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Bio‐based materials and new dyeing technologies have gained growing interest, as companies actively want to enhance their products sustainability and remove environmental and hazardous pollutants. This article describes for the first time waterless dyeing studies using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) and a natural anthraquinone dye emodin for polylactide (PLA) and polyester (PET) fabric colouration. The colour of the dyed materials was measured as CIELab values, and the K/S (λmax,abs) value was reported. Colour fastness to rubbing and light was studied according to the relevant ISO standards. The results show that the small size and hydrophobic nature of the anthraquinone dye resulted in a uniform dyeing on PLA and PET fabrics with SC‐CO2 dyeing medium. The excellent rubbing fastness, and microscopic evaluation revealed that the dye had penetrated into the fiber structure completely. Also the light fastness properties were exceptionally high for natural dyes. Increased usage of biodegradable and recycled materials in textiles would benefit from biocolourants which are stable under end‐use conditions, produce bright colours and have acceptable tinctorial strength.
Riikka Räisänen; Gerardo A. Montero; Harold S. Freeman. A fungal‐based anthraquinone emodin for polylactide and polyethylene terephthalate in supercritical carbon dioxide ( SC‐CO 2 ) dyeing. Color Research & Application 2021, 46, 674 -680.
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen, Gerardo A. Montero, Harold S. Freeman. A fungal‐based anthraquinone emodin for polylactide and polyethylene terephthalate in supercritical carbon dioxide ( SC‐CO 2 ) dyeing. Color Research & Application. 2021; 46 (3):674-680.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen; Gerardo A. Montero; Harold S. Freeman. 2021. "A fungal‐based anthraquinone emodin for polylactide and polyethylene terephthalate in supercritical carbon dioxide ( SC‐CO 2 ) dyeing." Color Research & Application 46, no. 3: 674-680.
This research uses futures studies as background methodology and presents three scenarios for sustainable textile production and consumption based on the data of the Finnish news media. The scenarios extend to 2050, and the emphasis is on recognising policy instruments that can potentially support sustainable textile production and consumption. The first data set included 214 news articles from 2019 that were analysed using theory-guided qualitative content analysis. The second data set consisted of five textile experts’ evaluations of the probability and preferability of claims based on the first data set. As a result, a table of future scenarios was created, including descriptions of the current state and preferable, threatening and probable textile futures. The data show that textile and fashion sustainability issues are strongly presented in the media as part of the comprehensive climate-change-driven criticism of consumerism. The data emphasised a need for a holistic change in production and consumption. The most likely forms of policy instruments appear to be stronger corporate responsibility legislation (regulatory), environmental taxation of goods and services (economic), and eco-labelling of goods and services (information). These help in reaching the preferable scenario for 2050, which suggests a carbon-neutral textile production based on a circular economy.
Laura Virta; Riikka Räisänen. Three Futures Scenarios of Policy Instruments for Sustainable Textile Production and Consumption as Portrayed in the Finnish News Media. Sustainability 2021, 13, 594 .
AMA StyleLaura Virta, Riikka Räisänen. Three Futures Scenarios of Policy Instruments for Sustainable Textile Production and Consumption as Portrayed in the Finnish News Media. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (2):594.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaura Virta; Riikka Räisänen. 2021. "Three Futures Scenarios of Policy Instruments for Sustainable Textile Production and Consumption as Portrayed in the Finnish News Media." Sustainability 13, no. 2: 594.
Biocolourants have been investigated as alternatives to synthetic dyes. However, natural origin per se is not a label of harmlessness and research is needed to obtain safe dyes. We studied the cytotoxicity of the extracts from fungal (Cortinarius semisanguineus, Tapinella atrotomentosa) and plant (Tanacetum vulgare, Salix phylicifolia) sources and the woollen fabrics dyed with the extracts. Cytotoxicity in vitro using hepa-1 mouse hepatoma cells for 24 h and 72 h exposure was observed as the highest tolerated dose. All biocolourants produced intensive colour on fabrics with fastness properties from moderate to good. The Salix and Cortinarius samples did not show any cytotoxic effects, whereas the Tanacetum and Tapinella samples had slightly higher test values but were not interpreted as being significantly toxic. Higher than zero values of the undyed fabrics showed the importance of examining their toxicity as well. It was found that the cytotoxicity of the samples dyed with the biocolourants did not differ significantly from the undyed wool fabric. The concentrations of dyes used in the assays were very low, imitating the dose of the user. In addition to colouring properties, natural dyes may have pharmaceutical and antibacterial properties which would enhance the interest in using them in products for added value.
Riikka Räisänen; Anja Primetta; Sari Nikunen; Ulla Honkalampi; Heli Nygren; Juha-Matti Pihlava; Ina Vanden Berghe; Atte Von Wright. Examining Safety of Biocolourants from Fungal and Plant Sources-Examples from Cortinarius and Tapinella, Salix and Tanacetum spp. and Dyed Woollen Fabrics. Antibiotics 2020, 9, 266 .
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen, Anja Primetta, Sari Nikunen, Ulla Honkalampi, Heli Nygren, Juha-Matti Pihlava, Ina Vanden Berghe, Atte Von Wright. Examining Safety of Biocolourants from Fungal and Plant Sources-Examples from Cortinarius and Tapinella, Salix and Tanacetum spp. and Dyed Woollen Fabrics. Antibiotics. 2020; 9 (5):266.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen; Anja Primetta; Sari Nikunen; Ulla Honkalampi; Heli Nygren; Juha-Matti Pihlava; Ina Vanden Berghe; Atte Von Wright. 2020. "Examining Safety of Biocolourants from Fungal and Plant Sources-Examples from Cortinarius and Tapinella, Salix and Tanacetum spp. and Dyed Woollen Fabrics." Antibiotics 9, no. 5: 266.
Collection SU4522 in the Finno-Ugric Collections of the National Museum of Finland consists of 143 items, mainly textiles from nineteenth-century White Karelia, now part of the current Russia. Forty-one linen textiles were chosen for closer examination, with the aim of evaluating the area’s textile culture and identifying the materials using microscopic methods. Flax, hemp and nettle have all been traditional materials for clothing in northern Europe. Additionally, cotton became established in the region during the nineteenth century. Previous research lacked such a deep examination of the textile materials used, leaving room for speculation. Stinging nettle has not been shown before to have been used as a textile material in the Karelian area. Our results show that it appeared commonly in rätsinä-shirts and käspaikka-towels. Against the consensus hemp was rare and appeared only in one of the items. The results are mirrored by concurrent pictorial and written material from I. K. Inha who visited the region in 1894 and collected most of the items in the collection. White Karelian textile traditions from clothing to fabrics, weaving, spinning and fiber production are discussed in the article. Nevertheless, questions concerning the origins of the materials and the effects of the peddling tradition would need further research.
Jenni A. Suomela; Krista Vajanto; Riikka Räisänen. Examining the White Karelian Textile Tradition of the Late Nineteenth Century—Focus on Plant Fibers. TEXTILE 2020, 18, 298 -324.
AMA StyleJenni A. Suomela, Krista Vajanto, Riikka Räisänen. Examining the White Karelian Textile Tradition of the Late Nineteenth Century—Focus on Plant Fibers. TEXTILE. 2020; 18 (3):298-324.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJenni A. Suomela; Krista Vajanto; Riikka Räisänen. 2020. "Examining the White Karelian Textile Tradition of the Late Nineteenth Century—Focus on Plant Fibers." TEXTILE 18, no. 3: 298-324.
This paper aims to discover ways to promote a native sheep breed in Finland, the Finnsheep. The focus is placed on wool, its characteristics and applications. In history, the sheep was an essential animal for families because it provided textile materials and meat. Over the decades, the population of Finnsheep has declined. The paper reviews articles (N = 169) in newspapers and magazines from 1915 to 2015. Data-based qualitative content analysis was used. The analysis shows that, in spite of numerous projects and much education, little progress has been made to increase the farming and large-scale utilization of Finnwool. The amounts of pure Finnwool are small and insufficient in themselves for industrial-scale spinning. Also, the quality of wool sent from farms to spinning mills varies greatly. The low price of wool hinders farmers’ interest in paying attention to quality. The main focus is meat production. Trends such as green consumption, a slow lifestyle, local production and services, and support for biological and cultural diversity could positively influence the demand for Finnsheep. For this, cooperation is needed between different actors. High quality and novel design in the products and services related to Finnsheep are key factors for promotion.
Riikka Räisänen. Promoting Finnwool with Green Production and Sustainability: Aspects from the Past to the Future, from Crafts to Industry. TEXTILE 2019, 17, 259 -276.
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen. Promoting Finnwool with Green Production and Sustainability: Aspects from the Past to the Future, from Crafts to Industry. TEXTILE. 2019; 17 (3):259-276.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen. 2019. "Promoting Finnwool with Green Production and Sustainability: Aspects from the Past to the Future, from Crafts to Industry." TEXTILE 17, no. 3: 259-276.
Secondary metabolites in fungi offer an interesting source of bio‐based compounds that could be used as colorants in many applications. From a historical point of view, fungal natural dyes have been used more rarely than plant‐based dyes. This paper investigates the potential of fungal colorants, using Cortinarius species as examples. In our research, fruiting bodies of the fungi Cortinarius sanguineus and Cortinarius semisanguineus were used as sources of anthraquinone dyestuffs. From 10 kg of fresh fruiting bodies, 60 g of anthraquinone powder was obtained, 6% of the dry weight content. The most abundant compounds were emodin, dermocybin and their glucosides, which formed over 90% of the total dyestuff amount. Pure emodin and dermocybin, as well as the crude water extract, were used for the dyeing and printing of natural and synthetic fibres. Conventional mordant techniques and high‐temperature (HT) disperse dye techniques were applied, and light and washing fastness were tested according to International Organization for Standardization standards. Our experiments show that the yields of dye powders extracted from fungi are reasonable compared with the yields of, for example, madder (Rubia tinctorum). Natural anthraquinones produce strong and bright colours on several types of fibres. In particular, for HT disperse dyed polyester, the light and washing fastness properties were excellent. Anthraquinones are common in nature and there are many fungal species which produce them, so there are a variety of possibilities for growing fungi. The use of large‐scale cultures is an interesting perspective for future biocolorant production.
Riikka Räisänen. Fungal colorants in applications - focus on Cortinarius species. Coloration Technology 2018, 135, 22 -31.
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen. Fungal colorants in applications - focus on Cortinarius species. Coloration Technology. 2018; 135 (1):22-31.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen. 2018. "Fungal colorants in applications - focus on Cortinarius species." Coloration Technology 135, no. 1: 22-31.
The previous study concerning laundry practices in Finland was published 16 years ago. Since that time, many pro‐environmental debates have been going on and sustainable actions have been implemented in many areas of individual lives and households. The purpose of this study is to investigate the textile laundering practices of Finnish consumers and their attitudes towards clothing care procedures. This study discusses how laundry habits could be developed into a more sustainable direction. The data for this research were gathered through an online enquiry that consisted of structured multiple‐choice questions. The data were obtained from 1841 persons of whom 97.5% were women (n=1795). The data were analysed by statistical means using the SPSS program. The data show that, despite media attention and debate about textile care procedures, there still are factors in laundering that burden the environment. From a sustainability point of view, some improvements exist when comparing to the situation 16 years ago, but washing machines still are seldom filled to their full capacity and consumers, being unaware of water hardness, administer excessive amounts of detergent. The current life situations of the household members seem to be major factors influencing laundry habits and sustainable actions. Especially young people and families with children would benefit from information and instructions on laundry practices. Topics could contain knowledge about water hardness and proper dosing of detergent, filling the washing machine, washing temperatures, drying methods and saving energy. Furthermore, general promotion of gender equality is important because household work and laundering is strikingly women‐performed work. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Satu-Marja Miilunpalo; Riikka Räisänen. Clean laundry with pure conscience-A study on laundry practices among Finnish consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies 2018, 43, 153 -165.
AMA StyleSatu-Marja Miilunpalo, Riikka Räisänen. Clean laundry with pure conscience-A study on laundry practices among Finnish consumers. International Journal of Consumer Studies. 2018; 43 (2):153-165.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSatu-Marja Miilunpalo; Riikka Räisänen. 2018. "Clean laundry with pure conscience-A study on laundry practices among Finnish consumers." International Journal of Consumer Studies 43, no. 2: 153-165.
Futures studies argue that the future cannot be predicted, but rather alternative futures can be explored and preferred futures can be imagined. Furthermore, our images of the futures can be a resource that informs our decision making. Understanding and imagining futures needs transdisciplinary inquiry; it calls for creativeness and freedom from prejudice. In this study, we present a design experiment accomplished in the textile teacher education at the University of Helsinki. Our aim was to explore and strengthen the skills that students will need in their future work. Expression, design and technology are characterized by open-ended and complex design problems. When solving them, a student internalizes that there are no right or wrong solutions to problems, that the path of the design process cannot be precisely defined in advance, and that the same starting point can produce different solutions. This experiment familiarized students with the interrelation between materials and the techniques for their manipulation, and guides the students to understanding the opportunities provided by manual experimentation, spontaneous invention and discovery. Carrying out these experiments entails the free, unusual or absurd manipulation of the materials. Ugly was especially selected as the viewpoint to discuss possible new futures. Data were collected from students’ portfolios and analysed using qualitative content analysis. The study shows that making something intentionally ugly raises emotional debate. Ugly was understood and defined in numerous ways. Ugly experiments impacted on motivation to invent and discover by empowering or encouraging, for example. A matrix was formed to summarize the findings of the study.
Ana Nuutinen; Riikka Räisänen; Päivi Fernström. Ugly as a concept in craft to examine alternative futures. European Journal of Futures Research 2017, 5, 18 .
AMA StyleAna Nuutinen, Riikka Räisänen, Päivi Fernström. Ugly as a concept in craft to examine alternative futures. European Journal of Futures Research. 2017; 5 (1):18.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAna Nuutinen; Riikka Räisänen; Päivi Fernström. 2017. "Ugly as a concept in craft to examine alternative futures." European Journal of Futures Research 5, no. 1: 18.
Bast fibres have been commonly used as a textile material in Northern Europe since Neolithic times. However, the process of identifying the different species has been problematic, and many important questions related to their cultural history are still unanswered. For example, a modified Herzog test and the presence of calcium oxalate crystals have both been used in identification. In order to generate more reliable results, further research and advancement in multi-methodological methods is required. This paper introduces a combination of methods which can be used to identify and distinguish flax (Linum usitatissimum), hemp (Cannabis sativa), and stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). The research material consisted of reference fibres and 25 fibre samples obtained from 12 textiles assumed to be made of nettle. The textiles were from the Finno-Ugric and Historical Collections of The National Museum of Finland. The fibre samples were studied by observing the surface characteristics and cross sections with transmitted light microscopy, and by using a modified Herzog test with polarized light, in order to identify the distinguishable features in their morphological structures. The study showed that five out of 25 samples were cotton, 16 nettle, one flax, and one hemp. Findings from two samples were inconsistent. The results show that it is possible to distinguish common north European bast fibres from each other by using a combination of microscopic methods. Furthermore, by utilizing these combined methods, new and more reliable information could be obtained from historical ethnographic textiles, which creates new vistas for the interpretation of their cultural history.
Jenni A. Suomela; Krista Vajanto; Riikka Räisänen. Seeking Nettle Textiles – Utilizing a Combination of Microscopic Methods for Fibre Identification. Studies in Conservation 2017, 63, 412 -422.
AMA StyleJenni A. Suomela, Krista Vajanto, Riikka Räisänen. Seeking Nettle Textiles – Utilizing a Combination of Microscopic Methods for Fibre Identification. Studies in Conservation. 2017; 63 (7):412-422.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJenni A. Suomela; Krista Vajanto; Riikka Räisänen. 2017. "Seeking Nettle Textiles – Utilizing a Combination of Microscopic Methods for Fibre Identification." Studies in Conservation 63, no. 7: 412-422.
Riikka Räisänen. The Measurement of Textile Material Properties. Textile and Clothing Design Technology 2017, 463 -478.
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen. The Measurement of Textile Material Properties. Textile and Clothing Design Technology. 2017; ():463-478.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen. 2017. "The Measurement of Textile Material Properties." Textile and Clothing Design Technology , no. : 463-478.
Riikka Räisänen; University of Helsinki; Kirsi Niinimäki; Anja Primetta. Luonnonväriaineet. Luonnonväriaineet 2015, 1 .
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen, University of Helsinki, Kirsi Niinimäki, Anja Primetta. Luonnonväriaineet. Luonnonväriaineet. 2015; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen; University of Helsinki; Kirsi Niinimäki; Anja Primetta. 2015. "Luonnonväriaineet." Luonnonväriaineet , no. : 1.
Riikka Räisänen. How to visualize design? Pupils’ experiences of designing in a textile craft project. Craft Research 2014, 5, 199 -219.
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen. How to visualize design? Pupils’ experiences of designing in a textile craft project. Craft Research. 2014; 5 (2):199-219.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen. 2014. "How to visualize design? Pupils’ experiences of designing in a textile craft project." Craft Research 5, no. 2: 199-219.
Riikka Räisänen. Dyes from Lichens and Mushrooms. Handbook of Natural Colorants 2009, 183 -200.
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen. Dyes from Lichens and Mushrooms. Handbook of Natural Colorants. 2009; ():183-200.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen. 2009. "Dyes from Lichens and Mushrooms." Handbook of Natural Colorants , no. : 183-200.
Wool is dyed for the first time with a mixture of two pure natural anthraquinone carboxylic acids, dermorubin and 5-chlorodermorubin (2:1), by means of the acid dyeing technique. The anthraquinone carboxylic acids are isolated from the fungus Dermocybe sanguinea and separated by multiplicative liquid-liquid partition using a stepwise pH gradient. The color of the dyed wool is investigated in terms of the CIELAB L*, a*, and b* parameters, and color-fastnesses to light, washing, and rubbing are tested according to ISO standards. The mixture of dermorubin and 5-chlorodermorubin dyes wool orange-red with good color-fastness properties. Our procedure is equivalent to the industrial winch- technique. The results indicate that wool has a high uptake for the anthraquinone carboxylic acids. Apparently, the ionic bonds between the carboxylate ions of the dye and the protonated amino groups of the wool enhance the color-fastness properties of the dyed fabric. Dermorubin and 5-chlorodermorubin have significant potential as textile dyes. affording useful alternatives to synthetic dyes.
Riikka Räisänen; Pertti Nousiainen; Paavo H. Hynninen. Dermorubin and 5-Chlorodermorubin Natural Anthraquinone Carboxylic Acids as Dyes for Wool. Textile Research Journal 2002, 72, 973 -976.
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen, Pertti Nousiainen, Paavo H. Hynninen. Dermorubin and 5-Chlorodermorubin Natural Anthraquinone Carboxylic Acids as Dyes for Wool. Textile Research Journal. 2002; 72 (11):973-976.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen; Pertti Nousiainen; Paavo H. Hynninen. 2002. "Dermorubin and 5-Chlorodermorubin Natural Anthraquinone Carboxylic Acids as Dyes for Wool." Textile Research Journal 72, no. 11: 973-976.
Wool and polyamide are dyed with the pure natural anthraquinones, emodin and dermocybin, using the mordant dyeing technique. The anthraquinones are isolated from the fungus Dennocybe sanguined. Potassiumaluminum sulphate, potassium dichromate, cobaltous sulphate, and ferrous sulphate are used as mordants. The color of each dyed material is investigated in terms of the Cielab L*, a*, and b* values, and color-fastnesses to light, washing, and rubbing are tested according to the ISO standards. Emodin dyes wool and polyamide yellow and red, whereas dermocybin confers purple and violet colors with color-fastness properties from good to moderate. Our procedure is facile and may be considered equivalent to the winch technique. The results show that wool and polyamide have a high uptake for the pure natural anthraquinones. These compounds have significant potential for new dyeing techniques, and they can provide useful alternatives to synthetic dyes.
Rlikka Räisänen; Pertti Nousiainen; Paavo H. Hynninen. Emodin and Dermocybin Natural Anthraquinones as Mordant Dyes for Wool and Polyamide. Textile Research Journal 2001, 71, 1016 -1022.
AMA StyleRlikka Räisänen, Pertti Nousiainen, Paavo H. Hynninen. Emodin and Dermocybin Natural Anthraquinones as Mordant Dyes for Wool and Polyamide. Textile Research Journal. 2001; 71 (11):1016-1022.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRlikka Räisänen; Pertti Nousiainen; Paavo H. Hynninen. 2001. "Emodin and Dermocybin Natural Anthraquinones as Mordant Dyes for Wool and Polyamide." Textile Research Journal 71, no. 11: 1016-1022.
Pure natural anthraquinones, emodin and dermocybin, isolated from the fungus Dermocybe sanguinea, are for the first time used as disperse dyes for polyester and polyamide fabrics using a high-temperature dyeing method, accompanied with a reference dyeing with CI Disperse Red 60. The color of each dyed material is investigated in terms of the CIELAB L *, a *, and b * values, and color fastness to light, washing, and rubbing are tested according to the ISO standards. Emodin dyes polyester bright yellow and dermocybin bright reddish-orange, and the fabrics show excellent color-fastness results. Emodin and dermocybin successfully dye polyamide brownish-orange and wine-red, respectively, but the fastness results are only moderate. This study shows that pure natural anthraquinone compounds can produce bright hues and color-fastness properties equivalent to those of synthetic disperse dyes, and thus providing useful alternatives to the synthetics.
Riikka Räisänen; Pertti Nousiainen; Paavo H. Hynninen. Emodin and Dermocybin Natural Anthraquinones as High-Temperature Disperse Dyes for Polyester and Polyamide. Textile Research Journal 2001, 71, 922 -927.
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen, Pertti Nousiainen, Paavo H. Hynninen. Emodin and Dermocybin Natural Anthraquinones as High-Temperature Disperse Dyes for Polyester and Polyamide. Textile Research Journal. 2001; 71 (10):922-927.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen; Pertti Nousiainen; Paavo H. Hynninen. 2001. "Emodin and Dermocybin Natural Anthraquinones as High-Temperature Disperse Dyes for Polyester and Polyamide." Textile Research Journal 71, no. 10: 922-927.
A new two-dimensional TLC technique was developed to separate substituted anthraquinones on silica plates using n-pentanol-pyridine-methanol (6:4:3, v/v/v) and toluene-ethyl acetate-ethanol-formic acid (10:8:1:2, v/v/v/v) as eluents. The good separation power of the new technique was demonstrated by applying it to the analysis of complex anthraquinone mixtures isolated from the Scandinavian Derm ocybe sanguinea. Emodin, physcion, endocrocin, dermolutein, dermorubin, 5-chlorodermorubin, emodin-1-β-D-glucopyranoside, dermocybin-1-β-D-glucopyranoside and dermocybin, and five new, earlier in D. sanguinea unidentified compounds, 7-chloroemodin, 5,7-dichloroemodin, 5,7-dichloroendocrocin, 4-hydroxyaustrocorticone and austrocorticone, were separated and identified on the basis of Rf values, UV/Vis spectra and mass spectra.
Riikka Räisänen; Heikki Björk; Paavo H. Hynninen. Two-Dimensional TLC Separation and Mass Spectrometric Identification of Anthraquinones Isolated from the Fungus Dermocybe sanguinea. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 2000, 55, 195 -202.
AMA StyleRiikka Räisänen, Heikki Björk, Paavo H. Hynninen. Two-Dimensional TLC Separation and Mass Spectrometric Identification of Anthraquinones Isolated from the Fungus Dermocybe sanguinea. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 2000; 55 (3-4):195-202.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRiikka Räisänen; Heikki Björk; Paavo H. Hynninen. 2000. "Two-Dimensional TLC Separation and Mass Spectrometric Identification of Anthraquinones Isolated from the Fungus Dermocybe sanguinea." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 55, no. 3-4: 195-202.