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This article investigates and analyzes the security aspects of 5G specifications from the perspective of IoT-based smart grids. As the smart grid requires high-speed and reliable communication to enable real-time grid monitoring via Internet of Things (IoT) devices, 5G can be considered a catalyst to transform the current power grid infrastructure into a smart grid. Thus, an understanding of what 5G can bring in terms of cyber security in IoT-based smart grids is important for design decisions and future risk analysis efforts. In this article, we explore a smart grid use case on automatic voltage control—a use case utilizing 5G as a wireless communication infrastructure with edge support. We identify the benefits 5G brings to several security aspects, and show how 5G security techniques are applicable to the smart grid, thus providing a foundation for future security analysis of 5G enabled smart grid systems. Future research should extend this work to additional smart grid use cases.
Ravishankar Borgaonkar; Inger Anne Tøndel; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Martin Gilje Jaatun. Improving smart grid security through 5G enabled IoT and edge computing. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 2021, 33, e6466 .
AMA StyleRavishankar Borgaonkar, Inger Anne Tøndel, Merkebu Zenebe Degefa, Martin Gilje Jaatun. Improving smart grid security through 5G enabled IoT and edge computing. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience. 2021; 33 (18):e6466.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRavishankar Borgaonkar; Inger Anne Tøndel; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Martin Gilje Jaatun. 2021. "Improving smart grid security through 5G enabled IoT and edge computing." Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 33, no. 18: e6466.
Due to the increasing integration of renewable forms of generation, ageing network infrastructure, and rapid increase in peak load demand, flexibility is becoming economically more viable and hence significant role player in the future power system. There is vast amount of literature on flexibility covering research, demonstration and validation activities. Nevertheless, there is still no unifying definition of the term "flexibility" and consistent characterizing terms for "flexibility resources". The lack of clarity in definitions and concepts may undermine information exchange amongst stakeholders imposing hurdles on the transition from mature technology to investment decisions and deployment. System operators, for example, require better clarity for the techno-economic evaluation of flexibility resources in their planning processes. This paper, by reviewing prominent flexibility-related publications, proposes a comprehensive flexibility definition and unified characterizing terms for flexibility resources. Furthermore, the paper proposes a taxonomy method which is applied to classify flexibility resources. The presented taxonomy method clears the confusion on "what-is-what" under the concept of flexibility. This paper also presents the benefits of unified characterizing terms in mapping flexibility resources to ancillary services. The benefits are illustrated by considering a realistic use case in a Norwegian distribution network.
Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Iver Bakken Sperstad; Hanne Sæle. Comprehensive classifications and characterizations of power system flexibility resources. Electric Power Systems Research 2021, 194, 107022 .
AMA StyleMerkebu Zenebe Degefa, Iver Bakken Sperstad, Hanne Sæle. Comprehensive classifications and characterizations of power system flexibility resources. Electric Power Systems Research. 2021; 194 ():107022.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerkebu Zenebe Degefa; Iver Bakken Sperstad; Hanne Sæle. 2021. "Comprehensive classifications and characterizations of power system flexibility resources." Electric Power Systems Research 194, no. : 107022.
The power system is transitioning from the traditional one-way system to a more integrated and complex system with more active end-users and with generation and reverse power flow at the distribution level. As a part of this transition, flexible resources such as energy storage systems, electrical vehicles and demand response are increasingly being deployed in distribution systems. Among their benefits, flexibility services are often directly or indirectly associated with a positive impact on the security of electricity supply (SoS). However, the SoS perspective is not given satisfactory attention in the existing research literature. The objective of this article is therefore to provide a structured review of methodologies for assessing the impact of flexible resources in distribution systems on SoS. Four main aspects of security of electricity supply are distinguished in this article: energy availability, power capacity, reliability of supply, and power quality. Flexibility services are classified in relation to each of these aspects, and the literature is reviewed for methods and indicators for quantifying their impact. Finally, the article discusses the need for more holistic and comprehensive assessments of SoS considering flexible resources and possible implications for managing the SoS of the power system in the future.
Iver Bakken Sperstad; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Gerd Kjølle. The impact of flexible resources in distribution systems on the security of electricity supply: A literature review. Electric Power Systems Research 2020, 188, 106532 .
AMA StyleIver Bakken Sperstad, Merkebu Zenebe Degefa, Gerd Kjølle. The impact of flexible resources in distribution systems on the security of electricity supply: A literature review. Electric Power Systems Research. 2020; 188 ():106532.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIver Bakken Sperstad; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Gerd Kjølle. 2020. "The impact of flexible resources in distribution systems on the security of electricity supply: A literature review." Electric Power Systems Research 188, no. : 106532.
Smart energy solutions aim to modify and optimise the operation of existing energy infrastructure. Such cyber-physical technology must be mature before deployment to the actual infrastructure, and competitive solutions will have to be compliant to standards still under development. Achieving this technology readiness and harmonisation requires reproducible experiments and appropriately realistic testing environments. Such testbeds for multi-domain cyber-physical experiments are complex in and of themselves. This work addresses a method for the scoping and design of experiments where both testbed and solution each require detailed expertise. This empirical work first revisited present test description approaches, developed a newdescription method for cyber-physical energy systems testing, and matured it by means of user involvement. The new Holistic Test Description (HTD) method facilitates the conception, deconstruction and reproduction of complex experimental designs in the domains of cyber-physical energy systems. This work develops the background and motivation, offers a guideline and examples to the proposed approach, and summarises experience from three years of its application.
Kai Heussen; Cornelius Steinbrink; Ibrahim F. Abdulhadi; Van Hoa Nguyen; Merkebu Z. Degefa; Julia Merino; Tue V. Jensen; Hao Guo; Oliver Gehrke; Daniel Esteban Morales Bondy; Davood Babazadeh; Filip Pröstl Andrén; Thomas I. Strasser. ERIGrid Holistic Test Description for Validating Cyber-Physical Energy Systems. Energies 2019, 12, 2722 .
AMA StyleKai Heussen, Cornelius Steinbrink, Ibrahim F. Abdulhadi, Van Hoa Nguyen, Merkebu Z. Degefa, Julia Merino, Tue V. Jensen, Hao Guo, Oliver Gehrke, Daniel Esteban Morales Bondy, Davood Babazadeh, Filip Pröstl Andrén, Thomas I. Strasser. ERIGrid Holistic Test Description for Validating Cyber-Physical Energy Systems. Energies. 2019; 12 (14):2722.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKai Heussen; Cornelius Steinbrink; Ibrahim F. Abdulhadi; Van Hoa Nguyen; Merkebu Z. Degefa; Julia Merino; Tue V. Jensen; Hao Guo; Oliver Gehrke; Daniel Esteban Morales Bondy; Davood Babazadeh; Filip Pröstl Andrén; Thomas I. Strasser. 2019. "ERIGrid Holistic Test Description for Validating Cyber-Physical Energy Systems." Energies 12, no. 14: 2722.
A driving force for the realization of a sustainable energy supply in Europe is the integration of distributed, renewable energy resources. Due to their dynamic and stochastic generation behaviour, utilities and network operators are confronted with a more complex operation of the underlying distribution grids. Additionally, due to the higher flexibility on the consumer side through partly controllable loads, ongoing changes of regulatory rules, technology developments, and the liberalization of energy markets, the system’s operation needs adaptation. Sophisticated design approaches together with proper operational concepts and intelligent automation provide the basis to turn the existing power system into an intelligent entity, a so-called smart grid. While reaping the benefits that come along with those intelligent behaviours, it is expected that the system-level testing will play a significantly larger role in the development of future solutions and technologies. Proper validation approaches, concepts, and corresponding tools are partly missing until now. This paper addresses these issues by discussing the progress in the integrated Pan-European research infrastructure project ERIGrid where proper validation methods and tools are currently being developed for validating smart grid systems and solutions.
Thomas I. Strasser; Filip Pröstl Andrén; Edmund Widl; Georg Lauss; E. C. W. De Jong; Mihai Calin; Maria Sosnina; Ata M. Khavari; J. Emilio Rodríguez-Seco; Panos Kotsampopoulos; Marita Blank; Cornelius Steinbrink; Kari Mäki; Anna Kulmala; Arjen A. Van Der Meer; Rishabh Bhandia; Ron Brandl; Gunter Arnold; Carlo Sandroni; D. Pala; Daniel Esteban Morales Bondy; Kai Heussen; Oliver Gehrke; Federico Coffele; Q.-T. Tran; Evangelos Rikos; Van Hoa Nguyen; I. Orue; Merkebu Z. Degefa; S. Manikas. An integrated pan-European research infrastructure for validating smart grid systems. e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 2018, 135, 616 -622.
AMA StyleThomas I. Strasser, Filip Pröstl Andrén, Edmund Widl, Georg Lauss, E. C. W. De Jong, Mihai Calin, Maria Sosnina, Ata M. Khavari, J. Emilio Rodríguez-Seco, Panos Kotsampopoulos, Marita Blank, Cornelius Steinbrink, Kari Mäki, Anna Kulmala, Arjen A. Van Der Meer, Rishabh Bhandia, Ron Brandl, Gunter Arnold, Carlo Sandroni, D. Pala, Daniel Esteban Morales Bondy, Kai Heussen, Oliver Gehrke, Federico Coffele, Q.-T. Tran, Evangelos Rikos, Van Hoa Nguyen, I. Orue, Merkebu Z. Degefa, S. Manikas. An integrated pan-European research infrastructure for validating smart grid systems. e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik. 2018; 135 (8):616-622.
Chicago/Turabian StyleThomas I. Strasser; Filip Pröstl Andrén; Edmund Widl; Georg Lauss; E. C. W. De Jong; Mihai Calin; Maria Sosnina; Ata M. Khavari; J. Emilio Rodríguez-Seco; Panos Kotsampopoulos; Marita Blank; Cornelius Steinbrink; Kari Mäki; Anna Kulmala; Arjen A. Van Der Meer; Rishabh Bhandia; Ron Brandl; Gunter Arnold; Carlo Sandroni; D. Pala; Daniel Esteban Morales Bondy; Kai Heussen; Oliver Gehrke; Federico Coffele; Q.-T. Tran; Evangelos Rikos; Van Hoa Nguyen; I. Orue; Merkebu Z. Degefa; S. Manikas. 2018. "An integrated pan-European research infrastructure for validating smart grid systems." e & i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik 135, no. 8: 616-622.
To keep a stable power system, there should always be balance between the generation and consumption of electricity. In this study, a flexibility modelling method for atomic loads which is based on high resolution appliance measurement data is presented. The method embraces the potential variabilities of appliance use in group of households. Besides, aggregated load flexibility potential of atomic loads in defined number of households is quantified.
Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Hanne Sæle; I. Petersen; P. Ahcin. Data-driven Household Load Flexibility Modelling: Shiftable Atomic Load. 2018 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe) 2018, 1 -6.
AMA StyleMerkebu Zenebe Degefa, Hanne Sæle, I. Petersen, P. Ahcin. Data-driven Household Load Flexibility Modelling: Shiftable Atomic Load. 2018 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe). 2018; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerkebu Zenebe Degefa; Hanne Sæle; I. Petersen; P. Ahcin. 2018. "Data-driven Household Load Flexibility Modelling: Shiftable Atomic Load." 2018 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe) , no. : 1-6.
The objective of this study is to evaluate how PV-oriented prosumers can offer flexibility to the Distribution System Operator (DSO). The different cases focus on the customer and changes on the customer side that will benefit both the customer and the distribution grid. (Actual tests of services delivered to the DSO have not been performed.) The study also highlights the importance of being proactive about the placement of roof top panels near the loads in the grid for a better balance between PV-output and loads at the terminal points in the grid. This approach demonstrated the secure operations of the grid well below the capacity limits and yield better rewards for the prosumer. In this study, storage options at the prosumer side are also considered and both technical and economic aspects are analysed. Special emphasis is placed on the impact of power tariff structures that include capacity considerations.
Bernt A Bremdal; Hanne Sæle; Geir Mathisen; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa. Flexibility offered to the distribution grid from households with a photovoltaic panel on their roof: Results and experiences from several pilots in a Norwegian research project. 2018 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON) 2018, 1 -6.
AMA StyleBernt A Bremdal, Hanne Sæle, Geir Mathisen, Merkebu Zenebe Degefa. Flexibility offered to the distribution grid from households with a photovoltaic panel on their roof: Results and experiences from several pilots in a Norwegian research project. 2018 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON). 2018; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernt A Bremdal; Hanne Sæle; Geir Mathisen; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa. 2018. "Flexibility offered to the distribution grid from households with a photovoltaic panel on their roof: Results and experiences from several pilots in a Norwegian research project." 2018 IEEE International Energy Conference (ENERGYCON) , no. : 1-6.
The complex and often safety-critical nature of cyber-physical energy systems makes validation a key challenge in facilitating the energy transition, especially when it comes to the testing on system level. Reliable and reproducible validation experiments can be guided by the concept of design of experiments, which is, however, so far not fully adopted by researchers. This paper suggests a structured guideline for design of experiments application within the holistic testing procedure suggested by the European ERIGrid project. In this paper, a general workflow as well as a practical example are provided with the aim to give domain experts a basic understanding of design of experiments compliant testing.
Arjen A. Van Der Meer; Cornelius Steinbrink; Kai Heussen; Daniel E. Morales Bondy; Merkebu Z. Degefa; Filip Prostl Andren; Thomas I. Strasser; Sebastian Lehnhoff; Peter Palensky. Design of experiments aided holistic testing of cyber-physical energy systems. 2018 Workshop on Modeling and Simulation of Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (MSCPES) 2018, 1 -7.
AMA StyleArjen A. Van Der Meer, Cornelius Steinbrink, Kai Heussen, Daniel E. Morales Bondy, Merkebu Z. Degefa, Filip Prostl Andren, Thomas I. Strasser, Sebastian Lehnhoff, Peter Palensky. Design of experiments aided holistic testing of cyber-physical energy systems. 2018 Workshop on Modeling and Simulation of Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (MSCPES). 2018; ():1-7.
Chicago/Turabian StyleArjen A. Van Der Meer; Cornelius Steinbrink; Kai Heussen; Daniel E. Morales Bondy; Merkebu Z. Degefa; Filip Prostl Andren; Thomas I. Strasser; Sebastian Lehnhoff; Peter Palensky. 2018. "Design of experiments aided holistic testing of cyber-physical energy systems." 2018 Workshop on Modeling and Simulation of Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (MSCPES) , no. : 1-7.
The concept and experimental validation process of the Web-of-Cells (WoC) based Post-Primary Voltage Control (PPVC) developed in EU FP7 project ELECTRA IRP is presented in this paper. The main objective of PPVC is to provide an optimal and local voltage control replacing the conventional secondary and tertiary voltage control. The Power Hardware-In-the-Loop (PHIL) setup and the experimental results comparing the PPVC approach to traditional voltage control techniques are presented and discussed. The PPVC has demonstrated lower number of tap-changes and faster response to topology changes. To avoid simulation overrun in real-time environment, a slower simulation step is adopted for the electrical network model than the converter and grid emulator controller models in the Simulink model. The PHIL test conducted gives insight to the potential obstacles that may arise with increased number of cells and increased number of nodes in the network.
Merkebu Z. Degefa; Salvatore D'arco; Andrei Morch; Atsede G. Endegnanew. Power hardware-in-the-loop validation of post-primary voltage control scheme. 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2) 2017, 1 -6.
AMA StyleMerkebu Z. Degefa, Salvatore D'arco, Andrei Morch, Atsede G. Endegnanew. Power hardware-in-the-loop validation of post-primary voltage control scheme. 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). 2017; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerkebu Z. Degefa; Salvatore D'arco; Andrei Morch; Atsede G. Endegnanew. 2017. "Power hardware-in-the-loop validation of post-primary voltage control scheme." 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2) , no. : 1-6.
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Merkebu Z. Degefa; Hanne Sæle; Jan A. Foosnaes; Eirik Thorshaug. Seasonally variant deployment of electric battery storage systems in active distribution networks. CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal 2017, 2017, 1975 -1979.
AMA StyleMerkebu Z. Degefa, Hanne Sæle, Jan A. Foosnaes, Eirik Thorshaug. Seasonally variant deployment of electric battery storage systems in active distribution networks. CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal. 2017; 2017 (1):1975-1979.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerkebu Z. Degefa; Hanne Sæle; Jan A. Foosnaes; Eirik Thorshaug. 2017. "Seasonally variant deployment of electric battery storage systems in active distribution networks." CIRED - Open Access Proceedings Journal 2017, no. 1: 1975-1979.
With the increase in distributed generation, the demand-only nature of many secondary substation nodes in medium voltage networks is becoming a mix of temporally varying consumption and generation with significant stochastic components. Traditional planning, however, has often assumed that the maximum demands of all connected substations are fully coincident, and in cases where there is local generation, the conditions of maximum consumption and minimum generation, and maximum generation and minimum consumption are checked, again assuming unity coincidence. Statistical modelling is used in this paper to produce network solutions that optimize investment, running and interruption costs, assessed from a societal perspective. The decoupled utilization of expected consumption profiles and stochastic generation models enables a more detailed estimation of the driving parameters using the Monte Carlo simulation method. A planning algorithm that optimally places backup connections and three layers of switching has, for real-scale distribution networks, to make millions of iterations within iterations to form a solution, and therefore cannot computationally afford millions of parallel load flows in each iteration. The interface that decouples the full statistical modelling of the combinatorial challenge of prosumer nodes with such a planning algorithm is the main offering of this paper.
Robert John Millar; Jussi Ekstrom; Matti Lehtonen; Eero Saarijarvi; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Matti Koivisto. Probabilistic prosumer node modeling for estimating planning parameters in distribution networks with renewable energy sources. 2017 IEEE 58th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON) 2017, 1 -8.
AMA StyleRobert John Millar, Jussi Ekstrom, Matti Lehtonen, Eero Saarijarvi, Merkebu Zenebe Degefa, Matti Koivisto. Probabilistic prosumer node modeling for estimating planning parameters in distribution networks with renewable energy sources. 2017 IEEE 58th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON). 2017; ():1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRobert John Millar; Jussi Ekstrom; Matti Lehtonen; Eero Saarijarvi; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Matti Koivisto. 2017. "Probabilistic prosumer node modeling for estimating planning parameters in distribution networks with renewable energy sources." 2017 IEEE 58th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON) , no. : 1-8.
This paper presents the decentralized Post-Primary Voltage Control (PPVC) scheme which is introduced within the Web-of-Cells (WoC) concept in the ELECTRA IRP project. The PPVC improves the traditionally known secondary and tertiary voltage control schemes to develop a robust method coping with the emerging intermittent generation and variable loading in the distribution system. PPVC aims to utilize all available resources within a defined network area for voltage control purposes by taking loss minimization as an objective. To achieve that, the re-definition of voltage set-points in all controllable nodes within the area is performed using an Optimal Power Flow (OPF) algorithm. The proposed PPVC algorithm coordinates tap changers and other reactive power resources such as PV inverters proactively altering their settings for a recurring time-window. The settings are optimally computed by using short-term forecasted load and generation values. The PPVC algorithm has been implemented with MATLAB and the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) tool for optimization and evaluated on The European CIGRÉ MV network, modified with distributed energy resources (DERs). Simulation results showing the impact of PPVC compared to the business-as-usual (BaU) way of voltage control are presented. In addition, laboratory tests coupling the GAMS-based OPF with OPAL-RT have been conducted to present the efficiency of PPVC in real-time applications.
Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Salvatore D'arco; Andrei Morch; Kyriaki Mavrogenou; Nikos Hatziargyriou; Julia Merino. Post-primary voltage control using optimal power flow for loss minimization within web-of-cells concept. 2017 52nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) 2017, 1 -6.
AMA StyleMerkebu Zenebe Degefa, Salvatore D'arco, Andrei Morch, Kyriaki Mavrogenou, Nikos Hatziargyriou, Julia Merino. Post-primary voltage control using optimal power flow for loss minimization within web-of-cells concept. 2017 52nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC). 2017; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerkebu Zenebe Degefa; Salvatore D'arco; Andrei Morch; Kyriaki Mavrogenou; Nikos Hatziargyriou; Julia Merino. 2017. "Post-primary voltage control using optimal power flow for loss minimization within web-of-cells concept." 2017 52nd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC) , no. : 1-6.
Smart grid systems are characterized by high complexity due to interactions between a traditional passive network and active power electronic components, coupled using communication links. Additionally, automation and information technology plays an important role in order to operate and optimize such cyber-physical energy systems with a high(er) penetration of fluctuating renewable generation and controllable loads. As a result of these developments the validation on the system level becomes much more important during the whole engineering and deployment process, today. In earlier development stages and for larger system configurations laboratory-based testing is not always an option. Due to recent developments, simulation-based approaches are now an appropriate tool to support the development, implementation, and roll-out of smart grid solutions. This paper discusses the current state of simulation-based approaches and outlines the necessary future research and development directions in the domain of power and energy systems.
C. Steinbrink; S. Lehnhoff; S. Rohjans; T. I. Strasser; E. Widl; C. Moyo; G. Lauss; F. Lehfuss; M. Faschang; P. Palensky; A. A. Van Der Meer; K. Heussen; Oliver Gehrke; Efren Guillo Sansano; M. H. Syed; A. Emhemed; R. Brandl; Van Hoa Nguyen; A. Khavari; Q. T. Tran; P. Kotsampopoulos; N. Hatziargyriou; N. Akroud; E. Rikos; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa. Simulation-Based Validation of Smart Grids – Status Quo and Future Research Trends. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2017, 171 -185.
AMA StyleC. Steinbrink, S. Lehnhoff, S. Rohjans, T. I. Strasser, E. Widl, C. Moyo, G. Lauss, F. Lehfuss, M. Faschang, P. Palensky, A. A. Van Der Meer, K. Heussen, Oliver Gehrke, Efren Guillo Sansano, M. H. Syed, A. Emhemed, R. Brandl, Van Hoa Nguyen, A. Khavari, Q. T. Tran, P. Kotsampopoulos, N. Hatziargyriou, N. Akroud, E. Rikos, Merkebu Zenebe Degefa. Simulation-Based Validation of Smart Grids – Status Quo and Future Research Trends. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2017; ():171-185.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Steinbrink; S. Lehnhoff; S. Rohjans; T. I. Strasser; E. Widl; C. Moyo; G. Lauss; F. Lehfuss; M. Faschang; P. Palensky; A. A. Van Der Meer; K. Heussen; Oliver Gehrke; Efren Guillo Sansano; M. H. Syed; A. Emhemed; R. Brandl; Van Hoa Nguyen; A. Khavari; Q. T. Tran; P. Kotsampopoulos; N. Hatziargyriou; N. Akroud; E. Rikos; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa. 2017. "Simulation-Based Validation of Smart Grids – Status Quo and Future Research Trends." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 171-185.
In most studies, the lowest temporal resolution data used in addressing the problem of matching local generation and demand is hourly. There are very few attempts that use minute level temporal resolution capturing the highly stochastic nature. This study utilizes high-resolution household load modelling platform called Suricatta to assess the potential for matching in real-time. In this study, 1-minute and 1-hour resolutions data is used to evaluate load matching index of PVs and wind turbines along with storage battery and demand response solutions. The results demonstrate the relatively high relevance of 1-minute data resolution in case of demand response planning and also for wind turbine generations. Besides, the diurnal nature of weather variables together with their negative correlation to the typical Finnish household seasonal consumption emphasizes the need for storage systems and/or demand response plans to enhance matching of distribution system level wind turbine and PV generations.
Merkebu Z. Degefa; Matti Lehtonen; Malcolm McCulloch; Ken Nixon. Real-time matching of local generation and demand: The use of high resolution load modeling. 2016 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe) 2016, 1 -6.
AMA StyleMerkebu Z. Degefa, Matti Lehtonen, Malcolm McCulloch, Ken Nixon. Real-time matching of local generation and demand: The use of high resolution load modeling. 2016 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe). 2016; ():1-6.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerkebu Z. Degefa; Matti Lehtonen; Malcolm McCulloch; Ken Nixon. 2016. "Real-time matching of local generation and demand: The use of high resolution load modeling." 2016 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe) , no. : 1-6.
This study has two aims to investigate the energy demand response (DR) actions on thermal comfort and energy cost in detached residential houses (1960, 2010 and passive) in a cold climate. The first one is to find out the acceptable range of indoor air and operative temperatures complying with the recommended thermal comfort categories in accordance with the EN 15251 standard. The second one is to minimize the energy cost of electric heating system by means of the DR control strategy, without sacrificing thermal comfort of the occupants. This research was carried out with the validated dynamic building simulation tool IDA Indoor Climate and Energy. Three different control strategies were studied: A) a strategy based on real-time hourly electricity price, B) new DR control strategy based on previous hourly electricity prices and C) new predictive DR control strategy based on future hourly electricity prices. The results show that the lowest acceptable indoor air and operative temperatures can be reduced to 19.4℃ and 19.6℃, respectively. The maximum annual saving in total energy cost is about 10% by using the control algorithm C.
Behrang Alimohammadisagvand; Sadaf Alam; Mubbashir Ali; Merkebu Degefa; Juha Jokisalo; Kai Sirén. Influence of energy demand response actions on thermal comfort and energy cost in electrically heated residential houses. Indoor and Built Environment 2016, 26, 298 -316.
AMA StyleBehrang Alimohammadisagvand, Sadaf Alam, Mubbashir Ali, Merkebu Degefa, Juha Jokisalo, Kai Sirén. Influence of energy demand response actions on thermal comfort and energy cost in electrically heated residential houses. Indoor and Built Environment. 2016; 26 (3):298-316.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBehrang Alimohammadisagvand; Sadaf Alam; Mubbashir Ali; Merkebu Degefa; Juha Jokisalo; Kai Sirén. 2016. "Influence of energy demand response actions on thermal comfort and energy cost in electrically heated residential houses." Indoor and Built Environment 26, no. 3: 298-316.
Muhammad Humayun; Amir Safdarian; Mubbashir Ali; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Matti Lehtonen. Optimal capacity planning of substation transformers by demand response combined with network automation. Electric Power Systems Research 2016, 134, 176 -185.
AMA StyleMuhammad Humayun, Amir Safdarian, Mubbashir Ali, Merkebu Zenebe Degefa, Matti Lehtonen. Optimal capacity planning of substation transformers by demand response combined with network automation. Electric Power Systems Research. 2016; 134 ():176-185.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Humayun; Amir Safdarian; Mubbashir Ali; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Matti Lehtonen. 2016. "Optimal capacity planning of substation transformers by demand response combined with network automation." Electric Power Systems Research 134, no. : 176-185.
There is growing effort to harness the load flexibility potential from household loads. Nevertheless, the true flexibility potential has not yet been quantified properly. Although the load profiles of limited number of appliances can be attained through appliance level measuring units, the application of the approach to quantify the use profile of appliances for aggregated number of households is cost prohibitive. This study applies a conditional demand analysis (CDA) technique on automatic meter reading (AMR) system metered hourly consumption data linked to detailed statistical survey data for thousands of households from different geographical location in Finland. The study principally assesses the applicability of the CDA technique in an effort to disaggregate household consumption to individual appliances. The results of the analysis include the share of major appliances from household hourly consumption on workdays and holidays of the four seasons of the year. The limitations of the application of the CDA method on hourly-metered consumption data are investigated. Furthermore a use case scenario is presented to demonstrate to what extent the disaggregated results can be useful for demand response programs. Finally, for a more accurate CDA analysis, the study recommends relevant questions to be included in the survey questioner with regard to specific appliances. Copyright © 2016 Praise Worthy Prize - All rights reserved.
Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Oriol Semente Tarrago; Matti Lehtonen. A Conditional Demand Analysis Based AMR Metered Load Disaggregation: a Case Study. International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS) 2016, 9, 64 .
AMA StyleMerkebu Zenebe Degefa, Oriol Semente Tarrago, Matti Lehtonen. A Conditional Demand Analysis Based AMR Metered Load Disaggregation: a Case Study. International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS). 2016; 9 (2):64.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerkebu Zenebe Degefa; Oriol Semente Tarrago; Matti Lehtonen. 2016. "A Conditional Demand Analysis Based AMR Metered Load Disaggregation: a Case Study." International Review on Modelling and Simulations (IREMOS) 9, no. 2: 64.
Agent-based modeling of active distribution network helps to understand the dynamics and to design the control strategies for overall system efficiency. There is, however, a lack of generic and multipurpose agent definitions in existing studies. In this paper, a multi-agent system-based modeling of an active distribution network is presented using cooperative agents. A method to solve a network-wise objective of state estimation is explained with the proposed model. The network component agents are defined to be cooperative to meet the overall objectives and greedy to fulfil individual objectives such as energy cost minimization. A token-ring protocol is deployed for the agent communication among themselves, as well as with market and network operator agents. Furthermore, a MATLAB/Simulink model of active distribution network is used to simulate the emerging stochastic loading scenario, while the autonomous prosumer agents optimize their total energy cost responding to market price variations.
Merkebu Z. Degefa; Antti Alahaivala; Olli Kilkki; Muhammad Humayun; Ilkka Seilonen; Valeriy Vyatkin; Matti Lehtonen. MAS-Based Modeling of Active Distribution Network: The Simulation of Emerging Behaviors. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2016, 7, 2615 -2623.
AMA StyleMerkebu Z. Degefa, Antti Alahaivala, Olli Kilkki, Muhammad Humayun, Ilkka Seilonen, Valeriy Vyatkin, Matti Lehtonen. MAS-Based Modeling of Active Distribution Network: The Simulation of Emerging Behaviors. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2016; 7 (6):2615-2623.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMerkebu Z. Degefa; Antti Alahaivala; Olli Kilkki; Muhammad Humayun; Ilkka Seilonen; Valeriy Vyatkin; Matti Lehtonen. 2016. "MAS-Based Modeling of Active Distribution Network: The Simulation of Emerging Behaviors." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 7, no. 6: 2615-2623.
Matti Koivisto; Merkebu Degefa; Mubbashir Ali; Jussi Ekström; John Millar; Matti Lehtonen. Statistical modeling of aggregated electricity consumption and distributed wind generation in distribution systems using AMR data. Electric Power Systems Research 2015, 129, 217 -226.
AMA StyleMatti Koivisto, Merkebu Degefa, Mubbashir Ali, Jussi Ekström, John Millar, Matti Lehtonen. Statistical modeling of aggregated electricity consumption and distributed wind generation in distribution systems using AMR data. Electric Power Systems Research. 2015; 129 ():217-226.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatti Koivisto; Merkebu Degefa; Mubbashir Ali; Jussi Ekström; John Millar; Matti Lehtonen. 2015. "Statistical modeling of aggregated electricity consumption and distributed wind generation in distribution systems using AMR data." Electric Power Systems Research 129, no. : 217-226.
Demand response (DR) will play an essential role in smart grids by contributing to the operational flexibility requirement arising from the increased penetration of intermittent renewable generation. However, DR activation could be hampered in the absence of intelligent network management. Real-time thermal rating (RTTR) functions as a smart network management tool for unlocking the network capacities by allowing the network to safely operate during overload states. This paper offers an optimal residential DR approach integrated with RTTR to balance the hourly wind power production. The proposed framework is modeled from the perspective of an electrical aggregator that manages the population of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) loads for wind power balancing considering the RTTR of a distribution network. The model schedules the HVAC loads without deterioration of the customers' temperature preferences. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach, simulations are performed on a typical Finnish distribution network plan. The results demonstrate the considerable benefits that can be realized by coordinating the DR and RTTR in a distribution network for wind generation balancing.
Mubbashir Ali; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Muhammad Humayun; Amir Safdarian; Matti Lehtonen. Increased Utilization of Wind Generation by Coordinating the Demand Response and Real-time Thermal Rating. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 2015, 31, 3737 -3746.
AMA StyleMubbashir Ali, Merkebu Zenebe Degefa, Muhammad Humayun, Amir Safdarian, Matti Lehtonen. Increased Utilization of Wind Generation by Coordinating the Demand Response and Real-time Thermal Rating. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2015; 31 (5):3737-3746.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMubbashir Ali; Merkebu Zenebe Degefa; Muhammad Humayun; Amir Safdarian; Matti Lehtonen. 2015. "Increased Utilization of Wind Generation by Coordinating the Demand Response and Real-time Thermal Rating." IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 31, no. 5: 3737-3746.