Since copper azide (Cu(N₃)₂) has high electrostatic sensitivity and is difficult to be practically applied, silicon-based Cu(N₃)₂@carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite energetic films with higher electrostatic safety were fabricated, which can be compatible with micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS). First, a silicon-based porous alumina film was prepared by a modified two-step anodic oxidation method. Next, CNTs were grown in pores of the silicon-based porous alumina film by chemical vapor deposition. Then, copper nanoparticles were deposited in CNTs by electrochemical deposition and oxidized to Cu(N₃)₂ by gaseous hydrogen azide. The morphology and composition of the prepared silicon-based Cu(N₃)₂@CNTs energetic films were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The electrostatic sensitivity of the composite energetic film was tested by the Bruceton method. The thermal decomposition kinetics of the composite energetic films were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the exothermic peak of the silicon-based Cu(N₃)₂@CNTs composite energetic film is at the temperature of 210.95 °C, its electrostatic sensitivity is significantly less than that of Cu(N₃)₂ and its 50% ignition energy is about 4.0 mJ. The energetic film shows good electric explosion characteristics and is successfully ignited by laser.

As a typical representative of Metastable intermolecular composites (MICs), the energy release of nano‐thermites relying on aluminum‐oxygen reaction is limited by the formation of high boiling point condensed phase products. Low pressure output performance constitutes another pivotal factor influencing their efficacy. In this work, metal fluorides BiF ₃ at different scales were incorporated into nano‐thermites as oxidants, thereby facilitating the tunability of the released energy. The boiling points of all resultant reaction products fall below the combustion temperature, theoretically abolishing the agglomeration of condensed‐phase products, thus preventing the entrapment of active metals. Additionally, it facilitates the smooth conduction of heat flux, thereby averting losses in biphasic flow dynamics. The n‐Al/n‐BiF ₃ system exhibits a significant amplification in reactive kinetic properties in stark contrast to the n‐Al/n‐Bi ₂ O ₃ system. The reduction in ignition threshold is ascribed to a novel reaction kinetics mechanism within the n‐Al/BiF ₃ system. The highly electronegative fluorine within BiF ₃ corrodes the Al ₂ O ₃ shell, inducing a “pre‐ignition” reaction. The application of Density Functional Theory (DFT) evaluations has further corroborated the n‐Al/n‐BiF ₃ system's preeminence in electron transfer capacity between the oxidizing agent and fuel, thereby furnishing an molecular‐electronic basis for its potent reactive kinetic properties.

A green primary explosive with high energy density and electrostatic safety was synthesized in this work. A precursor consisting of wrinkled reduced graphene oxide sheets wrapped around copper nanowires (CuNWs@rGO) was fabricated through a facile one-pot hydrothermal approach. The as-prepared precursor was deposited on a silicon wafer by electrophoretic deposition technology, which significantly reduced the safety risks of directly handling the powder sample in the azide reaction. Wrinkled rGO sheets wrapped around copper azide nanowires (CANWs@rGO) were prepared in situ by reaction of the precursor with HN₃ gas. The initiation capability was tested by using it to detonate hexogen (RDX) against a lead plate with a thickness of 5 mm, and its detonation performance was found to be better than that of commercial diazodinitrophenol (DDNP). The electrostatic sensitivity of the CANWs@rGO composite was investigated, and the result shows that the discharge energy at 50% (E_50%) of CANWs@rGO was 0.96 mJ, which indicates that it has a much higher electrostatic safety than that of pure copper azide (0.05 mJ).

The rapid heat loss and corrosion of nano-aluminum limits the energy performance of metastable intermolecular composites (MICs) in aquatic conditions. In this work, superhydrophobic n-Al/PVDF films were fabricated by the cryogel-templated method. The underwater ignition performance of the energetic films was investigated. The preparation process of energetic materials is relatively simple, and avoids excessively high temperatures, ensuring the safety of the entire experimental process. The surface of the n-Al/PVDF energetic film exhibits super-hydrophobicity. Because the aluminum nanoparticles are uniformly encased in the hydrophobic energetic binder, the film is more waterproof and anti-aging. Laser-induced underwater ignition experiments show that the superhydrophobic modification can effectively induce the ignition of energetic films underwater. The results suggest that the cryogel-templated method provides a feasible route for underwater applications of energetic materials, especially nanoenergetics-on-a-chip in underwater micro-scale energy-demanding systems.