Autonomous Parking Systems (APSs) are rapidly evolving, promising enhanced convenience, safety, and efficiency. This review critically examines the current strategies in perception, path planning, and vehicle control, alongside system-level aspects like integration, validation, and security. While significant progress has been made, particularly with the advent of deep learning and sophisticated sensor fusion, formidable challenges persist. This paper delves into the inherent trade-offs, such as balancing computational cost with real-time performance demands; unresolved foundational issues, including the verification of non-deterministic AI components; and the profound difficulty of ensuring robust real-world deployment across diverse and unpredictable conditions, ranging from cluttered urban canyons to poorly lit, ambiguously marked parking structures. We also explore the limitations of current technologies, the complexities of safety assurance in dynamic environments, the pervasive impact of cost considerations on system capabilities, and the critical, often underestimated, need for genuine user trust. Future research must address not only these technological gaps with innovative solutions but also the intricate socio-technical dimensions to realize the full potential of APS.

Pumping processes often require different operating conditions for the same pipeline. The conditions downstream in the pipeline can change in such a way that the pressure at the discharge of the pump may vary, which automatically introduces changes in the flow supplied by the pump into the pipeline due to the head vs flow characteristic curve of the pump. Even under varying pipeline pressure conditions, it may be necessary to keep the flow discharge of the pump constant. The two most commonly used control strategies for flow control with centrifugal pumps are by means of a fixed-speed pump and a control valve at the outlet of the pump, or by means of a variable frequency drive which avoids the need for the control valve. It has been demonstrated that the approach with the fixed-speed pump and the control valve provides poor power efficiency results, so a variable frequency drive is normally the solution of choice in industry applications. The use of a variable frequency drive allows reaching the flow required by the system without changing the physical characteristic of the pump or pipeline, i.e., it is not necessary to shut the system down to replace the impeller of the pump. However, affinity laws of centrifugal pumps dictate that a change in the rotational speed of the impeller shifts the characteristic curves of the pump, not only the flow vs head curve, but also the efficiency curves, among others. Besides, searching for a different operating point by changing the speed of the pump does not necessarily guarantees optimal operating power efficiency. This paper proposes an optimization approach where a compromise is made between flow control and power efficiency by minimizing the error in the flow rate while at the same time maximizing the power efficiency. To accomplish this goal, this paper presents the modeling of the pump and pipeline, and the design of a linear quadratic regulator control for the fluid flow passing through a given pipeline. The fluid under consideration is water. The mathematical model of the overall system is derived by considering the model of an AC motor, the pump and the hydraulic circuit. Then, with the help of the software MATLAB, the controller was designed and implemented with the linearized mathematical model. The actuator of the control system is the variable frequency drive that changes the speed of the impeller to adjust the flow rate to the required operating point under different loading conditions. The results show the behavior of the compensated system with the optimal controller. In practice, the control system must take into account the constraints of the control effort, which means, the frequency of the pump must be kept within safe values to achieve proper functioning of the pumping system.

The aerodynamic analysis of vehicles using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool that is used to explore and investigate how air flow behaves around the vehicle, gives a qualitative idea of aerodynamic behavior and provides engineers with the information necessary to design the pieces that will be tested in the wind tunnel. This technique allows to find the values of forces and moments to get an idea of the drag resistance and lift forces on the vehicle. It is also possible to determine the position of the center of pressure that exerts a vital importance in the definition of the directional stability of the vehicle in its lateral dynamics. On the other hand, it offers the advantage of being able to see many variables of the problem that are very difficult to access in reality, for example to see current lines, vortex shedding, fields of pressures around the vehicle. Although the use of CFD has become a common practice in the automotive industry in recent decades, it is still not considered as a single technique, since one of the limitations is related to the dynamics of a turbulent flow is quite complex so which analytical and computational study depends on what is called Turbulence Models. This article aims to show the aerodynamic design process by CFD simulation of a Baja SAE vehicle chassis using Ansys software, widely used for simulation of static charges, thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, multiphysics systems and vibrations and to provide information that can be validated experimentally in the future.

Design and set up of a pulverized panela machine