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In recent years, healthcare has become a fundamental pillar of the level of well-being of any society. With the aim of improving the lives of countries and societies, in 2015 the United Nations (UN) approved the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set out in the Agenda are health and well-being (O3) and the reduction of inequalities (O10). The general objective of this paper is to analyse the impact that the level of socioeconomic development, as well as the evolution of inequalities, have had on public spending on health in European Union countries. The research methodology is based on the application of a regression model and statistical techniques such as sigma convergence, beta convergence and the Gini index. We can see that the levels of public spending on health per capita, the level of socio-economic development and the degree of inequality are closely related in these countries. For this reason, we suggest maintaining sustainable economic growth to reduce the economic disparities between EU countries, and also the current differences in public spending on health per capita.
Antonio Peña-Sánchez; José Ruiz-Chico; Mercedes Jiménez-García. Dynamics of Public Spending on Health and Socio-Economic Development in the European Union: An Analysis from the Perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals. Healthcare 2021, 9, 353 .
AMA StyleAntonio Peña-Sánchez, José Ruiz-Chico, Mercedes Jiménez-García. Dynamics of Public Spending on Health and Socio-Economic Development in the European Union: An Analysis from the Perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals. Healthcare. 2021; 9 (3):353.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Peña-Sánchez; José Ruiz-Chico; Mercedes Jiménez-García. 2021. "Dynamics of Public Spending on Health and Socio-Economic Development in the European Union: An Analysis from the Perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals." Healthcare 9, no. 3: 353.
The aim of this work is to analyse the state of the art of scientific research related to transport poverty with special reference to sustainability and to identify new research needs. To this end, a methodology has been used in line with the objective set out, choosing the systematic review of the literature as the most suitable method. The results show that transport poverty is an under-exploited issue and is not well articulated by researchers, and there are great differences between the different areas of knowledge studied. The subjects related to health and medicine have more publications, almost 58%, with the rest distributed among 11 different subjects. Of the works analysed, only 26.69% refer to the topic of sustainability, and therefore this is a branch which is little studied in the literature in this field. Another relevant finding is that all the articles analysed highlight the vulnerability and inequality of the groups affected by transport poverty, with the elderly being the least studied in the research work.
María Pérez-Peña; Mercedes Jiménez-García; José Ruiz-Chico; Antonio Peña-Sánchez. Transport Poverty with Special Reference to Sustainability: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1451 .
AMA StyleMaría Pérez-Peña, Mercedes Jiménez-García, José Ruiz-Chico, Antonio Peña-Sánchez. Transport Poverty with Special Reference to Sustainability: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (3):1451.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Pérez-Peña; Mercedes Jiménez-García; José Ruiz-Chico; Antonio Peña-Sánchez. 2021. "Transport Poverty with Special Reference to Sustainability: A Systematic Review of the Literature." Sustainability 13, no. 3: 1451.
Resumen: El sector agroalimentario puede ser considerado como estratégico para la economía española, siendo clave en su desarrollo económico y de las sociedades rurales en concreto. Bajo esta perspectiva, se analiza su competitividad para identificar los destinos más fuertes y débiles en la UE en 2006-2015. Con este objetivo, se sigue una metodología Shift-Share, complementada con elasticidades, conceptos que se desarrollan para caracterizar una interesante tipología de los destinos de las exportaciones. Mediante el estudio de estas variables, se puede comprobar la competitividad de las exportaciones alimentarias españolas a la Unión Europea, con una mayor relevancia de los países del Este. De esta manera, Letonia y Lituania son los mercados de la Unión Europea más interesantes por obtener valores muy positivos en todos los indicadores. Chipre, Malta, Polonia, Rep. Checa y Suecia tienen también valores muy notables, aunque presentan algunas dudas. Bulgaria, Eslovaquia, Hungría, Rumanía, Alemania, Austria, y Reino Unido presentan un perfil similar a estos últimos países, pero poseen ciertos problemas en sus coeficientes de especialización. Entre los países del Este, sólo Croacia, Estonia y Eslovenia presentan un perfil medio-bajo. Dentro de los países Occidentales, Irlanda, Finlandia, Luxemburgo, Bélgica, Italia y Portugal tienen algunas debilidades para España, sobre todo Francia y Grecia.
José Ruiz Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez García. Análisis de competitividad de las exportaciones españolas con destino a la Unión Europea: especial énfasis en el sector agroalimentario. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 2021, 59, 1 .
AMA StyleJosé Ruiz Chico, Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez, Mercedes Jiménez García. Análisis de competitividad de las exportaciones españolas con destino a la Unión Europea: especial énfasis en el sector agroalimentario. Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural. 2021; 59 (4):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Ruiz Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez García. 2021. "Análisis de competitividad de las exportaciones españolas con destino a la Unión Europea: especial énfasis en el sector agroalimentario." Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural 59, no. 4: 1.
Tourism and landscape are broad and complex scientific research fields, as is the synergy between them has given rise to a volume of articles diverse in nature, subject matter and methodology. These difficulties mean that, at present, there is no complete theoretical framework to support this tourism and landscape research, nor complete knowledge of its structure and organization. This motivates the present work, which constitutes the first attempt at mapping this research topic by applying bibliometric techniques using VOSviewer and Science Mapping Analysis Software Tool (SciMAT) software. A total of 3340 articles from journals indexed in Web of Science were analyzed. The results obtained confirm that interest in the study of these concepts has been growing, especially in the last decade. The main contribution of this work lies in the identification of work themes that were basic to the construction of the field but that are currently in decline, such as “cultural heritage” and other themes important to the field that should continue to be dealt with, such as “national parks” or “geotourism”. The transversal nature of sustainability that appears in the network of keywords related to currently emerging themes, such as “planning” and “environment”, is also highlighted and reinforced.
Mercedes Jiménez-García; José Ruiz-Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña-Sánchez. Landscape and Tourism: Evolution of Research Topics. Land 2020, 9, 488 .
AMA StyleMercedes Jiménez-García, José Ruiz-Chico, Antonio Rafael Peña-Sánchez. Landscape and Tourism: Evolution of Research Topics. Land. 2020; 9 (12):488.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMercedes Jiménez-García; José Ruiz-Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña-Sánchez. 2020. "Landscape and Tourism: Evolution of Research Topics." Land 9, no. 12: 488.
Aquaculture is a technique to produce food that is under debate, due to its possible consequences for altering the economy, traditional fishing included, or the environment, even with doubts about the health of consumers. This document studies its social acceptance from the point of view of carrying capacity. This term is defined as the level at which this activity begins to be disproportionate and poses important disadvantages for society. In this context, we conducted 803 surveys in six coastal provinces in Spain. The results show that the acceptance of these products is good, implying that aquaculture is far from reaching its saturation point in society. Additionally, the respondents gave a higher priority to socio-economic objectives than to environmental ones. We can conclude that the further development of this sector is advisable in these provinces. The general perception of aquaculture is better among men, and also among higher-income consumers. Informative activities should be organized to target these more hesitant groups. Production structures should be revised to overcome biases in the population about the idea that the food obtained from aquaculture harms the environment or is less natural or healthy. The possible abuse of feed and chemicals spreads this idea, and this could affect the taste and quality adversely.
José Ruiz-Chico; José M. Biedma-Ferrer; Antonio R. Peña-Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez-García. Social Acceptance of Aquaculture in Spain: An Instrument to Achieve Sustainability for Society. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2020, 17, 6628 .
AMA StyleJosé Ruiz-Chico, José M. Biedma-Ferrer, Antonio R. Peña-Sánchez, Mercedes Jiménez-García. Social Acceptance of Aquaculture in Spain: An Instrument to Achieve Sustainability for Society. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17 (18):6628.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Ruiz-Chico; José M. Biedma-Ferrer; Antonio R. Peña-Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez-García. 2020. "Social Acceptance of Aquaculture in Spain: An Instrument to Achieve Sustainability for Society." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18: 6628.
Aquaculture is an important source of food. This document analyses its acceptance by consumers from the perspective of social carrying capacity. This concept determines the point at which its development begins to be excessive, and poses difficulties to its geographical area. In this context, our work is innovative, since, although Spain is the leading aquaculture producer in the European Union, not much research on this aspect has been developed. With this objective, we carried out 579 personal interviews with consumers from the Andalusian Atlantic coast (Spain), to determine an index of acceptance for this food and its industry. After applying a principal component analysis, we stratified the samples following Dalenius-Hodges method. According to our surveys, there is a high level of acceptance, which would place aquaculture far from its saturation point, the level at which this sector generates relevant problems for society in terms of economy or environment. Respondents also recommended its further development. Women and low-income consumers were the groups with the greatest reticence about this sector. We consider that general acceptance would be improved by implementing informative campaigns, especially for these groups, that would extend consumers’ knowledge and improve their perception of this kind of food.
José Ruiz-Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez; José M. Biedma-Ferrer; Mercedes Jiménez-García. Social Acceptance of Aquaculture in Andalusian Atlantic Coast (Spain): An Emerging Economy Sector. Foods 2020, 9, 910 .
AMA StyleJosé Ruiz-Chico, Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez, José M. Biedma-Ferrer, Mercedes Jiménez-García. Social Acceptance of Aquaculture in Andalusian Atlantic Coast (Spain): An Emerging Economy Sector. Foods. 2020; 9 (7):910.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Ruiz-Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez; José M. Biedma-Ferrer; Mercedes Jiménez-García. 2020. "Social Acceptance of Aquaculture in Andalusian Atlantic Coast (Spain): An Emerging Economy Sector." Foods 9, no. 7: 910.
In 2015, the United Nations (UN) approved the 2030 Agenda on Sustainable Development to improve the lives of countries and societies. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) incorporated the agenda into the tourism industry. This study has as its primary objective an exploratory analysis of tourism activity in the EU-28 countries over the decade 2009–2018 and its adaptation to the Sustainable Development Goals through the lens of employment. This study focuses on the goals of decent employment and economic growth (O8) and gender equality (O5). The results obtained suggest that, in general, the eastern countries of the EU-28 show better values for Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) (8) and SDG (5) with respect to both employment and the wage gap. However, these countries have lower GDP-weighted remunerations, which can become an opportunity to obtain higher shares of tourism activity within the EU. It is concluded that there is a need to reinforce the awareness of the fabric of the tourism business and for public administrations to favor stable and decent employment and a reduction in the current gender wage gap.
Antonio Peña-Sánchez; José Ruiz-Chico; Mercedes Jiménez-García; José López-Sánchez. Tourism and the SDGs: An Analysis of Economic Growth, Decent Employment, and Gender Equality in the European Union (2009–2018). Sustainability 2020, 12, 5480 .
AMA StyleAntonio Peña-Sánchez, José Ruiz-Chico, Mercedes Jiménez-García, José López-Sánchez. Tourism and the SDGs: An Analysis of Economic Growth, Decent Employment, and Gender Equality in the European Union (2009–2018). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (13):5480.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Peña-Sánchez; José Ruiz-Chico; Mercedes Jiménez-García; José López-Sánchez. 2020. "Tourism and the SDGs: An Analysis of Economic Growth, Decent Employment, and Gender Equality in the European Union (2009–2018)." Sustainability 12, no. 13: 5480.
This paper analyses the acceptance of aquaculture compared with fisheries in the province of Cadiz (Spain), in the context of social carrying capacity, the point at which its presence begins to be excessive and leads to significant problems for society. Researchers conducted 558 face‐to‐face surveys to study the societal acceptance of this sector in several dimensions (social, economy, quality, environment, etc.). We have also built an index to measure this acceptance, based on the variables studied to delve into this concept. For this purpose, we have followed a principal component analysis methodology with Varimax rotation, to which we have applied the Dalenius–Hodges stratification procedure. Analysis shows a high level of acceptance for aquaculture, indicating that it is far from its social saturation point. Rather, data indicate that even further development of this activity is advisable. In addition, respondents showed some indifference between socioeconomic and environmental objectives. We can conclude that the general perception of aquaculture is better among men than women, who have greater preferences for traditional fishing, and among higher‐income consumers. Informative campaigns should be organized to target the less convinced consumers, in the context of social carrying capacity. Production systems should be adjusted to improve the existing perception that aquaculture products are less natural; this perception arises from the misuse of chemicals and feeds, factors that are believed to have adverse effects on quality and flavour.
Jose Ruiz‐Chico; José Maria Biedma‐Ferrer; Antonio Rafael Peña‐Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez‐García. Acceptance of aquaculture as compared with traditional fishing in the province of Cadiz (Spain): an empirical study from the standpoint of social carrying capacity. Reviews in Aquaculture 2020, 12, 2429 -2445.
AMA StyleJose Ruiz‐Chico, José Maria Biedma‐Ferrer, Antonio Rafael Peña‐Sánchez, Mercedes Jiménez‐García. Acceptance of aquaculture as compared with traditional fishing in the province of Cadiz (Spain): an empirical study from the standpoint of social carrying capacity. Reviews in Aquaculture. 2020; 12 (4):2429-2445.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJose Ruiz‐Chico; José Maria Biedma‐Ferrer; Antonio Rafael Peña‐Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez‐García. 2020. "Acceptance of aquaculture as compared with traditional fishing in the province of Cadiz (Spain): an empirical study from the standpoint of social carrying capacity." Reviews in Aquaculture 12, no. 4: 2429-2445.
Sports tourism is a relatively recent type of tourism, which has grown significantly in recent times. Not all effects of tourism are positive, so the analysis of its sustainability has particular relevance; especially since the publication of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in 2015. The growing concern about tourism and sustainability makes it essential to examine how scientific research has adapted to new realities. This paper uses bibliometric techniques to investigate research trends related to sports tourism and sustainability. VOSviewer and SciMAT software were used. A total of 214 articles from Web of Science (WoS) indexed journals were analyzed. The results confirmed that interest in the study of these concepts has been growing, especially in the last four years. This is a comparatively new field of research (since 2002), so consolidated relations between thematic areas have yet to be observed, and there is a generally low concentration of authors and journals. Increases in several publications in this area are related to the celebration of mega sporting events or the publication of SDGs. The main contribution of this analysis lies in identifying important research issues, such as education and destination planning, which should continue to be addressed.
Mercedes Jiménez-García; José Ruiz-Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña-Sánchez; José Antonio López-Sánchez. A Bibliometric Analysis of Sports Tourism and Sustainability (2002–2019). Sustainability 2020, 12, 2840 .
AMA StyleMercedes Jiménez-García, José Ruiz-Chico, Antonio Rafael Peña-Sánchez, José Antonio López-Sánchez. A Bibliometric Analysis of Sports Tourism and Sustainability (2002–2019). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (7):2840.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMercedes Jiménez-García; José Ruiz-Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña-Sánchez; José Antonio López-Sánchez. 2020. "A Bibliometric Analysis of Sports Tourism and Sustainability (2002–2019)." Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2840.
The importance of the current economic crisis and its effects on employment in Spain in sectors such as building, motivate the subject of analysis in this article, with the aim of studying the evolution of employment in the different Spanish regions before (2001-2006) and during the current crisis (2007-2012) in relation to the whole nation and neighboring regions. We will use, for this purpose, a shift-share analysis spatially modified. The results show the decrease of the weight of building sector in different regions during the crisis, supporting agriculture and services sectors. In general, Castilla-La Mancha highlights as the Community whose building employment has grown faster than the national average, having a greater relevance than its neighboring regions as well.
Mercedes Jiménez García; José Ruiz Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez. Competitividad y especialización: Un análisis regional de la evolución de la ocupación en España desde una óptica espacial. Studies of Applied Economics 2020, 32, 737 -764.
AMA StyleMercedes Jiménez García, José Ruiz Chico, Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez. Competitividad y especialización: Un análisis regional de la evolución de la ocupación en España desde una óptica espacial. Studies of Applied Economics. 2020; 32 (2):737-764.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMercedes Jiménez García; José Ruiz Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez. 2020. "Competitividad y especialización: Un análisis regional de la evolución de la ocupación en España desde una óptica espacial." Studies of Applied Economics 32, no. 2: 737-764.
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es desarrollar un estudio descriptivo, detallado y pormenorizado de la producción científica catalogada bajo el descriptor denominado “Sector Hostelería y Turismo” recogidas en las tesis doctorales inscritas en la base de datos TESEO, con la finalidad de cuantificar y trazar de forma cronológica la producción de tesis doctorales por universidades, directores y participación en tribunales, sexo, e idioma. Se trata de identificar a los principales actores que han protagonizado la investigación científica, ofreciendo una panorámica pormenorizada del progreso que se ha ido produciendo en los trabajos catalogados bajo este descriptor, lo que sin duda favorecerá la comprensión de la evolución en este campo del conocimiento científico en los últimos años.
Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez García; José Ruiz Chico; Teresa Pontón Aricha. La producción científica en el “Sector de Hostelería y Turismo”: Un análisis bibliométrico de las tesis doctorales españolas en el periodo 1978-2018. Investigaciones Turísticas 2019, 71 .
AMA StyleAntonio Rafael Peña Sánchez, Mercedes Jiménez García, José Ruiz Chico, Teresa Pontón Aricha. La producción científica en el “Sector de Hostelería y Turismo”: Un análisis bibliométrico de las tesis doctorales españolas en el periodo 1978-2018. Investigaciones Turísticas. 2019; (18):71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Rafael Peña Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez García; José Ruiz Chico; Teresa Pontón Aricha. 2019. "La producción científica en el “Sector de Hostelería y Turismo”: Un análisis bibliométrico de las tesis doctorales españolas en el periodo 1978-2018." Investigaciones Turísticas , no. 18: 71.
En los últimos años, la seguridad alimentaria de abastecimiento es una de las cuestiones más importantes en la ciencia económica. En este trabajo, este concepto se vinculará con el precio de los alimentos, exactamente con el diferencial de precios entre productores y consumidores. El objetivo de este artículo es el estudio de estas variables en 73 países de todo el mundo, para identificar perfiles de comportamiento comunes. Para ello, se utilizarán las metodologías cluster y CHAID para analizar este tema. Se puede concluir que en los países desarrollados los márgenes alimentarios han aumentado mientras que los indicadores de seguridad alimentaria han permanecido estables, mientras que en los países en vías de desarrollo los márgenes disminuyen ante mejoras notables de esos indicadores.
José Ruiz Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez García. Estudio comparativo del diferencial de precios agrarios entre productores y consumidores por países en el ámbito mundial bajo criterios de seguridad alimentaria de abastecimiento. Studies of Applied Economics 2017, 35, 493 -520.
AMA StyleJosé Ruiz Chico, Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez, Mercedes Jiménez García. Estudio comparativo del diferencial de precios agrarios entre productores y consumidores por países en el ámbito mundial bajo criterios de seguridad alimentaria de abastecimiento. Studies of Applied Economics. 2017; 35 (2):493-520.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Ruiz Chico; Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez García. 2017. "Estudio comparativo del diferencial de precios agrarios entre productores y consumidores por países en el ámbito mundial bajo criterios de seguridad alimentaria de abastecimiento." Studies of Applied Economics 35, no. 2: 493-520.
Resumen En esta investigación, de carácter exploratorio, se aborda la posible relación entrealgunas de las causas de la crisis turística y la respuesta de los diferentes territorios de laUE-28 a la actual crisis. En este sentido, se analiza si ésta ha afectado de manera diferentea las economías turísticamente emergentes frente a destinos europeos turísticamente másconsolidados. La confirmación de este hecho lleva a estudiar qué factores determinantes dela demanda turística tienen mayor presencia en cada destino, concluyendo que los factoresmás relevantes, como los de carácter económico e infraestructural, se encuentran, sobretodo, en las regiones turísticamente más maduras. Esto puede explicar, en parte, que durantela crisis, estas regiones hayan experimentado un descenso de su crecimiento turístico notan pronunciado como el de las regiones emergentes. Se demuestra así un comportamientoturístico mucho más estable y su consolidación en el sector.
Mercedes Jiménez García; Antonio Rafáel Peña Sánchez; José Ruiz Chico. Bipolaridad turística en Europa. La consolidación de destinos maduros en época de crisis. Cuadernos de Turismo 2016, 225 .
AMA StyleMercedes Jiménez García, Antonio Rafáel Peña Sánchez, José Ruiz Chico. Bipolaridad turística en Europa. La consolidación de destinos maduros en época de crisis. Cuadernos de Turismo. 2016; (38):225.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMercedes Jiménez García; Antonio Rafáel Peña Sánchez; José Ruiz Chico. 2016. "Bipolaridad turística en Europa. La consolidación de destinos maduros en época de crisis." Cuadernos de Turismo , no. 38: 225.
José Ruiz Chico. Análisis de competitividad de las exportaciones agroalimentarias de la Unión Europea a nivel de sus Estados Miembros: Un estudio transversal. Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria 2016, 112, 1 .
AMA StyleJosé Ruiz Chico. Análisis de competitividad de las exportaciones agroalimentarias de la Unión Europea a nivel de sus Estados Miembros: Un estudio transversal. Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria. 2016; 112 (2):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJosé Ruiz Chico. 2016. "Análisis de competitividad de las exportaciones agroalimentarias de la Unión Europea a nivel de sus Estados Miembros: Un estudio transversal." Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria 112, no. 2: 1.
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el impacto que la crisis económica ha tenido en las distintas regiones y en los sectores de la economía española durante el periodo 2007-2010, medido a través del empleo y el capital humano. Para tal fin, se ha estudiado la evolución del mercado de trabajo y el capital humano en los últimos años. El destacado descenso experimentado por el empleo, así como en menor medida por el capital humano, pone de manifiesto la vulnerabilidad del tejido productivo y empresarial de las regiones españolas. No obstante, los resultados que arrojan el estudio planteado sostienen que la crisis económica ha afectado de forma desigual a las regiones españolas; esta se ha intensificado, principalmente, en aquellos territorios con mayor especialización en sectores como la construcción, la industria y los servicios destinados a la venta.
Antonio Rafael Peña Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez García; José Ruiz Chico. Impacto de la crisis económica en el empleo de las regiones españolas : un análisis sectorial en el periodo 2007-2010. Revista Finanzas y Política Económica 2014, 6, 43 -71.
AMA StyleAntonio Rafael Peña Sánchez, Mercedes Jiménez García, José Ruiz Chico. Impacto de la crisis económica en el empleo de las regiones españolas : un análisis sectorial en el periodo 2007-2010. Revista Finanzas y Política Económica. 2014; 6 (1):43-71.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntonio Rafael Peña Sánchez; Mercedes Jiménez García; José Ruiz Chico. 2014. "Impacto de la crisis económica en el empleo de las regiones españolas : un análisis sectorial en el periodo 2007-2010." Revista Finanzas y Política Económica 6, no. 1: 43-71.