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P.W. de Langen
Copenhagen Business School, Department of Strategy and Innovation, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark

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Journal article
Published: 03 December 2020 in Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
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The reduction of Greenhouses gasses (GHG) and other air emissions represents a major challenge for ports. The world over, however, ports vary considerably in their efforts to reduce air emissions, and the causes for this variation remain under-researched. This paper examines the drivers for the adoption of air emissions abatement measures in a sample of 93 of the world’s largest ports, covering all continents and mobile emitters. We test five hypotheses with a Linear Probability Model to disentangle the impacts of key port characteristics on the current adoption of abatement measures and identify three key drivers for adoption: Population density, the port landlord business model, and a specialization in servicing container shipping. We also find that ports are more likely to implement specific bundles of measures, in particular combining pricing and new energy sources. Our work has implications for ports, as we suggest that they should coordinate abatement efforts to achieve effectiveness in their work.

ACS Style

Henrik Sornn-Friese; René Taudal Poulsen; Agnieszka Urszula Nowinska; Peter de Langen. What drives ports around the world to adopt air emissions abatement measures? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 2020, 90, 102644 .

AMA Style

Henrik Sornn-Friese, René Taudal Poulsen, Agnieszka Urszula Nowinska, Peter de Langen. What drives ports around the world to adopt air emissions abatement measures? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 2020; 90 ():102644.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Henrik Sornn-Friese; René Taudal Poulsen; Agnieszka Urszula Nowinska; Peter de Langen. 2020. "What drives ports around the world to adopt air emissions abatement measures?" Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 90, no. : 102644.

Chapter
Published: 15 September 2020 in Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces Series
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Container Terminal Operating Companies (CTOC) are very focused on operational excellence today. Major reasons for this are the dominating position of shipping companies in the supply chain and highly competitive market conditions in many regions of the world. Such a focus on efficient terminal operations causes many CTOCs to put their “own processes” into the center of attention. In this chapter, we argue that in addition to an orientation on the terminal processes, CTOCs benefit from an orientation on the overall supply chain of which they are a part, as well as an orientation on the port cluster of which they are a component. First, the literature on an orientation beyond the company boundaries in general is briefly discussed. Second, the embeddedness of CTOCs in international supply chains is discussed, with examples of how a supply chain orientation is valuable for CTOCs. Relevant issues include information exchange, extended gates, and the revenue model of the CTOC. Third, the role of CTOCs in port clusters is discussed with examples of how a cluster orientation is valuable for CTOCs. Relevant issues include, e.g., education and training, intra-port container flows, and port marketing. The chapter ends with a concluding section providing insights on how CTOCs can improve their cluster and network orientation.

ACS Style

Peter W. De Langen. The Value of a Cluster and Network Orientation for Container Terminals. Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces Series 2020, 195 -211.

AMA Style

Peter W. De Langen. The Value of a Cluster and Network Orientation for Container Terminals. Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces Series. 2020; ():195-211.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter W. De Langen. 2020. "The Value of a Cluster and Network Orientation for Container Terminals." Operations Research/Computer Science Interfaces Series , no. : 195-211.

Journal article
Published: 27 May 2020 in Sustainability
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There is a gradual but clear transition towards a circular economy (CE) that will potentially have significant impacts on ports, both in their function as transport nodes and as locations for logistics and manufacturing activities. A rough appraisal of new investments in circular manufacturing activities in ports in Europe drawn from organizational reports and official webpages illustrates the (slow) development of circular activities in ports. This paper is to our knowledge the first paper which deals with the implications of CE for the business model of the port development company. We assess if and how the circularity transition affects the role and business model of port authorities as developers of port clusters. We outline a framework for analyzing the consequences of CE on the business model of the port authority. We then apply this framework to get a detailed understanding of the emerging CE ecosystem in the Port of Amsterdam, which is clearly a frontrunner in the transition, and the role of the government-owned Port of Amsterdam port development company (PoA) in developing this ecosystem. In Amsterdam, a CE ‘business ecosystem’ has emerged and continues to evolve with three types of synergies between the companies in this ecosystem: logistics infrastructure and services synergies, input–output synergies and industrial ecology synergies. We find that the spatial scale of the CE value chains in the port varies between segments and that they are generally less international than ‘linear’ value chains. The development of CE activities occupies a central place in PoA’s strategy, and PoA assumes new and active roles in advancing the circular business ecosystem, most notably through developing industrial ecology synergies and nurturing and attracting new, innovative CE companies. Finally, the circularity transition leads to changes in PoA’s business model, with an increasing focus on new services that create synergies, and a decreasing importance of the share of port dues in the total revenue mix.

ACS Style

Peter W. De Langen; Henrik Sornn-Friese; James Hallworth. The Role of Port Development Companies in Transitioning the Port Business Ecosystem; The Case of Port of Amsterdam’s Circular Activities. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4397 .

AMA Style

Peter W. De Langen, Henrik Sornn-Friese, James Hallworth. The Role of Port Development Companies in Transitioning the Port Business Ecosystem; The Case of Port of Amsterdam’s Circular Activities. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (11):4397.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter W. De Langen; Henrik Sornn-Friese; James Hallworth. 2020. "The Role of Port Development Companies in Transitioning the Port Business Ecosystem; The Case of Port of Amsterdam’s Circular Activities." Sustainability 12, no. 11: 4397.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2018 in Research in Transportation Business & Management
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ACS Style

Kristijan Stamatović; Peter de Langen; Aleš Groznik. Port cooperation in the North Adriatic ports. Research in Transportation Business & Management 2018, 26, 109 -121.

AMA Style

Kristijan Stamatović, Peter de Langen, Aleš Groznik. Port cooperation in the North Adriatic ports. Research in Transportation Business & Management. 2018; 26 ():109-121.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kristijan Stamatović; Peter de Langen; Aleš Groznik. 2018. "Port cooperation in the North Adriatic ports." Research in Transportation Business & Management 26, no. : 109-121.

Article
Published: 09 June 2017 in WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs
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A review of seven large landlord port authorities around the world reveals a notable diversity of pricing structures. While port authorities increasingly act as commercial undertakings, port pricing often seems to be not driven by commercial considerations. In this paper, we argue that ports can be regarded as “business ecosystems” with multiple users. This provides a valuable perspective on pricing and raises the question of whether ports can be regarded as two-sided markets. We argue this is not the case. The business ecosystem perspective provides a basis for deducing seven pricing principles for port authorities that are detailed in the paper and illustrated with cases these principles. These pricing principles are broadly follow a direct user pays approach; capture value from “non-core” tenants; price aggressively for activities with a high strategic value; differentiate pricing based on price elasticity and connectivity improvements; maximize revenue from long-term lease agreements, price port dues competitively; critically consider differentiation of charges based on environmental performance; and finally use incentives to align interests of terminal operators and shipping lines. We conclude that the ecosystem perspective is central to the understanding of pricing decisions of port authorities and that various pricing issues deserve more attention.

ACS Style

Roy Van Den Berg; Peter W. De Langen; Paul C.J. Van Zuijlen. Revisiting port pricing; a proposal for seven port pricing principles. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 2017, 16, 421 -438.

AMA Style

Roy Van Den Berg, Peter W. De Langen, Paul C.J. Van Zuijlen. Revisiting port pricing; a proposal for seven port pricing principles. WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. 2017; 16 (3):421-438.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy Van Den Berg; Peter W. De Langen; Paul C.J. Van Zuijlen. 2017. "Revisiting port pricing; a proposal for seven port pricing principles." WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs 16, no. 3: 421-438.

Journal article
Published: 01 June 2017 in Research in Transportation Business & Management
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ACS Style

P.W. de Langen; D.M. Lases Figueroa; K.H. van Donselaar; J. Bozuwa. Intermodal connectivity in Europe, an empirical exploration. Research in Transportation Business & Management 2017, 23, 3 -11.

AMA Style

P.W. de Langen, D.M. Lases Figueroa, K.H. van Donselaar, J. Bozuwa. Intermodal connectivity in Europe, an empirical exploration. Research in Transportation Business & Management. 2017; 23 ():3-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

P.W. de Langen; D.M. Lases Figueroa; K.H. van Donselaar; J. Bozuwa. 2017. "Intermodal connectivity in Europe, an empirical exploration." Research in Transportation Business & Management 23, no. : 3-11.

Journal article
Published: 01 March 2017 in Research in Transportation Business & Management
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ACS Style

Peter de Langen; Larissa M. van der Lugt. Institutional reforms of port authorities in the Netherlands; the establishment of port development companies. Research in Transportation Business & Management 2017, 22, 108 -113.

AMA Style

Peter de Langen, Larissa M. van der Lugt. Institutional reforms of port authorities in the Netherlands; the establishment of port development companies. Research in Transportation Business & Management. 2017; 22 ():108-113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter de Langen; Larissa M. van der Lugt. 2017. "Institutional reforms of port authorities in the Netherlands; the establishment of port development companies." Research in Transportation Business & Management 22, no. : 108-113.

Journal article
Published: 11 November 2016 in Transport Reviews
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ACS Style

Larissa M. Van Der Lugt; Peter de Langen; Lorike Hagdorn. Strategic beliefs of port authorities. Transport Reviews 2016, 37, 412 -441.

AMA Style

Larissa M. Van Der Lugt, Peter de Langen, Lorike Hagdorn. Strategic beliefs of port authorities. Transport Reviews. 2016; 37 (4):412-441.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Larissa M. Van Der Lugt; Peter de Langen; Lorike Hagdorn. 2016. "Strategic beliefs of port authorities." Transport Reviews 37, no. 4: 412-441.

Journal article
Published: 20 July 2016 in Journal of Shipping and Trade
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ACS Style

Peter W. De Langen; Maximiliano Udenio; Jan C. Fransoo; Reima Helminen. Port connectivity indices: an application to European RoRo shipping. Journal of Shipping and Trade 2016, 1, 1 .

AMA Style

Peter W. De Langen, Maximiliano Udenio, Jan C. Fransoo, Reima Helminen. Port connectivity indices: an application to European RoRo shipping. Journal of Shipping and Trade. 2016; 1 (1):1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter W. De Langen; Maximiliano Udenio; Jan C. Fransoo; Reima Helminen. 2016. "Port connectivity indices: an application to European RoRo shipping." Journal of Shipping and Trade 1, no. 1: 1.

Articles
Published: 02 November 2015 in International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications
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The transport sector accounts for 25% of the global CO2 emissions. All firms in the transport industry share a responsibility for this environmental impact. This paper explores, as one of the first, the attitude of both shippers and forwarders, as the main purchasers of transport services, towards environmental sustainability in the sourcing of transport services. Based on a literature review we develop several hypotheses and test those through a survey among shippers and forwarders in the Netherlands. We conclude that shippers focus more on sustainability than forwarders, the size of shippers has a positive influence on the demand for transparency of the environmental performance, explicit sustainability targets have a positive influence on the demand for sustainable solutions and the vast majority of shippers and forwarders expect an increased importance of sustainable purchasing.

ACS Style

Roy Van Den Berg; Peter W. De Langen. Environmental sustainability in container transport: the attitudes of shippers and forwarders. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications 2015, 20, 146 -162.

AMA Style

Roy Van Den Berg, Peter W. De Langen. Environmental sustainability in container transport: the attitudes of shippers and forwarders. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications. 2015; 20 (2):146-162.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy Van Den Berg; Peter W. De Langen. 2015. "Environmental sustainability in container transport: the attitudes of shippers and forwarders." International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications 20, no. 2: 146-162.

Book chapter
Published: 13 July 2015 in Port Management
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ACS Style

Martijn R. Van Der Horst; Peter W. De Langen. Coordination in Hinterland Transport Chains. Port Management 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Martijn R. Van Der Horst, Peter W. De Langen. Coordination in Hinterland Transport Chains. Port Management. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Martijn R. Van Der Horst; Peter W. De Langen. 2015. "Coordination in Hinterland Transport Chains." Port Management , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 13 July 2015 in Port Management
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ACS Style

Athanasios A. Pallis; Theo E. Notteboom; Peter W. De Langen. Concession Agreements and Market Entry in the Container Terminal Industry. Port Management 2015, 1 .

AMA Style

Athanasios A. Pallis, Theo E. Notteboom, Peter W. De Langen. Concession Agreements and Market Entry in the Container Terminal Industry. Port Management. 2015; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Athanasios A. Pallis; Theo E. Notteboom; Peter W. De Langen. 2015. "Concession Agreements and Market Entry in the Container Terminal Industry." Port Management , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 06 July 2015 in Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie
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Although anecdotal evidence suggests that co-location can bring about several benefits for co-located logistics companies, implying the need to incorporate such considerations in location decisions, these benefits have hardly been analysed empirically. This paper provides detailed insights for decision making by precisely analysing the synergies attained through the co-location of logistics firms in specialised and diverse logistics concentration areas. The paper analyses whether co-location in logistics concentration areas that specialise in fresh produce provides additional benefits over co-location in diverse logistics concentration areas that do not specialise in any particular type of products. A survey of managers of 127 logistics firms located in logistics concentration areas tested for differences in synergies through co-location in specialised versus diverse logistics concentration areas. Logistics firms co-located in fresh produce logistics parks share knowledge, combine transport and storage capacities, and trade products more than logistics firms co-located in diverse logistics concentration areas.

ACS Style

Frank Van Den Heuvel; Karel Van Donselaar; Peter De Langen; Jan Fransoo. Co-Location Synergies: Specialised Versus Diverse Logistics Concentration Areas. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 2015, 107, 331 -346.

AMA Style

Frank Van Den Heuvel, Karel Van Donselaar, Peter De Langen, Jan Fransoo. Co-Location Synergies: Specialised Versus Diverse Logistics Concentration Areas. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. 2015; 107 (3):331-346.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frank Van Den Heuvel; Karel Van Donselaar; Peter De Langen; Jan Fransoo. 2015. "Co-Location Synergies: Specialised Versus Diverse Logistics Concentration Areas." Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 107, no. 3: 331-346.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2015 in International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics
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Research applying a strategic management perspective to port authorities is limited and mostly consists of specific case studies or comparative analyses of port authorities in a specific geographical area. In response, this paper offers a worldwide survey of 94 port authorities, the results of which address their strategic scope, i.e., the set of activities they undertake. While many port authorities are described as 'landlords', they often provide services that are not generally associated with this landlord role. A factor analysis of the survey results shows consistent and recurring patterns of strategic activities. Statistical analysis, aimed at exploring the relationship between port authorities' institutional position and strategic scope, indicates that PAs with more autonomy and a more business-like structure have a wider strategic scope and more business-like goals. At the same time, this might imply a shift in focus from goals at the macro level to goals at the firm level, as well as PAs moving from a more facilitating role towards a more entrepreneurial role.

ACS Style

Larissa Van Der Lugt; Peter de Langen; Lorike Hagdorn. Beyond the landlord: worldwide empirical analysis of port authority strategies. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics 2015, 7, 570 .

AMA Style

Larissa Van Der Lugt, Peter de Langen, Lorike Hagdorn. Beyond the landlord: worldwide empirical analysis of port authority strategies. International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics. 2015; 7 (5):570.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Larissa Van Der Lugt; Peter de Langen; Lorike Hagdorn. 2015. "Beyond the landlord: worldwide empirical analysis of port authority strategies." International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics 7, no. 5: 570.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2015 in Port Management
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ACS Style

Athanasios A. Pallis; Theo E. Notteboom; Peter W. De Langen. Concession Agreements and Market Entry in the Container Terminal Industry. Port Management 2015, 195 -220.

AMA Style

Athanasios A. Pallis, Theo E. Notteboom, Peter W. De Langen. Concession Agreements and Market Entry in the Container Terminal Industry. Port Management. 2015; ():195-220.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Athanasios A. Pallis; Theo E. Notteboom; Peter W. De Langen. 2015. "Concession Agreements and Market Entry in the Container Terminal Industry." Port Management , no. : 195-220.

Book chapter
Published: 14 December 2014 in Handbook of Healthcare Logistics
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Port competition has become a complex and multi-faceted concept due to changes in the market environment of ports and the resulting intensification of rivalry between operators in the same port, between neighbouring ports, between multi-port gateway regions and between entire port ranges. This chapter discusses port competition in Europe with a main focus on container ports and terminals. It provides an in-depth theoretical and empirical description of port competition in the second most important container port system in the world after Asia. The chapter aims to provide the reader with a clear insight on the current status, drivers and issues in European container port competition.

ACS Style

Theo E. Notteboom; Peter W. De Langen. Container Port Competition in Europe. Handbook of Healthcare Logistics 2014, 220, 75 -95.

AMA Style

Theo E. Notteboom, Peter W. De Langen. Container Port Competition in Europe. Handbook of Healthcare Logistics. 2014; 220 ():75-95.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Theo E. Notteboom; Peter W. De Langen. 2014. "Container Port Competition in Europe." Handbook of Healthcare Logistics 220, no. : 75-95.

Original articles
Published: 27 August 2014 in Maritime Policy & Management
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The two main value propositions in international container transport are ‘port-to-port’ services and ‘door-to-door’ services. In port-to-port services, buyers ‘just’ purchase maritime transport from a shipping line. Door-to-door services comprise the total transport chain and include land-based transport. Carriers as well as forwarders offer these door-to-door services. In this paper we provide a qualitative assessment of an emerging third value proposition that is centred around inland terminals (ILTs). Such a value proposition consists of transport up to the ILT, and may have advantages over port-to-port services, such as better leverage of scale economies, better repositioning of empty containers and better alignment with the business model of forwarders. This paper conceptually and empirically explores such a value proposition.

ACS Style

Roy Van Den Berg; Peter de Langen. Towards an ‘inland terminal centred’ value proposition. Maritime Policy & Management 2014, 42, 499 -515.

AMA Style

Roy Van Den Berg, Peter de Langen. Towards an ‘inland terminal centred’ value proposition. Maritime Policy & Management. 2014; 42 (5):499-515.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy Van Den Berg; Peter de Langen. 2014. "Towards an ‘inland terminal centred’ value proposition." Maritime Policy & Management 42, no. 5: 499-515.

Journal article
Published: 15 May 2014 in Maritime Economics & Logistics
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MEL is a key source for peer-reviewed research and policy perspectives of direct relevance to economists, researchers, academics and those in professional practice with an interest in maritime economics, maritime policy, transport economics and applied economics.

ACS Style

Roy Van Den Berg; Peter W De Langen. Assessing the intermodal value proposition of shipping lines: Attitudes of shippers and forwarders. Maritime Economics & Logistics 2014, 17, 32 -51.

AMA Style

Roy Van Den Berg, Peter W De Langen. Assessing the intermodal value proposition of shipping lines: Attitudes of shippers and forwarders. Maritime Economics & Logistics. 2014; 17 (1):32-51.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roy Van Den Berg; Peter W De Langen. 2014. "Assessing the intermodal value proposition of shipping lines: Attitudes of shippers and forwarders." Maritime Economics & Logistics 17, no. 1: 32-51.

Original articles
Published: 23 April 2014 in Transport Reviews
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The ongoing process of port reform has led to an increasing number of publicly owned but corporatised port authorities (PAs). The performance effects of corporatisation have been analysed, for example, for the airports industry, often showing positive effects. This paper reviews the literature on port reform and the relationship between port governance structures and performance. It also presents a first case study on the effects of corporatisation of PAs, namely for the Port of Rotterdam Authority, a publicly owned but corporatised port development company. In 2004, this organisation was transformed from a municipal department to an independently operating company. The performance indicators to evaluate the effect of this corporatisation include market share, turnover, operating costs, profits, and investments. These indicators are evaluated for two periods, one prior to the corporatisation (1997–2003) and the other afterwards (2005–11). The comparison of these two periods shows that corporatisation has led to significant improvements of all performance indicators. The findings derived from this case study are relevant for the ongoing discussion on port governance models.

ACS Style

Peter W. De Langen; Christiaan Heij. Corporatisation and Performance: A Literature Review and an Analysis of the Performance Effects of the Corporatisation of Port of Rotterdam Authority. Transport Reviews 2014, 34, 396 -414.

AMA Style

Peter W. De Langen, Christiaan Heij. Corporatisation and Performance: A Literature Review and an Analysis of the Performance Effects of the Corporatisation of Port of Rotterdam Authority. Transport Reviews. 2014; 34 (3):396-414.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Peter W. De Langen; Christiaan Heij. 2014. "Corporatisation and Performance: A Literature Review and an Analysis of the Performance Effects of the Corporatisation of Port of Rotterdam Authority." Transport Reviews 34, no. 3: 396-414.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
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ACS Style

Frank P. Van Den Heuvel; Liliana Rivera; Karel H. Van Donselaar; Ad De Jong; Yossi Sheffi; Peter W. De Langen; Jan C. Fransoo. Relationship between freight accessibility and logistics employment in US counties. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 2014, 59, 91 -105.

AMA Style

Frank P. Van Den Heuvel, Liliana Rivera, Karel H. Van Donselaar, Ad De Jong, Yossi Sheffi, Peter W. De Langen, Jan C. Fransoo. Relationship between freight accessibility and logistics employment in US counties. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 2014; 59 ():91-105.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frank P. Van Den Heuvel; Liliana Rivera; Karel H. Van Donselaar; Ad De Jong; Yossi Sheffi; Peter W. De Langen; Jan C. Fransoo. 2014. "Relationship between freight accessibility and logistics employment in US counties." Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 59, no. : 91-105.