Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) causes various chronic inflammatory diseases, including mastitis and bronchopneumonia, in dairy and feed cattle. It has been found to suppress the host immune response during infection, leading to the development of chronic conditions. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that M. bovis can induce proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the host. This consists of an inflammatory response in the host that causes pathological immune damage, which is essential for the pathogenic mechanism of M. bovis. Additionally, M. bovis can escape host immune system elimination and, thus, cause chronic infection. This is accomplished by preventing phagocytosis and inhibiting key responses, including the neutrophil respiratory burst and the development of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) that lead to the creation of an extracellular bactericidal network, in addition to inhibiting monocyte and alveolar macrophage apoptosis and inducing monocytes to produce anti-inflammatory factors, thus inducing the apoptosis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), inhibiting their proliferative response and resulting in their invasion. Together, these conditions lead to long-term M. bovis infection. In terms of the pathogenic mechanism, M. bovis may invade specific T-cell subsets and induce host generation of exhausted T-cells, which helps it to escape immune clearance. Moreover, the M. bovis antigen exhibits high-frequency variation in size and expression period, which allows it to avoid activation of the host humoral immune response. This review includes some recent advances in studying the immune response to M. bovis. These may help to further understand the host immune response against M. bovis and to develop potential therapeutic approaches to control M. bovis infection.

Due to bleomycin's cytotoxic characteristics, which include cardiotoxicity, this investigation looked at the effectiveness of costus ethanolic extract in reducing cardiotoxicity in male rats receiving bleomycin therapy. Forty adult male rats (160-200 g) were evenly allocated into four groups: group (1) included normal rats serving as the control; group (2) included normal rats administered 200 mg/kg of costus ethanolic extract (CEE) orally for 6 weeks; group (3) consisted of rats receiving bleomycin (15 mg/kg twice weekly, ip) for 6 weeks; and group (4) involved rats treated orally with CEE (200 mg/kg/day) for 6 weeks following bleomycin intoxication. The results indicated that the CEE significantly reversed the cardiological deteriorations brought on by bleomycin; this was demonstrated by a considerable increase in cardiac SOD, GPx, GSH, and CAT, along with a substantial decrease in cardiac MDA, NO, and DNA fragmentation. Also, serum, LDH, CK-MB, CK- total, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6 IL-10, IL-1β, triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL were significantly reduced, while CD4 levels increased, and HDL declined significantly. The results of the histological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed a notable regeneration. In conclusion, CEE's anti-cardiotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties prove its ability to be a cardio-protective supplement. This may be mediated by its active constituents' radical scavenging and antioxidant properties, particularly high phenolic content.

Human SARS-CoV-2 and avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) are highly contagious and deadly coronaviruses, causing devastating respiratory diseases in humans and chickens. The lack of effective therapeutics exacerbates the impact of outbreaks associated with SARS-CoV-2 and IBV infections. Thus, novel drugs or therapeutic agents are highly in demand for controlling viral transmission and disease progression. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) secreted factors (secretome) are safe and efficient alternatives to stem cells in MSC-based therapies. This study aimed to investigate the antiviral potentials of human Wharton’s jelly MSC secretome (hWJ-MSC-S) against SARS-CoV-2 and IBV infections in vitro and in ovo. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀), cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀), and selective index (SI) values of hWJ-MSC-S were determined using Vero-E6 cells. The virucidal, anti-adsorption, and anti-replication antiviral mechanisms of hWJ-MSC-S were evaluated. The hWJ-MSC-S significantly inhibited infection of SARS-CoV-2 and IBV, without affecting the viability of cells and embryos. Interestingly, hWJ-MSC-S reduced viral infection by >90%, in vitro. The IC₅₀ and SI of hWJ-MSC secretome against SARS-CoV-2 were 166.6 and 235.29 µg/mL, respectively, while for IBV, IC₅₀ and SI were 439.9 and 89.11 µg/mL, respectively. The virucidal and anti-replication antiviral effects of hWJ-MSC-S were very prominent compared to the anti-adsorption effect. In the in ovo model, hWJ-MSC-S reduced IBV titer by >99%. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) analysis of hWJ-MSC-S revealed a significant enrichment of immunomodulatory and antiviral proteins. Collectively, our results not only uncovered the antiviral potency of hWJ-MSC-S against SARS-CoV-2 and IBV, but also described the mechanism by which hWJ-MSC-S inhibits viral infection. These findings indicate that hWJ-MSC-S could be utilized in future pre-clinical and clinical studies to develop effective therapeutic approaches against human COVID-19 and avian IB respiratory diseases.

One of the most common tumors to cause death worldwide is colon cancer. This study aims to investigate the antitumor potency of Litophyton sp. methanolic extract (LME) against DMH-induced colon cancer in adult male rats. Group (1) normal rats served as the control, group (2) normal rats were ip-injected with LME at a dose of 100 μg/kg/day, group (3) DMH-induced colon cancer animals, and group (4) colon cancer-modeled animals were treated with LME (100 μg/kg/day) for six weeks. The results revealed that injection of LME markedly regenerated the colon cancer pathophysiological disorders; this was monitored from the significant reduction in the values of serum biomarkers (CEA, CA19.9, AFP), cytokines (TNF-α and IL1β), and biochemical measurements (ALAT, ASAT, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, and triglycerides) matched significant increase of apoptotic biomarkers (CD4+); similarly, colon DNA fragmentation, MDA, and NO levels were down-regulated. In contrast, a remarkable upregulation in colon SOD, GPx, GSH, and CAT levels was noted. Moreover, the colon histopathological architecture showed obvious regenerations. Chromatography of LME resulted in the purification of two polyhydroxylated steroids (1 and 2) with potential cytotoxic activities. LME performed therapeutic potential colon tumorigenesis; therefore, LME may have a promising chemo-preventive feature against colon cancer, probably via enhancement of the apoptosis pathway, improvement of the immune response, reduction of inflammation, or/and restoration of the impaired oxidative stress.

Probiotics represent a beneficial approach to boost the welfare, health, and meat quality of poultry. One hundred and twenty one-day-old male Muscovy ducklings were divided among 24 floor pens (five ducklings per pen). The pens were randomly distributed among one of four dietary treatments with six replicates (G-C) without any supplementation of probiotics; (G-A) was supplemented with 0.4 g/kg of Amnil^®; (G-M) was supplemented with 0.5 g/kg of M-Mobilize^®; and (G-A-M) was supplemented with 0.4 g/kg of Amnil^® (1–30 day) and 0.5 g/kg of M-Mobilize^® (31–60 day), respectively. The results indicated that BW at day 60 was improved in (G-A) birds compared with (G-C) ones, IL-6 was decreased in (G-A) and (G-A-M) in liver and spleen in comparison with (G-C) (p < 0.05), but no differences were observed between (G-C) and (G-M) (p > 0.05); IL-10 was decreased in all the probiotic-fed ducklings compared with (G-C) birds in the spleen (p < 0.05), and IL-10 was decreased in the (G-A) birds compared with the other treatments in the liver (p < 0.05). Probiotic-fed birds showed a higher enumeration of Lactobacillus spp. compared to (G-C) group (p < 0.05). In addition, the (G-M) group showed improved breast meat flavor, general acceptability, and water-holding capacity (WHC%) compared to (G-C) group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the probiotic supplement (G-A), could be a good management tool for improving Muscovy ducks’ health and production and further research is needed to improve meat quality traits.