Socioeconomic status (SES) at different points in a child’s lifetime may have different effects on health outcomes. This study aimed to examine longitudinal associations between SES and psychosocial problems in preschool children (n = 2509, M_age = 24.2 ± 1.3 months). The psychosocial problems of children were assessed using the Brief Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment at age 2 years and age 3 years and categorized as having yes/no psychosocial problems. Four groups of pattern of presence/absence of psychosocial problems between age 2 and 3 years were classified: (1) ‘no problems’, (2) ‘problems at age two’, (3) ‘problems at age three’, and (4) ‘continuing problems’. Five indicators of SES (i.e., maternal education level, single-parent family, unemployment, financial problems, and neighborhood SES) were evaluated. Results showed around one-fifth (2Y = 20.0%, 3Y = 16.0%) of children had psychosocial problems. Multinomial logistic regression models revealed low and middle maternal education levels were associated with ‘problems at age two’; low maternal education level and financial problems were associated with ‘problems at age three’; low and middle maternal education level, single-parent family, and unemployment were associated with ‘continuing problems’. No associations were observed between neighborhood SES and any pattern. Results suggest children in a lower SES, indicated by maternal education, single-parent family, and financial stress, had higher odds of developing and continuously having psychosocial problems in early childhood. These findings call for optimally timing interventions to reduce the impact of disadvantaged SES in early childhood on psychosocial health.

The association between low socioeconomic status (SES), migration background and psychosocial health could be various in different age stages, rare research has investigated associations in very early childhood. Cross-sectional data of SES, parental migration background, and child’s psychosocial problems among 2149 children were collected (M_age = 24.6 ± 1.8 months, 49.9% girls) from a community population. Indicators of SES included parental education level, maternal work status, and family composition. Child’s psychosocial problems, including social-emotional problems and delay in social-emotional competence, were assessed by the Brief Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment Problem scale and Competence scale, respectively. Interaction effects between SES and maternal migration background in risk of psychosocial problems were found. Among children of a native-born mother, lower maternal and paternal education levels indicated a higher risk of social-emotional problems and competence delay, respectively. Children of a migrant mother had a higher risk of both social-emotional problems and competence delay if they had a migrant father. The results highlight psychosocial health disparities in 2-year-old children and the need for research into mechanisms underlying these associations.

Objectives Timely parental help-seeking regarding their child’s socioemotional development is associated with a lower rate and lower severity of psychosocial problems in later life. This study aimed to examine the correlates of parental help-seeking for the socio-emotional development of 3-year-old children. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Community-based survey in Rotterdam. Participants Of 2305 parents and their 2-year-old children at baseline, 1507 who completed follow-up questionnaires were included in the analyses when children were 3 years old. Outcome measures Parental help-seeking regarding their child’s socioemotional development and types of formal and informal help sources (eg, general practitioner, internet) used in the past 12 months were measured. Hierarchical logistic regression models were applied to identify factors correlates of parental help-seeking among 13 predisposing, enabling and need factors according to Andersen’s behavioural model. Results In total, 22.6% of parents reported help-seeking in the past 12 months for socioemotional development of their 3-year-old child; 6.8% addressed formal help sources and 17.5% addressed informal help sources. General practitioner (2.7%) and family (12.5%) were the most frequently used formal and informal sources, respectively. In the full model, predisposing factors associated with higher odds of parental help-seeking were child’s other western ethnic background (OR=1.66, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.68) and parental age ≤29 years old (OR=1.71, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.92). No associated factors were found among enabling factors. The need factors associated with higher odds of parental help-seeking were having previous help-seeking (OR=2.52, 95% CI 1.83 to 3.48) and discussing child’s socioemotional development in the well-child visit (OR=2.47, 95% CI 1.73 to 3.53). Conclusions Predisposing and need factors were associated with parental help-seeking for socioemotional development of 3-year-old children. The findings can be used to further develop support for parents accessing adequate information, prevention and anticipatory care with regards to the child’s socio-emotional development.

Background: Due to the aging population, there is a need for monitoring well-being and safety while living independently. A low-intrusive monitoring system is based on a person’s use of energy or water. Objective: The study's objective was to provide a systematic overview of studies that monitor the health and well-being of older people using energy (eg, electricity and gas) and water usage data and study the outcomes on health and well-being. Methods: CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE (Ovid), Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched systematically from inception until November 8, 2021. The inclusion criteria were that the study had to be published in English, have full-text availability, target independent-living people aged 60 years and older from the general population, have an observational design, and assess the outcomes of a monitoring system based on energy (ie, electricity, gas, or water) usage on well-being and safety. The quality of the studies was assessed by the QualSyst systematic review tool. Results: The search strategy identified 2920 articles. The majority of studies focused on the technical algorithms underlying energy usage data and related sensors. One study was included in this review. This study reported that the smart energy meter data monitoring system was considered unobtrusive and was well accepted by the older people and professionals involved. Energy usage in a household acted as a unique signature and therefore provided useful insight into well-being and safety. This study lacked statistical power due to the small number of participants and the low number of observed events. In addition, the quality of the study was rated as low. Conclusions: This review identified only 1 study that evaluated the impact of an energy usage monitoring system on the well-being and safety of older people. The absence of reliable evidence impedes any definitive guidance or recommendations for practice. Because this emerging field has not yet been studied thoroughly, many questions remain open for further research. Future studies should focus on the further development of a monitoring system and the evaluation of the implementation and outcomes of these systems. Trial Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022245713; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=245713

Background: Timely parental help-seeking regarding their child's socio-emotional development is associated with a lower rate and lower severity of psychosocial problems in later life. This study aimed to examine factors associated with parental help-seeking for the socio-emotional development of 3-year-old children. Methods: Data of parents and children (n = 1507) from a community sample was analyzed. Thirteen potentially related factors were assessed at baseline at child age 2 years, and classified according to Andersen's Behavioral Model: predisposing, enabling, and need factors. Parental help-seeking and 14 formal and informal care (e.g. General practitioner, internet) used in the past 12 months were measured at follow-up at child age 3 years. Logistic regression was applied. Results: In total, 22.6% of parents reported help-seeking for socio-emotional development of their 3-year-old child; 6.8% addressed formal care and 17.5% addressed informal care. General practitioner (2.7%) and family (12.5%) were the most frequently used formal and informal care, respectively. Among predisposing factors associated with a higher odds of parental help-seeking were child's other western background (OR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.02-2.68) and parental age = < 29 years old (OR = 1.71, 95%CI: 1.01-2.92). No associated factors were found among enabling factors. The need factors associated with a higher odds of parental help-seeking were having previous help-seeking (OR = 2.52, 95%CI: 1.83-3.48) and discussing child's socio-emotional development in the well-child visit (OR = 2.47, 95%CI: 1.73-3.53). Conclusions: Predisposing and need factors were associated with parental help-seeking for socio-emotional development of 3-years-old child. The findings can be used to further develop support for parents accessing adequate information, prevention and anticipatory care with regard to the child's socio-emotional development. Key messages: The study longitudinally investigated parental help-seeking for socio-emotional development of their 3-year old children in a large community sample. The study makes an important contribution to the existing literature on this topic because of its particularly young sample of 3-year-old children.

BACKGROUND Due to the aging population, there is a need for monitoring well-being and safety while living independently. A low-intrusive monitoring system is based on a person’s use of energy or water. OBJECTIVE The study's objective was to provide a systematic overview of studies that monitor the health and well-being of older people using energy (eg, electricity and gas) and water usage data and study the outcomes on health and well-being. METHODS CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE (Ovid), Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched systematically from inception until November 8, 2021. The inclusion criteria were that the study had to be published in English, have full-text availability, target independent-living people aged 60 years and older from the general population, have an observational design, and assess the outcomes of a monitoring system based on energy (ie, electricity, gas, or water) usage on well-being and safety. The quality of the studies was assessed by the QualSyst systematic review tool. RESULTS The search strategy identified 2920 articles. The majority of studies focused on the technical algorithms underlying energy usage data and related sensors. One study was included in this review. This study reported that the smart energy meter data monitoring system was considered unobtrusive and was well accepted by the older people and professionals involved. Energy usage in a household acted as a unique signature and therefore provided useful insight into well-being and safety. This study lacked statistical power due to the small number of participants and the low number of observed events. In addition, the quality of the study was rated as low. CONCLUSIONS This review identified only 1 study that evaluated the impact of an energy usage monitoring system on the well-being and safety of older people. The absence of reliable evidence impedes any definitive guidance or recommendations for practice. Because this emerging field has not yet been studied thoroughly, many questions remain open for further research. Future studies should focus on the further development of a monitoring system and the evaluation of the implementation and outcomes of these systems. CLINICALTRIAL PROSPERO CRD42022245713; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=245713