Nonlinear partially defined systems on an arbitrary unbounded time scale are studied. They include continuous-time and discrete-time systems. The main problem is to find necessary and sufficient conditions for an abstract input/output map to have a realization as a nonlinear system of a specific class on the time scale. The obtained results extend criteria of realizability of continuous-time polynomial systems. A simple construction of a realization is provided.

The concepts of local controllability and observability of nonlinear discrete-time systems with the Caputo-, Riemann–Liouville- and Grünwald–Letnikov-type h-difference fractional order operators are studied. The Implicit Function Theorem is used in order to show that the nonlinear systems are locally observable or controllable in a finite number of steps if their linear approximations are observable or controllable, respectively, in the same number of steps.

The Riemann-Liouville, Caputo and Gr¨unwald-Letnikov fractional order difference operators are discussed and used to state and solve the controllability problem of a nonlinear fractional order discrete-time system. It is shown that independently of the type of fractional order difference, such a system is locally controllable in q steps if its linear approximation is globally controllable in q steps