralization Using Alternative Binding Proteins. Toxins. 2019; 11 (1):53.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Timothy Patrick Jenkins; Thomas Fryer; Rasmus Ibsen Dehli; Jonas Arnold Jürgensen; Albert Fuglsang-Madsen; Sofie Føns; Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. 2019. "Toxin Neutralization Using Alternative Binding Proteins." Toxins 11, no. 1: 53.

Research article
Published: 14 January 2019 in PLOS Pathogens
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The whipworm Trichuris trichiura is a soil-transmitted helminth that dwells in the epithelium of the caecum and proximal colon of their hosts causing the human disease, trichuriasis. Trichuriasis is characterized by colitis attributed to the inflammatory response elicited by the parasite while tunnelling through intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The IL-10 family of receptors, comprising combinations of subunits IL-10Rα, IL-10Rβ, IL-22Rα and IL-28Rα, modulates intestinal inflammatory responses. Here we carefully dissected the role of these subunits in the resistance of mice to infection with T. muris, a mouse model of the human whipworm T. trichiura. Our findings demonstrate that whilst IL-22Rα and IL-28Rα are dispensable in the host response to whipworms, IL-10 signalling through IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ is essential to control caecal pathology, worm expulsion and survival during T. muris infections. We show that deficiency of IL-10, IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ results in dysbiosis of the caecal microbiota characterised by expanded populations of opportunistic bacteria of the families Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, breakdown of the epithelial barrier after whipworm infection in IL-10, IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ-deficient mice, allows the translocation of these opportunistic pathogens or their excretory products to the liver causing organ failure and lethal disease. Importantly, bone marrow chimera experiments indicate that signalling through IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ in haematopoietic cells, but not IECs, is crucial to control worm expulsion and immunopathology. These findings are supported by worm expulsion upon infection of conditional mutant mice for the IL-10Rα on IECs. Our findings emphasize the pivotal and complex role of systemic IL-10Rα signalling on immune cells in promoting microbiota homeostasis and maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier, thus preventing immunopathology during whipworm infections. The human gut is home to millions of bacteria, collectively called the microbiota, and also to parasites that include whipworms. The interactions between gut cells, the microbiota and whipworms define conditions for balanced parasitism. Cells lining the gut host whipworms but also interact with gut immune cells to deploy measures that control or expel whipworms whilst maintaining a barrier to prevent microbial translocation. Whipworms affect the composition of the microbiota, which in turn impacts the condition of the gut lining and the way in which immune cells are activated. In order to avoid tissue damage and disease, these interactions are tightly regulated. Here we show that signalling through a member of the IL-10 receptor family, IL-10Rα, in gut immune cells is critical for regulating of these interactions. Lack of this receptor on gut immune cells results in persistence of whipworms in the gut accompanied by an uncontrolled inflammation that destroys the gut lining. This tissue damage is accompanied by the overgrowth of members of the microbiota that act as opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, the destruction of the gut barrier allows these bacteria to reach the liver where they cause organ failure and fatal disease.

ACS Style

María A. Duque-Correa; Natasha A. Karp; Catherine McCarthy; Simon Forman; David Goulding; Geetha Sankaranarayanan; Timothy P. Jenkins; Adam J. Reid; Emma L. Cambridge; Carmen Ballesteros Reviriego; Werner Müller; Cinzia Cantacessi; Gordon Dougan; Richard K. Grencis; Matthew Berriman; The Sanger Mouse Genetics Project; The 3i consortium. Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection. PLOS Pathogens 2019, 15, e1007265 .

AMA Style

María A. Duque-Correa, Natasha A. Karp, Catherine McCarthy, Simon Forman, David Goulding, Geetha Sankaranarayanan, Timothy P. Jenkins, Adam J. Reid, Emma L. Cambridge, Carmen Ballesteros Reviriego, Werner Müller, Cinzia Cantacessi, Gordon Dougan, Richard K. Grencis, Matthew Berriman, The Sanger Mouse Genetics Project, The 3i consortium. Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection. PLOS Pathogens. 2019; 15 (1):e1007265.

Chicago/Turabian Style

María A. Duque-Correa; Natasha A. Karp; Catherine McCarthy; Simon Forman; David Goulding; Geetha Sankaranarayanan; Timothy P. Jenkins; Adam J. Reid; Emma L. Cambridge; Carmen Ballesteros Reviriego; Werner Müller; Cinzia Cantacessi; Gordon Dougan; Richard K. Grencis; Matthew Berriman; The Sanger Mouse Genetics Project; The 3i consortium. 2019. "Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection." PLOS Pathogens 15, no. 1: e1007265.

Review
Published: 01 January 2019 in Trends in Parasitology
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There is increasing attention on the complex interactions occurring between gastrointestinal parasitic helminths and the microbial flora (microbiota) inhabiting the host gut. However, little is known about the occurrence, structure, and function of microbial populations residing within parasite organs and tissues. In this article, we argue that an in-depth understanding of the interplay between parasites and their microbiomes may significantly enhance current knowledge of parasite biology and physiology, and may lead to the discovery of entirely novel, anthelmintic-independent interventions against parasites and parasitic diseases.

ACS Style

Timothy P. Jenkins; P.J. Brindley; Robin B. Gasser; C. Cantacessi. Helminth Microbiomes – A Hidden Treasure Trove? Trends in Parasitology 2019, 35, 13 -22.

AMA Style

Timothy P. Jenkins, P.J. Brindley, Robin B. Gasser, C. Cantacessi. Helminth Microbiomes – A Hidden Treasure Trove? Trends in Parasitology. 2019; 35 (1):13-22.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Timothy P. Jenkins; P.J. Brindley; Robin B. Gasser; C. Cantacessi. 2019. "Helminth Microbiomes – A Hidden Treasure Trove?" Trends in Parasitology 35, no. 1: 13-22.

Journal article
Published: 23 October 2018 in Scientific Reports
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Data from recent studies support the hypothesis that infections by human gastrointestinal (GI) helminths impact, directly and/or indirectly, on the composition of the host gut microbial flora. However, to the best of our knowledge, these studies have been conducted in helminth-endemic areas with multi-helminth infections and/or in volunteers with underlying gut disorders. Therefore, in this study, we explore the impact of natural mono-infections by the human parasite Strongyloides stercoralis on the faecal microbiota and metabolic profiles of a cohort of human volunteers from a non-endemic area of northern Italy (S+), pre- and post-anthelmintic treatment, and compare the findings with data obtained from a cohort of uninfected controls from the same geographical area (S−). Analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing data revealed increased microbial alpha diversity and decreased beta diversity in the faecal microbial profiles of S+ subjects compared to S−. Furthermore, significant differences in the abundance of several bacterial taxa were observed between samples from S+ and S− subjects, and between S+ samples collected pre- and post-anthelmintic treatment. Faecal metabolite analysis detected marked increases in the abundance of selected amino acids in S+ subjects, and of short chain fatty acids in S− subjects. Overall, our work adds valuable knowledge to current understanding of parasite-microbiota associations and will assist future mechanistic studies aimed to unravel the causality of these relationships.

ACS Style

Timothy P. Jenkins; Fabio Formenti; Cecilia Castro; Chiara Piubelli; Francesca Perandin; Dora Buonfrate; Domenico Otranto; Julian L. Griffin; Lutz Krause; Zeno Bisoffi; Cinzia Cantacessi. A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 15651 .

AMA Style

Timothy P. Jenkins, Fabio Formenti, Cecilia Castro, Chiara Piubelli, Francesca Perandin, Dora Buonfrate, Domenico Otranto, Julian L. Griffin, Lutz Krause, Zeno Bisoffi, Cinzia Cantacessi. A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):15651.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Timothy P. Jenkins; Fabio Formenti; Cecilia Castro; Chiara Piubelli; Francesca Perandin; Dora Buonfrate; Domenico Otranto; Julian L. Griffin; Lutz Krause; Zeno Bisoffi; Cinzia Cantacessi. 2018. "A comprehensive analysis of the faecal microbiome and metabolome of Strongyloides stercoralis infected volunteers from a non-endemic area." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 15651.

Review
Published: 27 September 2018 in Toxins
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Antivenom cross-reactivity has been investigated for decades to determine which antivenoms can be used to treat snakebite envenomings from different snake species. Traditionally, the methods used for analyzing cross-reactivity have been immunodiffusion, immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), enzymatic assays, and in vivo neutralization studies. In recent years, new methods for determination of cross-reactivity have emerged, including surface plasmon resonance, antivenomics, and high-density peptide microarray technology. Antivenomics involves a top-down assessment of the toxin-binding capacities of antivenoms, whereas high-density peptide microarray technology may be harnessed to provide in-depth knowledge on which toxin epitopes are recognized by antivenoms. This review provides an overview of both the classical and new methods used to investigate antivenom cross-reactivity, the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and examples of studies using the methods. A special focus is given to antivenomics and high-density peptide microarray technology as these high-throughput methods have recently been introduced in this field and may enable more detailed assessments of antivenom cross-reactivity.

ACS Style

Line Ledsgaard; Timothy P. Jenkins; Kristian Davidsen; Kamille Elvstrøm Krause; Andrea Martos-Esteban; Mikael Engmark; Mikael Rørdam Andersen; Ole Lund; Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Antivenom Research. Toxins 2018, 10, 393 .

AMA Style

Line Ledsgaard, Timothy P. Jenkins, Kristian Davidsen, Kamille Elvstrøm Krause, Andrea Martos-Esteban, Mikael Engmark, Mikael Rørdam Andersen, Ole Lund, Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Antivenom Research. Toxins. 2018; 10 (10):393.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Line Ledsgaard; Timothy P. Jenkins; Kristian Davidsen; Kamille Elvstrøm Krause; Andrea Martos-Esteban; Mikael Engmark; Mikael Rørdam Andersen; Ole Lund; Andreas Hougaard Laustsen. 2018. "Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Antivenom Research." Toxins 10, no. 10: 393.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2018 in Scientific Reports
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In spite of the extensive contribution of intestinal pathology to the pathophysiology of schistosomiasis, little is known of the impact of schistosome infection on the composition of the gut microbiota of its mammalian host. Here, we characterised the fluctuations in the composition of the gut microbial flora of the small and large intestine, as well as the changes in abundance of individual microbial species, of mice experimentally infected with Schistosoma mansoni with the goal of identifying microbial taxa with potential roles in the pathophysiology of infection and disease. Bioinformatic analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA gene data revealed an overall reduction in gut microbial alpha diversity, alongside a significant increase in microbial beta diversity characterised by expanded populations of Akkermansia muciniphila (phylum Verrucomicrobia) and lactobacilli, in the gut microbiota of S. mansoni-infected mice when compared to uninfected control animals. These data support a role of the mammalian gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of hepato-intestinal schistosomiasis and serves as a foundation for the design of mechanistic studies to unravel the complex relationships amongst parasitic helminths, gut microbiota, pathophysiology of infection and host immunity.

ACS Style

Timothy P. Jenkins; Laura E. Peachey; Nadim J. Ajami; Andrew S. MacDonald; Michael H. Hsieh; Paul J. Brindley; Cinzia Cantacessi; Gabriel Rinaldi. Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with quantitative and qualitative modifications of the mammalian intestinal microbiota. Scientific Reports 2018, 8, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Timothy P. Jenkins, Laura E. Peachey, Nadim J. Ajami, Andrew S. MacDonald, Michael H. Hsieh, Paul J. Brindley, Cinzia Cantacessi, Gabriel Rinaldi. Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with quantitative and qualitative modifications of the mammalian intestinal microbiota. Scientific Reports. 2018; 8 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Timothy P. Jenkins; Laura E. Peachey; Nadim J. Ajami; Andrew S. MacDonald; Michael H. Hsieh; Paul J. Brindley; Cinzia Cantacessi; Gabriel Rinaldi. 2018. "Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with quantitative and qualitative modifications of the mammalian intestinal microbiota." Scientific Reports 8, no. 1: 1-10.

Other
Published: 08 August 2018
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The whipwormTrichuris trichiurais a soil-transmitted helminth that dwells in the epithelium of the caecum and proximal colon of their hosts causing the human disease, trichuriasis. Trichuriasis is characterized by colitis attributed to the inflammatory response elicited by the parasite while tunnelling through intestinal epithelial cells (IECs).The IL-10 family of receptors, comprising combinations of subunits IL-10Rα, IL-10Rβ, IL-22Rα and IL-28Rα, modulates intestinal inflammatory responses. Here we carefully dissected the role of these subunits in the resistance of mice to infection withT. muris,a mouse model of the human whipwormT. trichiura.Our findings demonstrate that whilst IL-22Rα and IL-28Rα are dispensable in the host response to whipworms, IL-10 signalling through IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ is essential to control caecal pathology, worm expulsion and survival duringT. murisinfections. We show that deficiency of IL-10, IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ results in dysbiosis of the caecal microbiota characterised by expanded populations of opportunistic bacteria of the families Enterococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, breakdown of the epithelial barrier after whipworm infection in IL-10, IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ-deficient mice, allows the translocation of these opportunistic pathogens or their excretory products to the liver causing organ failure and lethal disease. Importantly, bone marrow chimera experiments indicate that signalling through IL-10Rα and IL-10Rβ in haematopoietic cells, but not IECs, is crucial to control worm expulsion and immunopathology. These findings are supported by worm expulsion upon infection of conditional mutant mice for the IL-10Rα on IECs. Our findings emphasize the pivotal role of systemic IL-10Rα signalling on immune cells in promoting microbiota homeostasis and maintaining the intestinal epithelial barrier, thus preventing immunopathology during whipworms infections.Author summaryThe human gut is home to millions of bacteria, collectively called the microbiota, and also to parasites that include whipworms. The interactions between gut cells, the microbiota and whipworms define conditions for balanced parasitism. Cells lining the gut host whipworms but also interact with gut immune cells to deploy measures that control or expel whipworms whilst maintaining a barrier to prevent microbial translocation. Whipworms affect the composition of the microbiota, which in turn impacts the condition of the gut lining and the way in which immune cells are activated. In order to avoid tissue damage and disease, these interactions are tightly regulated. Here we show that signalling through a member of the IL-10 receptor family, IL-10Rα, in gut immune cells is critical for regulating of these interactions. Lack of this receptor on gut immune cells results in persistence of whipworms in the gut accompanied by an uncontrolled inflammation that destroys the gut lining. This tissue damage is accompanied by the overgrowth of members of the microbiota that act as opportunistic pathogens. Furthermore, the destruction of the gut barrier allows these bacteria to reach the liver where they cause organ failure and fatal disease.

ACS Style

Maria Adelaida Duque-Correa; Natasha A. Karp; Catherine McCarthy; Simon Forman; David Goulding; Geetha Sankaranarayanan; Timothy P. Jenkins; Adam J. Reid; Hilary P. Browne; Emma L. Cambridge; Carmen Ballesteros Reviriego; Werner Müller; Cinzia Cantacessi; Gordon Dougan; Richard K. Grencis; Matthew Berriman; The 3i consortium. Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection. 2018, 388173 .

AMA Style

Maria Adelaida Duque-Correa, Natasha A. Karp, Catherine McCarthy, Simon Forman, David Goulding, Geetha Sankaranarayanan, Timothy P. Jenkins, Adam J. Reid, Hilary P. Browne, Emma L. Cambridge, Carmen Ballesteros Reviriego, Werner Müller, Cinzia Cantacessi, Gordon Dougan, Richard K. Grencis, Matthew Berriman, The 3i consortium. Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection. . 2018; ():388173.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Adelaida Duque-Correa; Natasha A. Karp; Catherine McCarthy; Simon Forman; David Goulding; Geetha Sankaranarayanan; Timothy P. Jenkins; Adam J. Reid; Hilary P. Browne; Emma L. Cambridge; Carmen Ballesteros Reviriego; Werner Müller; Cinzia Cantacessi; Gordon Dougan; Richard K. Grencis; Matthew Berriman; The 3i consortium. 2018. "Exclusive dependence of IL-10Rα signalling on intestinal microbiota homeostasis and control of whipworm infection." , no. : 388173.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2018 in Journal of Parasitology
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Two new species of myxosporeans are described from the gallbladders of estuarine stonefish, Synanceia horrida, and reef stonefish, Synanceia verrucosa, from localities off Cairns, in tropical north Queensland and in Moreton Bay in southern Queensland, Australia. Sphaeromyxa horrida n. sp. can be distinguished from congeners in the morphologically distinct “balbianii” species group within Sphaeromyxa on the basis of morphometric differences in length and width of mature spores, length and width of polar capsules, and unique small-subunit (SSU) ribosomal (rDNA) sequence composition relative to other taxa. Replicate SSU rDNA sequences generated from Sph. horrida n. sp. collected from Sy. horrida and Sy. verrucosa in tropical north Queensland and from Sy. horrida in Moreton Bay were identical, suggesting that this species is widely distributed along the east coast of Australia. Myxidium lapipiscis n. sp. can be distinguished from the majority of described Myxidium species on the basis of its relatively small mature spore size (6.1−7.9 μm long × 3.1−3.9 μm wide), and its unique SSU rDNA sequence. Specimens putatively identified as M. lapipiscis n. sp. were found in Sy. horrida from both tropical north Queensland and Moreton Bay, suggesting that this taxon is also widely distributed along the east coast of Australia. However, no molecular data were available for the specimens from tropical north Queensland for comparative genetic analyses. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analysis of the SSU rDNA sequences for these 2 new species revealed that Sph. horrida n. sp. formed a strongly supported clade with Sphaeromyxa zaharoni Diamant, Whipps, and Kent, 2004, which was described from the scorpaeniform, Pterois miles, from the Red Sea. This is the first report of myxozoans infecting stonefish (Synanceiidae).

ACS Style

Terrence L. Miller; Samantha K. Barnett; Jamie E. Seymour; Timothy P. Jenkins; Marissa McNamara; Robert D. Adlard. Biliary Tract-Infecting Myxosporeans from Estuarine and Reef Stonefish (Scorpaeniformes: Synanceiidae) Off Eastern Australia, with Descriptions of Sphaeromyxa horrida n. sp. and Myxidium lapipiscis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida). Journal of Parasitology 2018, 104, 254 -261.

AMA Style

Terrence L. Miller, Samantha K. Barnett, Jamie E. Seymour, Timothy P. Jenkins, Marissa McNamara, Robert D. Adlard. Biliary Tract-Infecting Myxosporeans from Estuarine and Reef Stonefish (Scorpaeniformes: Synanceiidae) Off Eastern Australia, with Descriptions of Sphaeromyxa horrida n. sp. and Myxidium lapipiscis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida). Journal of Parasitology. 2018; 104 (3):254-261.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Terrence L. Miller; Samantha K. Barnett; Jamie E. Seymour; Timothy P. Jenkins; Marissa McNamara; Robert D. Adlard. 2018. "Biliary Tract-Infecting Myxosporeans from Estuarine and Reef Stonefish (Scorpaeniformes: Synanceiidae) Off Eastern Australia, with Descriptions of Sphaeromyxa horrida n. sp. and Myxidium lapipiscis n. sp. (Myxosporea: Bivalvulida)." Journal of Parasitology 104, no. 3: 254-261.