Usability of inclinometers as a complementary measurement tool in structural monitoring structural health monitoring;GPS;inclinometers;time series;measurement; In the last few years, many structural monitoring studies have been performed using different techniques to measure structures of different scales such as buildings, dams or bridges. One of the mostly used tools are GPS instruments, which have been utilized in various combinations with accelerometers and some other conventional sensors. In the current study, observation series were recorded for 8 hours with GPS receivers (NovAtel) and Inclination Measurement Sensors mounted on a television tower in Istanbul, Turkey. Each series of observations collected from two different sensors were transformed into a single coordinate system (Local Topocentric Coordinates System). The positional changes of the tower were calculated from the GPS and the inclination data. These changes were plotted in two dimensions (2D) on the same graphic. Thus, the possibility of comparison and analysis were found using the data from both the GPS and the Inclinometer complement each other, in the real test area. The positional changes of the tower were modeled for further examination. As a result, the movement of the tower within an area of $1{\times}1cm^2$ was observed. Based on the results, it can be concluded that inclinometers can be used for monitoring the structural behavior of the tower.

The identification and removal of outliers in time series are important problems in numerous fields. In this paper, a novel method (BCP-HI) is proposed to enhance the accuracy of outlier detection in GNSS coordinate time series by combining Bayesian change point (BCP) analysis and the Hampel identifier (HI). By using BCP, change points (cps) in the time series are lidentified, and so the time series is divided into subsegments that have properties of a normal distribution. In each of these separated segments, outliers are detected using HI. Each data element identified as an outlier is corrected by a median filter of window size (w) to obtain the corrected signal. The BCP-HI method was tested on both simulated and real GNSS coordinate time series. Outliers from three different synthetic test datasets with different sampling frequencies and outlier amplitudes were detected with approximately 98% accuracy after processing. After this process, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) increased from 0.0084 to 10.8714 dB and Root Mean Square (RMS) decreased from 24 to 23 mm. Similarly, for real GNSS data, approximately 98% accuracy was achieved, with an increase in SNR from 0.0003 to 4.4082 dB and a decrease in RMS from 7.6 to 6.6 mm observed. In addition, the output signals after BCP-HI were examined graphically using Lomb–Scargle periodograms and it was observed that clearer power spectrum distributions emerged. When the input and output signals were examined using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test, they were found to be statistically similar. These results indicate that the BCP-HI algorithm effectively removes outliers, and enhances processing accuracy and reliability, and improves signal quality.

In recent years, the continuously operating reference station – Turkey (CORS-TR) system has been widely used in engineering and cadastral work in Turkey due to ease of use, low cost, and national legislative requirements. In this study, long-term Network RTK (Real-time Kinematic) data were collected under 10°, 20°, 30° and 40° satellite views using a different approach from previous work. In order to evaluate the positioning performance of the system, the measurements were undertaken at different elevation angles (open, partially blocked and extremely blocked) and by considering three different correction techniques (FKP, VRS and MAC), and the results were evaluated in terms of repeatability. From the analysis of the data, it was understood that the performances of the three correction techniques were generally similar, and even in the case of a limited satellite view, the errors remained below 7 cm in all three techniques. However, when the 2D and 3D components were analyzed together, VRS technique showed better results than the other two techniques.

Observing the normal oscillations and the behaviours of high-engineering structures has become almost a necessity in terms of construction security and human health. For this purpose, an real-time kinematic GPS (NovAtel 400) and a tilt sensor (Leica Nivel20) were installed in a TV tower (220 m high) located in Istanbul, Turkey. The observation serials were recorded over a period of 9 days. All data-sets in X and Y directions were examined in the time domain and were analyzed using FFT€. The dominant frequency values (significant frequencies) were determined by comparing at the high- and low-frequency values. These dominant frequencies showed that the tower made 4- and 6-second short-period oscillations and 24- and 12-hour long-period oscillations. All the observation signals were re-created by the significant low-frequency values using the inverse Fourier transform. Thus, the motion model of the tower was determined over 9 days. In this study, the 24-hour and 12-hour periodic oscillations were defined that represent the behaviour of the tower in relation to the effect of the sun's radiation and the temperature changes.

Bu çalışmada, yapıların bağıl deplasmanlarının belirlenmesinde, Robotik Total Station (RTS) ve Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ölçümlerinin kullanılabilirliği araştırılmış ve deneysel verilerle analiz edilmiştir. Bu amaçla, İstanbul'da bulunan yüksek bir yapının gözlemlenebilir yükseklikte tepesine, iki adet GNSS alıcı anteni ve Total Station prisma reflektörleri monte edilmiştir. Bu iki gözlem noktasında, Gerçek Zamanlı GNSS ölçümleri ve yaklaşık 520 m uzaklıkta bulunan izleme noktalarından iki adet RTS kullanılarak açı-mesafe-zenit öçümleri, eş zamanlı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Böylece, kayıt edilen bu gözlem serileri analiz edilerek yapının salınım genliklerinin belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda şu sonuçlar elde edilmiştir; GNSS ölçümleri ile centimeter doğrulukla 0.5-1 cm genlikli salınımlar belirlemek mümkün olmuşken, RTS ölçümleri ile birkaç mm doğrulukla (2 mm) genlikli salınımlar kayıt edilebilmiş ancak yüksek frekanslı yerdeğiştirme değerleri belirlenememiştir. Bu sonuçlar, otomatize edilen Elektronik Totalstation'ların GNSS’e bir alternatif olarak yapı deplasmanlarının belirlenmesinde kullanılabilirliğini göstermiştir.

Traditional route optimization frameworks often suffer from "spatial blindness," ad-dressing the problem through abstract matrices devoid of geographical context, which yields suboptimal solutions in complex landscapes. To address this fundamental methodological gap, this study proposes the Iterative Score Propagation Algorithm (ISPA), a transparent, GNN-inspired framework that reframes optimization from a set of isolated points to a holistic corridor problem. The robustness and superiority of ISPA were rigorously tested against established Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) methods (WLC, TOPSIS, VIKOR). This comparative analysis was conducted across three diverse engineering scenarios—ranging from balanced engineering (rural high-way) and cost-centric optimization (pipeline) to experience maximization (trekking trail)—and under two distinct weighting philosophies (objective Entropy and subjec-tive AHP). The holistic analysis reveals that ISPA achieves the highest final score (0.815) across all six test conditions, demonstrating both the highest overall mean per-formance and the greatest stability. Furthermore, its flexible cost function successfully modeled unconventional objectives, such as a "climbing reward," showcasing a para-digm shift from cost minimization to experience maximization. We conclude that ISPA's superior performance stems from its structural advantage in contextualizing spatial data, rather than a dependency on any specific weighting scheme. Conse-quently, this work introduces not just a novel algorithm but a new, spatially-aware approach that transforms route planning from a static calculation into a dynamic de-sign and scenario analysis tool for planners and engineers.