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Forward osmosis (FO) is an emerging process to dewater whey streams energy efficiently. The driving force for the process is the concentration gradient between the feed (FS) and the concentrated draw (DS) solution. Here we investigate not only the effect of the DS concentration on the performance, but also that of the FS is varied to maintain equal driving force at different absolute concentrations. Experiments with clean water as feed reveal a flux increase at higher osmotic pressure. When high product purities and thus low reverse salt fluxes are required, operation at lower DS concentrations is preferred. Whey as FS induces severe initial flux decline due to instantaneous protein fouling of the membrane. This is mostly due to reversible fouling, and to a smaller extent to irreversible fouling. Concentration factors in the range of 1.2–1.3 are obtained. When 0.5 M NaCl is added to whey as FS, clearly lower fluxes are obtained due to more severe concentration polarization. Multiple runs over longer times show though that irreversible fouling is fully suppressed due to salting in/out effects and flux decline is the result of reversible fouling only.
Pelin Oymaci; Pauline Offeringa; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Whey Protein Concentration in Forward Osmosis. Membranes 2021, 11, 573 .
AMA StylePelin Oymaci, Pauline Offeringa, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Whey Protein Concentration in Forward Osmosis. Membranes. 2021; 11 (8):573.
Chicago/Turabian StylePelin Oymaci; Pauline Offeringa; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2021. "Effect of Osmotic Pressure on Whey Protein Concentration in Forward Osmosis." Membranes 11, no. 8: 573.
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an electro-membrane process to harvest renewable energy from salinity gradients. RED process models have been developed in the past, but they mostly assume that only NaCl is present in the feedwaters, which results in unrealistically high predictions. In the present work, an existing simple model is extended to accommodate the presence of magnesium ions and sulfate in the feedwaters, and potentially even more complex mixtures. All power loss mechanisms deriving from the presence of multivalent ions are included in the new model: increased membrane electrical resistance, uphill transport of multivalent ions from the river to the seawater compartment, and membrane permselectivity loss. This new model is validated with experimental and literature data of membrane electrical resistance (at 10 mol. % MgCl2 for the CEMs and 25 mol. % Na2SO4 for the AEMs), RED stack performance (up to 50 mol. % MgCl2 or Na2SO4 in the feedwaters), and ion transport (at 10 mol. % MgCl2 or Na2SO4 in the feedwaters) showing very good agreement between model predictions and experimental data. Finally, we showed that the developed model not only describes experimental data but can also predict RED performances under a variety of conditions and cross-flow configurations (single-stage with and without electrode segmentation, multi-stage in co-current and counter-current mode) and feedwater compositions (only NaCl, with Na2SO4, with MgCl2, and with MgSO4). It thus provides a very valuable tool to design and evaluate RED process systems.
Diego Pintossi; Catarina Simões; Michel Saakes; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Predicting reverse electrodialysis performance in the presence of divalent ions for renewable energy generation. Energy Conversion and Management 2021, 243, 114369 .
AMA StyleDiego Pintossi, Catarina Simões, Michel Saakes, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Predicting reverse electrodialysis performance in the presence of divalent ions for renewable energy generation. Energy Conversion and Management. 2021; 243 ():114369.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiego Pintossi; Catarina Simões; Michel Saakes; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2021. "Predicting reverse electrodialysis performance in the presence of divalent ions for renewable energy generation." Energy Conversion and Management 243, no. : 114369.
In this work, the effectiveness of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with sheet-like morphologies was assessed as function of the MOF microporosity and MOF-matrix compatibility. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs, a MOF subclass) with sheet-like/platelet morphologies were incorporated in Matrimid/PBI matrices resulting in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). The ZIFs were either permeable (ZIF-301) or impermeable (ZIF-95X) for gases with a kinetic diameter bigger than or equal to the kinetic diameter of CO2. Additionally, MMMs containing impermeable graphene nanosheets were fabricated as reference to confirm the ZIF-95X impermeability. The MMMs containing the ZIF-301 nanoplatelets showed enhanced CO2 permeabilities. Analysis of the N2 and CO2 solubility and diffusivity showed that this permeable additive enhances the solubility of both gases, but only increases the N2 diffusivity through the ZIF-301 MMM. This signified that for MMMs with sheet-like MOFs the MOF micropore volume should only be accessible for one gas such that the sheet-like morphology effectively increases the tortuosity for the other species. Contrarily, the MMMs containing impermeable ZIF-95X and graphene showed declined MMM separation performances. Analysis of the N2 and CO2 diffusivities showed the presence of defective interfaces in these MMMs and proved that an increased tortuosity is only effective if the additive-matrix interface is defect free.
Machiel van Essen; Raymond Thür; Menno Houben; Ivo F.J. Vankelecom; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Tortuous mixed matrix membranes: A subtle balance between microporosity and compatibility. Journal of Membrane Science 2021, 635, 119517 .
AMA StyleMachiel van Essen, Raymond Thür, Menno Houben, Ivo F.J. Vankelecom, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Tortuous mixed matrix membranes: A subtle balance between microporosity and compatibility. Journal of Membrane Science. 2021; 635 ():119517.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachiel van Essen; Raymond Thür; Menno Houben; Ivo F.J. Vankelecom; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2021. "Tortuous mixed matrix membranes: A subtle balance between microporosity and compatibility." Journal of Membrane Science 635, no. : 119517.
Nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes are attractive to remove multivalent ions. As ion retention in NF membranes is determined by both size and charge exclusion, negatively charged membranes are required to reject negatively charged ions. Layer‐by‐layer assembly of alternating polycation (PC) and polyanion layers on top of a support is a versatile method to produce membranes. Especially the polyelectrolyte (PE) couple polydiallyldimethylammoniumchloride and poly(sodium‐4‐styrenesulfonate) (PDADMAC/PSS) is extensively investigated. This PE couple cannot form highly negatively charged membrane surfaces, due to interdiffusion and charge overcompensation of PDADMAC into the PSS layers, which limits the operational window to tailor membrane properties. We propose the use of asymmetric layer formation and show how combining two charge densities of one PC can produce negatively charged NF membranes. Starting from hollow fiber ultrafiltration supports coated with base layers of PDADMAC/PSS, they are coated with PDADMAC/PSS or poly(acrylamide‐co‐diallyldimethylammoniumchloride), P(AM‐co‐DADMAC)/PSS layers. P(AM‐co‐DADMAC) has a charge density of only 32% compared to 100% for PDADMAC. The particular novel membranes coated with P(AM‐co‐DADMAC) have a highly negatively charged surface and high permeabilities (7–19 L/[m2hbar]), with high retentions for Na2SO4 of up to 95%. These values position the developed membranes in the top range compared to commercial and other layer‐by‐layer membranes.
Daniëlle Scheepers; Benjamin Chatillon; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. Asymmetric layer‐by‐layer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membranes with tunable retention. Journal of Polymer Science 2021, 59, 1293 -1304.
AMA StyleDaniëlle Scheepers, Benjamin Chatillon, Kitty Nijmeijer, Zandrie Borneman. Asymmetric layer‐by‐layer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membranes with tunable retention. Journal of Polymer Science. 2021; 59 (12):1293-1304.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniëlle Scheepers; Benjamin Chatillon; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. 2021. "Asymmetric layer‐by‐layer polyelectrolyte nanofiltration membranes with tunable retention." Journal of Polymer Science 59, no. 12: 1293-1304.
A main component of a hydrogen-bromine flow battery (HBFB) is the ion exchange membrane. Available membranes have a trade-off between the major requirements: high proton conductivity, low bromine species crossover, and high mechanical and chemical stability. To overcome this, electrospinning of a highly proton conductive polymer (short side chain perfluorosulfonic acid (SSC PFSA)) and a hydrophobic inert polymer (polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)) was used to electrospin composite polymer fiber mats. Piles of multiple mats were hot pressed resulting in dense ion exchange membranes. Membranes with three different SSC PFSA/PVDF ratios were prepared, characterized, and subjected to short and long term (1500 h) HBFB testing. The electrospun membranes have performances very comparable to those of commercial membranes. For the SSC PFSA/PVDF electrospun membrane, a higher SSC PFSA loading gives a higher membrane proton conductivity compared to a lower loading, but at the expense of a higher bromine species crossover. The SSC PFSA/PVDF (50/50 wt%) membrane shows a coulombic efficiency of 98%, a voltaic efficiency of 80% and an initial available capacity of 105 Ah L−1 at a current density of 150 mA cm−2, which equals that of the current benchmark long side chain PFSA membrane. This performance is constant over 200 cycles during 2 months of continuous HBFB operation.
Yohanes Antonius Hugo; Wiebrand Kout; Antoni Forner-Cuenca; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Wire based electrospun composite short side chain perfluorosulfonic acid/polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries. Journal of Power Sources 2021, 497, 229812 .
AMA StyleYohanes Antonius Hugo, Wiebrand Kout, Antoni Forner-Cuenca, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Wire based electrospun composite short side chain perfluorosulfonic acid/polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries. Journal of Power Sources. 2021; 497 ():229812.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYohanes Antonius Hugo; Wiebrand Kout; Antoni Forner-Cuenca; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2021. "Wire based electrospun composite short side chain perfluorosulfonic acid/polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for hydrogen-bromine flow batteries." Journal of Power Sources 497, no. : 229812.
Fouling is a pressing issue for harvesting salinity gradient energy with reverse electrodialysis (RED). In this work, antifouling membranes were fabricated by surface modification of a commercial anion exchange membrane with zwitterionic layers. Either zwitterionic monomers or zwitterionic brushes were applied on the surface. Zwitterionic monomers were grafted to the surface by deposition of a polydopamine layer followed by an aza-Michael reaction with sulfobetaine. Zwitterionic brushes were grafted on the surface by deposition of polydopamine modified with a surface initiator for subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization to obtain polysulfobetaine. As expected, the zwitterionic layers did increase the membrane hydrophilicity. The antifouling behavior of the membranes in RED was evaluated using artificial river and seawater and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate as the model foulant. The zwitterionic monomers are effective in delaying the fouling onset, but the further build-up of the fouling layer is hardly affected, resulting in similar power density losses as for the unmodified membranes. Membranes modified with zwitterionic brushes show a high potential for application in RED as they not only delay the onset of fouling but they also slow down the growth of the fouling layer, thus retaining higher power density outputs.
Diego Pintossi; Michel Saakes; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Tailoring the Surface Chemistry of Anion Exchange Membranes with Zwitterions: Toward Antifouling RED Membranes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13, 18348 -18357.
AMA StyleDiego Pintossi, Michel Saakes, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Tailoring the Surface Chemistry of Anion Exchange Membranes with Zwitterions: Toward Antifouling RED Membranes. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 2021; 13 (15):18348-18357.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiego Pintossi; Michel Saakes; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2021. "Tailoring the Surface Chemistry of Anion Exchange Membranes with Zwitterions: Toward Antifouling RED Membranes." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 13, no. 15: 18348-18357.
With the use of bipolar membranes (BPMs) in an expanding range of applications, there is an urgent need to understand and improve the catalytic performance of BPMs for water dissociation, as well as to increase their physical and chemical stability. In this regard, electrospinning BPMs with 2D and 3D junction structures have been suggested as a promising route to produce high-performance BPMs. In this work, we investigate the effect of entangling anion and cation exchange nanofibers at the junction of bipolar membranes on the water dissociation rate. In particular, we compare the performance of different tailor-made BPMs with a laminated 2D junction and a 3D electrospun entangled junction, while using the same type of anion and cation exchange polymers in a single/dual continuous electrospinning manufacturing method. The bipolar membrane with a 3D entangled junction shows an enhanced water dissociation rate as compared to the bipolar membrane with laminated 2D junction, as measured by the decreased bipolar membrane potential. Moreover, we investigate the use of a third polymer, that is, poly(4-vinylpyrrolidine) (P4VP), as a catalyst for water dissociation. This polymer confirmed that a 3D entangled junction BPM (with incorporated P4VP) gives a higher water dissociation rate than does a 2D laminated junction BPM with P4VP as the water dissociation catalyst. This work demonstrates that the entanglement of the anion exchange polymer with P4VP as the water dissociation catalyst in a 3D junction is promising to develop bipolar membranes with enhanced performance as compared to the conventionally laminated membranes.
Emad Al-Dhubhani; Hendrik Swart; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer; Michele Tedesco; Jan W. Post; Michel Saakes. Entanglement-Enhanced Water Dissociation in Bipolar Membranes with 3D Electrospun Junction and Polymeric Catalyst. ACS Applied Energy Materials 2021, 4, 3724 -3736.
AMA StyleEmad Al-Dhubhani, Hendrik Swart, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer, Michele Tedesco, Jan W. Post, Michel Saakes. Entanglement-Enhanced Water Dissociation in Bipolar Membranes with 3D Electrospun Junction and Polymeric Catalyst. ACS Applied Energy Materials. 2021; 4 (4):3724-3736.
Chicago/Turabian StyleEmad Al-Dhubhani; Hendrik Swart; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer; Michele Tedesco; Jan W. Post; Michel Saakes. 2021. "Entanglement-Enhanced Water Dissociation in Bipolar Membranes with 3D Electrospun Junction and Polymeric Catalyst." ACS Applied Energy Materials 4, no. 4: 3724-3736.
Menno Houben; Romy van Geijn; Machiel van Essen; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Corrigendum to “Supercritical CO2 permeation in glassy polyimide membranes” [J. Membr. Sci. 620 (2021) 118922]. Journal of Membrane Science 2021, 626, 119184 .
AMA StyleMenno Houben, Romy van Geijn, Machiel van Essen, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Corrigendum to “Supercritical CO2 permeation in glassy polyimide membranes” [J. Membr. Sci. 620 (2021) 118922]. Journal of Membrane Science. 2021; 626 ():119184.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenno Houben; Romy van Geijn; Machiel van Essen; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2021. "Corrigendum to “Supercritical CO2 permeation in glassy polyimide membranes” [J. Membr. Sci. 620 (2021) 118922]." Journal of Membrane Science 626, no. : 119184.
Electrodialysis (ED) is receiving increasing attention as promising technology for seawater desalination. However, most of the ED investigations are typically performed using artificial NaCl solutions, while the effect of multivalent ions (such as Mg2+ and Ca2+) on membrane scaling and resistance has been so far overlooked. In this work, we investigate the influence of multivalent ions in seawater on the desalination performance of multistage ED. In particular, natural seawater was used as feed solution, and two different strategies were compared, i.e. by using conventional cation exchange membranes (CEMs), as well as CEMs with preferential removal of multivalent ions. For both CEMs, we found that the removal of calcium and magnesium was higher compared to that of sodium and no effect due to operation at low current density was observed. More magnesium was removed with the multivalent ion permeable CEM. Starting from ~27 g/l (i.e. inlet concentration of the natural seawater source), the upscaled multistage ED system produced a continuous diluate concentration of 1.9 g/l. The system performance was stable over 18 days, with an average energy consumption of 3 kWh/m3, demonstrating the potential of multistage ED seawater desalination.
Gijs Doornbusch; Marrit van der Wal; Michele Tedesco; Jan Post; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. Multistage electrodialysis for desalination of natural seawater. Desalination 2021, 505, 114973 .
AMA StyleGijs Doornbusch, Marrit van der Wal, Michele Tedesco, Jan Post, Kitty Nijmeijer, Zandrie Borneman. Multistage electrodialysis for desalination of natural seawater. Desalination. 2021; 505 ():114973.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGijs Doornbusch; Marrit van der Wal; Michele Tedesco; Jan Post; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. 2021. "Multistage electrodialysis for desalination of natural seawater." Desalination 505, no. : 114973.
In this work, the influence of the zeolitic imidazolate framework 78 (ZIF‑78) morphology, with 1D pores, on the mixed matrix membrane (MMM) CO2/N2 mixed gas separation performance is investigated as well as the influence of the feed composition and pressure. Low aspect ratio and a high aspect ratio ZIF‑78 particles are synthesized and incorporated in Matrimid with 10 and 20 wt% additive content. High pressure CO2 and N2 sorption measurements show that both the low and high aspect ratio ZIF‑78 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit similar sorption behavior. The incorporation of ZIF‑78 into Matrimid results in improved CO2 permeabilities up to 39%, without compromising the selectivity, relative to native Matrimid membranes. Both at low and high CO2 partial pressures, the MMMs containing the different ZIF‑78 morphologies show equal CO2 permeabilities, indicating that the ZIF‑78 morphology and consequently the aspect ratio are insignificant for these particular MMMs, contradicting previous observations in literature. Thus, depending on the MOF/polymer system, the MOF morphology and aspect ratio can be considered as a design aspect. Finally, a clear influence of feed composition and pressure on the MMM solubility coefficient and diffusivity is observed, emphasizing the importance of the mixed gas composition and measurement conditions.
Machiel van Essen; Luuk Van Den Akker; Raymond Thür; Menno Houben; Ivo F. J. Vankelecom; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Investigation of ZIF‐78 Morphology and Feed Composition on the Mixed Gas CO 2 /N 2 Separation Performance in Mixed Matrix Membranes. Advanced Materials Interfaces 2020, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleMachiel van Essen, Luuk Van Den Akker, Raymond Thür, Menno Houben, Ivo F. J. Vankelecom, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Investigation of ZIF‐78 Morphology and Feed Composition on the Mixed Gas CO 2 /N 2 Separation Performance in Mixed Matrix Membranes. Advanced Materials Interfaces. 2020; 8 (5):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachiel van Essen; Luuk Van Den Akker; Raymond Thür; Menno Houben; Ivo F. J. Vankelecom; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "Investigation of ZIF‐78 Morphology and Feed Composition on the Mixed Gas CO 2 /N 2 Separation Performance in Mixed Matrix Membranes." Advanced Materials Interfaces 8, no. 5: 1.
Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), a subclass of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), have been widely investigated as additive in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), but systematic studies to identify critical intrinsic ZIF-type parameters that determine the MMM performance are lacking. Therefore, three isoreticular gmelinite (GME) ZIFs, i.e., ZIF-68, 69 and 78 that are distinct by their partial different imidazolate linkers, were incorporated in Matrimid matrices to systematically elucidate the effects of the varying pore aperture, pore diameter, pore volume and functionality of the ZIFs on the CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 MMM mixed gas permeability. The incorporation of the ZIFs in Matrimid increases the CO2 permeability for all MMMs for both CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 feed mixtures without compromising the selectivity. The highest increase in CO2 permeability is observed for the 20 wt.% ZIF-68 MMM, with an increase in CO2 permeability of 116% for CO2/N2 feed and 122% for CO2/CH4 feed relative to Matrimid was achieved and surpassed the permeability of conventional ZIF-8/Matrimid MMMs. Regarding the isoreticular ZIF series, the results showed that for a higher permeability a larger pore aperture, diameter and volume of the ZIFs in the MMMs are more beneficial than a more polar functionality with smaller pore size, aperture and volume.
Machiel van Essen; Luuk Van Den Akker; Raymond Thür; Menno Houben; Ivo F.J. Vankelecom; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. The influence of pore aperture, volume and functionality of isoreticular gmelinite zeolitic imidazolate frameworks on the mixed gas CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 separation performance in mixed matrix membranes. Separation and Purification Technology 2020, 260, 118103 .
AMA StyleMachiel van Essen, Luuk Van Den Akker, Raymond Thür, Menno Houben, Ivo F.J. Vankelecom, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. The influence of pore aperture, volume and functionality of isoreticular gmelinite zeolitic imidazolate frameworks on the mixed gas CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 separation performance in mixed matrix membranes. Separation and Purification Technology. 2020; 260 ():118103.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachiel van Essen; Luuk Van Den Akker; Raymond Thür; Menno Houben; Ivo F.J. Vankelecom; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "The influence of pore aperture, volume and functionality of isoreticular gmelinite zeolitic imidazolate frameworks on the mixed gas CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 separation performance in mixed matrix membranes." Separation and Purification Technology 260, no. : 118103.
The high-pressure permeation and sorption behavior of supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) in glassy Matrimid® 5218 polymer membranes were extensively investigated. The effect of pressure (0–120 bar) and temperature (25–55 °C) was examined. The observations were related to the intrinsic membrane properties, plasticization phenomena and the CO2 fluid properties. The phase transition from gaseous (-like sc) CO2 to liquid (-like sc) CO2 has the largest influence on the CO2 fluid properties and therefore was found to have the most influence on the CO2 sorption and CO2 permeability. The CO2 sorption was directly dependent on the CO2 density in the liquid (-like sc) regime. The CO2 permeability of Matrimid® 5218 showed typical CO2-induced plasticization behavior in the gaseous (-like sc) CO2 regime. When entering the liquid (-like sc) CO2 regime, the extent of plasticization was found to be independent of the applied feed pressure in this regime. The membranes showed strong hysteresis with pressure. The permeation history of the membrane thus has a large influence on the time-dependent permeability behavior. Clearly, the CO2 permeability behavior at these high pressures in glassy Matrimid® 5218 is determined by a combination of the CO2 fluid density and plasticization phenomena.
Menno Houben; Romy van Geijn; Machiel van Essen; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Supercritical CO2 permeation in glassy polyimide membranes. Journal of Membrane Science 2020, 620, 118922 .
AMA StyleMenno Houben, Romy van Geijn, Machiel van Essen, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Supercritical CO2 permeation in glassy polyimide membranes. Journal of Membrane Science. 2020; 620 ():118922.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMenno Houben; Romy van Geijn; Machiel van Essen; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "Supercritical CO2 permeation in glassy polyimide membranes." Journal of Membrane Science 620, no. : 118922.
Transitioning to a renewable energy economy requires the widespread integration of solar and wind power, which are intermittent, into the electricity grid. To this goal, it is paramount to develop cost-competitive, reliable, location-independence, and large-scale energy storage technologies. The hydrogen bromine flow battery (HBFB) is a promising technology given the abundant material availability and its high power density. Here, the aim is to perform a comprehensive techno-economic analysis of a 500 kW nominal power/5 MWh HBFB storage system, based on the levelized cost of storage approach. Then, we systematically analyze stack and system components costs for both the current base and a future scenario (2030). We find that, for the base case, HBFB capital investments are competitive to Li-ion battery technology, highlighting the potential of large-scale HBFB market introduction. Improving the stack performance and reducing the stack and system costs are expected to result in ~62% reduction potential in capital investments. The base-case levelized cost of storage, $0.074/kWh, is sufficiently low for a wind-solar storage system to compete with a fossil-based power plant, with potential for reduction to $0.034/kWh in the future scenario. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the levelized cost of storage is most sensitive towards the stack lifetime, which motivates research efforts into advanced electrocatalysts with higher durability and ion-exchange membranes with improved selectivity.
Yohanes Antonius Hugo; Wiebrand Kout; Guido Dalessi; Antoni Forner-Cuenca; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Kilo-Watt Scale Hydrogen-Bromine Flow Battery System for Sustainable Energy Storage. Processes 2020, 8, 1492 .
AMA StyleYohanes Antonius Hugo, Wiebrand Kout, Guido Dalessi, Antoni Forner-Cuenca, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Techno-Economic Analysis of a Kilo-Watt Scale Hydrogen-Bromine Flow Battery System for Sustainable Energy Storage. Processes. 2020; 8 (11):1492.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYohanes Antonius Hugo; Wiebrand Kout; Guido Dalessi; Antoni Forner-Cuenca; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "Techno-Economic Analysis of a Kilo-Watt Scale Hydrogen-Bromine Flow Battery System for Sustainable Energy Storage." Processes 8, no. 11: 1492.
The transition from the current “linear” economy to a “circular” economy with a strong focus on the recovery and reuse of materials and resources undoubtedly necessitates efficient and effective separation technologies. Membrane technology will play an important role in this transition to a circular economy. In that perspective, separation at the molecular level to separate and fractionate e.g. individual ions and small molecules for reuse is especially essential. Unfortunately, conventional membrane materials and their fabrication methods mostly lack design and control over pore size and selectivity at a true molecular level. In view of this challenge, nanostructured polymer membranes based on self-assembled materials are gaining more and more interest. Using the self-assembly properties of polymerizable liquid crystal molecules ensures control at a molecular level and gives rise to narrow pore size distributions, high pore densities and control of pore size and functionality. In this review, the potential of liquid crystal materials and their self-assembly properties to fabricate nanoporous membranes for water purification, desalination and selective recovery is presented. The basic principles of liquid crystals, the self-assembling characteristics and methods to control pore size and functionality are discussed in the perspective of membrane properties and applications. Efforts reported in the literature highlighting advances and pointing out important limitations for different pore morphologies are discussed. The versatility of liquid crystal based membranes is highlighted by exploring approaches for post-modification of the nanopores to further tune the pore size and control the pore functionality after polymerization of the liquid crystals. The work provides readers with a thorough understanding of the design and fabrication of nanoporous liquid crystal membranes combined with a perspective on the potential of liquid crystal membranes. Next to recent advances, future challenges are presented as well, with the most crucial two: 1) The formation of thin, defect-free nanoporous liquid crystal layers supported on a microporous support; 2) Large-scale production combined with alignment control over longer length scales.
Joey Kloos; Niki Joosten; Albert Schenning; Kitty Nijmeijer. Self-assembling liquid crystals as building blocks to design nanoporous membranes suitable for molecular separations. Journal of Membrane Science 2020, 620, 118849 .
AMA StyleJoey Kloos, Niki Joosten, Albert Schenning, Kitty Nijmeijer. Self-assembling liquid crystals as building blocks to design nanoporous membranes suitable for molecular separations. Journal of Membrane Science. 2020; 620 ():118849.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoey Kloos; Niki Joosten; Albert Schenning; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "Self-assembling liquid crystals as building blocks to design nanoporous membranes suitable for molecular separations." Journal of Membrane Science 620, no. : 118849.
Although the layer-by-layer technique to produce nanofiltration membranes has been studied frequently, the influence of ionic strength of the coating solution in relation to the charge density lacks understanding. Here, we investigate the effect of both parameters systematically by comparing two strong polyelectrolyte sets: poly (acrylamide-co-diallyldimethylammoniumchloride) (P (AM-co-DADMAC))/poly (sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and polydiallyldimethylammoniumchloride (PDADMAC)/PSS, with a polycation charge density of 32 and 100%, respectively. The influence of the charge density and the ionic strength during layer formation (5∙10−5 M–1 M) has been researched in terms of polyelectrolyte adsorbance, membrane surface charge, and filtration performance. A low charge density is a limiting parameter for polyelectrolyte adsorption and retention, due to limited uptake of two bilayers. Consequently, it is impossible to form NF membranes with solely P (AM-co-DADMAC)/PSS layers. For high charge density polyelectrolytes, increasing the ionic strength is crucial to increase PE adsorption and MgSO4 retention. However, there is an opposite effect of ionic strength and charge density on membrane surface charge and pure water permeability. An increasing ionic strength results in a decreasing surface charge and increasing permeability for P (AM-co-DADMAC)-based membranes, and vice versa for PDADMAC. These opposite trends undoubtedly show the importance of simultaneously taking into account the charge density and ionic strength.
Daniëlle Scheepers; Benjamin Chatillon; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Influence of charge density and ionic strength on diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC)-based polyelectrolyte multilayer membrane formation. Journal of Membrane Science 2020, 617, 118619 .
AMA StyleDaniëlle Scheepers, Benjamin Chatillon, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Influence of charge density and ionic strength on diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC)-based polyelectrolyte multilayer membrane formation. Journal of Membrane Science. 2020; 617 ():118619.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniëlle Scheepers; Benjamin Chatillon; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "Influence of charge density and ionic strength on diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC)-based polyelectrolyte multilayer membrane formation." Journal of Membrane Science 617, no. : 118619.
Reverse electrodialysis harvests energy from salinity gradients establishing a renewable energy source. High energy efficiencies are fundamental to up-scale the process and to minimize feedwater pre-treatment and pumping costs. The present work investigates electrode segmentation to strategically optimize the output power density and energy efficiency. Electrode segmentation allows the current density to be tuned per electrode segment. Segmentation experiments were performed with a dedicated electrode configuration in a cross-flow stack using a wide range of residence times. Moreover, an experimentally validated model was extended and used to further compare single and segmented electrode configurations. While operating the electrode segments, the highest efficiencies were obtained when considering the overall power, i.e. not maximized by segment. Results show that at a given net power density (0.92 W·m−2), electrode segmentation increases the net energy efficiency from 17% to 25%, which is a relative increase of 43%. Plus, at 40% net energy efficiency the net power output for a segmented electrode configuration (0.67 W·m−2) is 39% higher than in a single electrode configuration. Higher power density reduces capital investment and higher energy efficiency reduces operating costs. Electrode segmentation increases these parameters compared to a single electrode and can be potentially applied for up-scaling.
Catarina Simões; Diego Pintossi; Michel Saakes; Zandrie Borneman; Wim Brilman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Electrode segmentation in reverse electrodialysis: Improved power and energy efficiency. Desalination 2020, 492, 114604 .
AMA StyleCatarina Simões, Diego Pintossi, Michel Saakes, Zandrie Borneman, Wim Brilman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Electrode segmentation in reverse electrodialysis: Improved power and energy efficiency. Desalination. 2020; 492 ():114604.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCatarina Simões; Diego Pintossi; Michel Saakes; Zandrie Borneman; Wim Brilman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "Electrode segmentation in reverse electrodialysis: Improved power and energy efficiency." Desalination 492, no. : 114604.
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as additives in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) for gas separation have gained significant attention over the past decades. Many design parameters have been investigated for MOF based MMMs, but the spatial distribution of the MOF throughout MMMs lacks investigation. Therefore, magnetically aligned and enriched pathways of zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF−8) in Matrimid MMMs were synthesized and investigated by means of their N2 and CO2 permeability. Magnetic ZIF−8 (m–ZIF−8) was synthesized by incorporating Fe3O4 in the ZIF−8 structure. The presence of Fe3O4 in m–ZIF−8 showed a decrease in surface area and N2 and CO2 uptake, with respect to pure ZIF−8. Alignment of m–ZIF−8 in Matrimid showed the presence of enriched pathways of m–ZIF−8 through the MMMs. At 10 wt.% m–ZIF−8 incorporation, no effect of alignment was observed for the N2 and CO2 permeability, which was ascribed anon-ideal tortuous alignment. However, alignment of 20 wt.% m–ZIF−8 in Matrimid showed to increase the CO2 diffusivity and permeability (19%) at 7 bar, while no loss in ideal selectivity was observed, with respect to homogeneously dispersed m–ZIF−8 membranes. Thus, the alignment of MOF particles throughout the matrix was shown to enhance the CO2 permeability at a certain weight content of MOF.
Machiel Van Essen; Esther Montrée; Menno Houben; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Magnetically Aligned and Enriched Pathways of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 in Matrimid Mixed Matrix Membranes for Enhanced CO2 Permeability. Membranes 2020, 10, 155 .
AMA StyleMachiel Van Essen, Esther Montrée, Menno Houben, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Magnetically Aligned and Enriched Pathways of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 in Matrimid Mixed Matrix Membranes for Enhanced CO2 Permeability. Membranes. 2020; 10 (7):155.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMachiel Van Essen; Esther Montrée; Menno Houben; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "Magnetically Aligned and Enriched Pathways of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework 8 in Matrimid Mixed Matrix Membranes for Enhanced CO2 Permeability." Membranes 10, no. 7: 155.
This paper describes the influence of crown-ether ring size and rigidity on the gas separation performance of CO2/N2 and plasticization behavior of crown-ether containing Matrimid® 5218 polyimide membranes. The crown-ethers provide the membrane material with good affinity for CO2 due to the polar ether segments. Three different crown-ethers were used that differ in ring size and in rigidity (DB21C7, DB18C6 and 18C6). The gas separation performance of the crown-ether containing membranes was evaluated using pure gas and mixed gas conditions at pressures up to 40 bar. Thermal analysis (TGA and DSC) shows that the incorporation of the crown-ethers in the polyimide matrix was successful and that the crown-ethers have good compatibility with the polymer matrix. Gas sorption in the crown-ether containing membranes shows an enhanced solubility selectivity due to the enhanced interaction with CO2 compared to the pristine Matrimid®. However, both solubility and permeability of CO2 and N2 are decreased in these crown-ether containing membranes over the whole pressure range. When the molecular size of the crown-ether decreases (DB21C7 > DB18C6 > 18C6) the permeability increases. In addition, the incorporation of the more rigid crown-ethers (DB18C6 and DB21C7) causes rigidification of the polymer matrix contributing to the lower permeability of DB18C6 and DB21C7-based membranes. Pure gas CO2 permeation measurements show a typical plasticization behavior for pristine Matrimid®, while for the crown-ether containing membranes the extent of plasticization is significantly reduced. Next to that the plasticization pressure is shifted to higher CO2 feed pressures. No plasticization was observed for the crown-ether containing membranes in the mixed gas conditions, as a result of the lower solubility of the crown-ether containing membranes and competition effects of CO2 and N2. The differences in size and rigidity of the different crown-ethers showed no significant influence on the plasticization resistance of crown-ether containing membranes. Altogether, the operating window of these crown-ether containing membranes is increased with respect to Matrimid® showing their potential to operate at higher CO2 partial pressure without compromising selectivity.
H.J.M. Houben; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. Plasticization behavior of crown-ether containing polyimide membranes for the separation of CO2. Separation and Purification Technology 2020, 255, 117307 .
AMA StyleH.J.M. Houben, Zandrie Borneman, Kitty Nijmeijer. Plasticization behavior of crown-ether containing polyimide membranes for the separation of CO2. Separation and Purification Technology. 2020; 255 ():117307.
Chicago/Turabian StyleH.J.M. Houben; Zandrie Borneman; Kitty Nijmeijer. 2020. "Plasticization behavior of crown-ether containing polyimide membranes for the separation of CO2." Separation and Purification Technology 255, no. : 117307.
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a technology producing renewable energy from the mixing of river and seawater. In natural salinity gradients, multivalent ions are present, which lead to a reduced RED power output. Transport of multivalent ions against the concentration gradient and their trapping inside the membranes leads to a lower driving force and increased membrane resistance. The present work focuses on the effect of sulfate ions on anion exchange membranes in RED. A monovalent ion selective membrane ability to retain a higher open circuit voltage is offset by the higher resistance in the presence of sulfate, leading to losses in normalized power outputs (−25%) comparable to a standard grade membrane. Longer term experiments revealed that membrane resistance increases over time. This study highlights the need to address uphill transport, resistance increase, and decreased permselectivity of anion exchange membranes in presence of multivalent ions.
Diego Pintossi; Chieh-Li Chen; Michel Saakes; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. Influence of sulfate on anion exchange membranes in reverse electrodialysis. npj Clean Water 2020, 3, 1 -10.
AMA StyleDiego Pintossi, Chieh-Li Chen, Michel Saakes, Kitty Nijmeijer, Zandrie Borneman. Influence of sulfate on anion exchange membranes in reverse electrodialysis. npj Clean Water. 2020; 3 (1):1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiego Pintossi; Chieh-Li Chen; Michel Saakes; Kitty Nijmeijer; Zandrie Borneman. 2020. "Influence of sulfate on anion exchange membranes in reverse electrodialysis." npj Clean Water 3, no. 1: 1-10.
Energy consumption for seawater desalination by multistage electrodialysis (ED) is lowered last decade from 6.6 kWh/m3 to 3.6 kWh/m3. In multistage ED the driving force can be adapted to the conditions of that specific desalination stage. In this study however, we varied the membrane area, the residence time, and the membrane properties in the different stages to investigate the transport mechanisms of salt and osmotic water to improve the desalination performance of multistage ED even further. Residence time affects both salt fluxes and osmotic transport. We showed that a longer residence time is beneficial in the first stages, in combination with a shorter residence time in the later stages. The gradient in the later stages between the diluate and concentrate compartments is large, and a short residence time decreases the undesired osmotic flow, resulting in lower product (diluate) loss. Moreover, the use of membranes with lower water permeability in the last three stages results in state-of-the-art energy consumptions of 2.2 kWh/m3 for the desalination of 510 mM NaCl to 5.4 mM NaCl using multistage ED. This obtained diluate salinity more than meets the WHO standard for drinking water of 8.5 mM NaCl.
G.J. Doornbusch; M. Bel; Michele Tedesco; J.W. Post; Z. Borneman; K. Nijmeijer. Effect of membrane area and membrane properties in multistage electrodialysis on seawater desalination performance. Journal of Membrane Science 2020, 611, 118303 .
AMA StyleG.J. Doornbusch, M. Bel, Michele Tedesco, J.W. Post, Z. Borneman, K. Nijmeijer. Effect of membrane area and membrane properties in multistage electrodialysis on seawater desalination performance. Journal of Membrane Science. 2020; 611 ():118303.
Chicago/Turabian StyleG.J. Doornbusch; M. Bel; Michele Tedesco; J.W. Post; Z. Borneman; K. Nijmeijer. 2020. "Effect of membrane area and membrane properties in multistage electrodialysis on seawater desalination performance." Journal of Membrane Science 611, no. : 118303.