Nanobiotechnology has grown rapidly and become an integral part of modern disease diagnosis and treatment. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are a class of eco-friendly, cost-effective and biocompatible agents that have attracted attention for their possible biomedical and bioengineering applications. Like many other inorganic and organic nanoparticles, such as AuNPs, iron oxide and quantum dots, AgNPs have also been widely studied as components of advanced anticancer agents in order to better manage cancer in the clinic. AgNPs are typically produced by the action of reducing reagents on silver ions. In addition to numerous laboratory-based methods for reduction of silver ions, living organisms and natural products can be effective and superior source for synthesis of AgNPs precursors. Currently, plants, bacteria and fungi can afford biogenic AgNPs precursors with diverse geometries and surface properties. In this review, we summarized the recent progress and achievements in biogenic AgNPs synthesis and their potential uses as anticancer agents.

Due to the wide range and various applications of graphene in multidisciplinary fields, such as electronics, solar cells, biomedicine, bioengineering, drug delivery, gene delivery and semiconductors, graphene and its derivatives have attracted most significant interest of diverse group of scientists in the last decades. Besides numerous applications in electrical and mechanical fields, their non-invasive biomedical imaging properties allow their wide-spread biological applications. Optical imaging probes play a pivotal role in early cancer detection, image based surgery, disease diagnosis and cellular imaging. Graphene has been widely studied in drug delivery systems due to its unique features and comparatively less/non-toxic properties in biological systems, thus promoting graphene quantum dots as potential organic optical imaging agents to substitute toxic cadmium or tellurium quantum dots. Many groups have also focused on different polymeric modification strategies to enhance the biocompatibility as well as the applications of graphene. In this review, we have summarized recent advances in graphene-based applications, and focused on the relation between chemical structure and polymeric modification with bio-safety issues. The lack of adequate biosafety studies and understanding of the interaction between graphene derivatives and biomolecules has hindered their progress in biomedical and biological applications. To proceed with biological applications of graphene derivatives, such as the development of graphene-based therapeutics and drug delivery systems, the research community must understand how graphene derivatives interact with cell lines and how they accumulate into cells. We also need to learn the fate of graphene derivatives in vivo once it invasively enters into a biological system.

Biosensors research is a fast growing field in which tens of thousands of papers have been published over the years, and the industry is now worth billions of dollars. The biosensor products have found their applications in numerous industries including food and beverages, agricultural, environmental, medical diagnostics, and pharmaceutical industries and many more. Even though numerous biosensors have been developed for detection of proteins, peptides, enzymes, and numerous other biomolecules for diverse applications, their applications in tissue engineering have remained limited. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in application of novel biosensors in cell culture and tissue engineering, for example, real-time detection of small molecules such as glucose, lactose, and H₂O₂as well as serum proteins of large molecular size, such as albumin and alpha-fetoprotein, and inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-g and TNF-α. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advancements in biosensors for tissue engineering applications.