Since a novel coronavirus pneumonia outbreak in late December 2019, coronavirus disease -19 (COVID-19) epidemic has gradually spread worldwide, becoming a major public health event. No specific antivirals are currently available for COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The treatments for COVID-19 are mainly based on the experiences of similar virus such SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, HIV and influenza viruses. Scientists have taken great efforts to investigate the effective methods for the treatment of COVID-19. Up to now, there are over 1000 clinical studies for COVID-19 all over the world. In this article, we reviewed the current options for COVID-19 therapy including small molecules such as Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/Ritonavir etc, peptide inhibitors of ACE2, Traditional Chinese Medicines and Biologics such as SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies, mesenchymal stem cells and vaccines etc. Meanwhile, we systematically reviewed their clinical safety, clinical applications and progress of antiviral researches. The therapeutic effect of these antiviral drugs is summarized and compared, hoping to provide some ideas for clinical options of COVID-19 treatment and also provide experiences for the life-threatening virus diseases in the future.

In this study, C57BL/6J mice with high‐fat diet‐ (HFD‐) induced hyperlipidemia were treated with total Liriope spicata var. prolifera polysaccharides (TLSP: 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg body weight), simvastatin (3 mg/kg body weight), or saline for 8 weeks, respectively. The results showed that TLSP had strong lipid‐lowering and hepatoprotective effects on C57BL/6J mice with HFD‐induced hyperlipidemia. TLSP administration significantly reduced serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels and downregulated the expressions of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in the adipose and liver tissues of the mice. TLSP exerted hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects by activating lipid/bile acid metabolism via the FXH‐SHP/CYP7A1 and SEBP‐1c/FAC/ACC signaling pathways. Thus, TLPS is a promising natural polymer with hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic properties.

Tuberous root ofLiriope spicatavar.proliferahas been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of diabetes. The present study investigated the antidiabetic effect and the potential mechanisms of two new polysaccharides (LSP1, LSP2) and the total polysaccharides (TLSP), isolated from the tuberous roots. Upon the intragastric administration in obese insulin-resistant diabetic KKAy mice for 28 days, TLSP, LSP1, and LSP2 all caused a remarkable decrease of fasting blood glucose and significant improvement of insulin resistance and serum lipid metabolism in diabetic mice. In addition, liver histological analysis showed that TLSP, LSP1, and LSP2 significantly ameliorated the hepatocyte hypertrophy and decreased the lipid accumulation in the mice liver. Further experiments suggested that TLSP, LSP1, and LSP2 effectively inhibited hepatic gluconeogenesis and increased hepatic glycolysis and hepatic glycogen content. Furthermore, the mechanistic analysis showed the increased expression of insulin-receptorαsubunit, insulin-receptor substrate-1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptorsγ. These results suggested that TLSP, LSP1, and LSP2 manifest strong antidiabetic activity, therefore hold a great promise for therapeutic application in diabetic therapy and other related metabolic disorders.

Balancing thromboembolic prevention against bleeding complications remains a critical challenge in anticoagulant therapy. While established bleeding risk assessment models (RAMs) such as HAS-BLED and HEMORR ₂ HAGES were initially developed for warfarin-treated patients, their applicability to non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC) users and venous thromboembolism (VTE) populations remained uncertain. This review synthesized recent advancements in bleeding risk stratification for atrial fibrillation (AF) and VTE patients, focusing on model performance, drug-specific adaptations, and emerging biomarker-driven approaches. For AF patients, traditional RAMs (HAS-BLED, HEMORR ₂ HAGES, ATRIA) demonstrated moderate predictive accuracy (AUC: 0.55–0.74) in NOAC cohorts, with HEMORR ₂ HAGES showing superior discrimination in certain studies. The biomarker-integrated ABC (incorporating GDF-15, troponin, hemoglobin) and the NOAC-specific DOAC score, have shown improved risk stratification, with the latter demonstrating a higher C-statistic than HAS-BLED. In VTE populations, the IMPROVE (AUC: 0.62–0.73) effectively identified high-risk medical inpatients, while the RIETE (major bleeding incidence: 0.1%–6.2%) and EINSTEIN (C-statistic: 0.68–0.74) addressed dynamic risks during anticoagulation. However, heterogeneity in validation cohorts, endpoint definitions (e.g., ISTH vs. TIMI criteria), and static risk factor selections limited cross-model generalizability. Current RAMs exhibited variable performance across anticoagulant regimens and clinical contexts highlighting the need for next-generation models that integrate dynamic risk modifiers (e.g., transient anemia, antiplatelet use) and biomarker-based approaches. While NOAC-specific tools such as the DOAC may be more appropriate for AF patients, context-adapted models like IMPROVE and RIETE are better suited for VTE populations. Future research should prioritize real-world validation, machine learning integration, and the standardization of bleeding definitions to advance precision anticoagulation strategies.