Blockchain technology is a game-changing, enhancing security for the supply chain of smart additive manufacturing. Blockchain enables the tracking and recording of the history of each transaction in a ledger stored in the cloud that cannot be altered, and when blockchain is combined with digital signatures, it verifies the identity of the participants with its non-repudiation capabilities. One of the weaknesses of blockchain is the difficulty of preventing malicious participants from gaining access to public–private key pairs. Groups of opponents often interact freely with the network, and this is a security concern when cloud-based methods manage the key pairs. Therefore, we are proposing end-to-end security schemes by both inserting tamper-resistant devices in the hardware of the peripheral devices and using ternary cryptography. The tamper-resistant devices, which are designed with nanomaterials, act as Physical Unclonable Functions to generate secret cryptographic keys. One-time use public–private key pairs are generated for each transaction. In addition, the cryptographic scheme incorporates a third logic state to mitigate man-in-the-middle attacks. The generation of these public–private key pairs is compatible with post quantum cryptography. The third scheme we are proposing is the use of noise injection techniques used with high-performance computing to increase the security of the system. We present prototypes to demonstrate the feasibility of these schemes and to quantify the relevant parameters. We conclude by presenting the value of blockchains to secure the logistics of additive manufacturing operations.

This study focuses on designing enhanced Physically Unclonable Functions (PUFs) based on SRAM devices and improving the security of cryptographic systems. Most SRAM PUFs are limited in their number of CRPs, which makes them vulnerable to enrollment attacks. In this research, we present an SRAM-based PUF design that greatly increases the number of CRPs and the entropy of the generated bits by performing exclusive-or (XOR) on the responses of two SRAM devices. This was implemented using a readily available development board, SRAM devices, and a user-friendly custom circuit board for cryptographic key generation. The cryptographic protocol was implemented using both C++ and python3. The proposed SRAM PUF design was experimentally demonstrated and showed substantial improvements in the security of various cryptographic applications as a hardware authentication device. It also addresses the specific vulnerabilities of legacy designs.