The prospect of synthesizing biochar from agricultural wastes or by-products to utilize them as a promising adsorbent material is increasingly gaining attention. This research work focuses on synthesizing biochar from castor biomass (CBM) and evaluating its potential as an adsorbent material. Castor biomass-based biochar (CBCs) prepared by the slow pyrolysis process at different temperatures (CBC400 °C, CBC500 °C, and CBC600 °C for 1 h) was investigated for the adsorption of textile dye effluents (safranin). The pyrolysis temperature played a key role in enhancing the morphology, and the crystallinity of the biochar which are beneficial for the uptake of safranin. The CBC600 adsorbent showed a higher safranin dye removal (99.60%) and adsorption capacity (4.98 mg/g) than CBC500 (90.50% and 4.52 mg/g), CBC400 (83.90% and 4.20 mg/g), and castor biomass (CBM) (64.40% and 3.22 mg/g). Adsorption data fitted better to the Langmuir isotherm model than to the Freundlich isotherm model. The kinetics of the adsorption process was described well using the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The study on the effect of the contact time for the adsorption process indicated that for CBC600, 80% dye removal occurred in the first 15 min of the contact time. After three regeneration cycles, CBC600 exhibited the highest dye removal efficiency (64.10%), highlighting the enhanced reusability of CBCs. The crystalline patterns, functional binding sites, and surface areas of the prepared CBCs (CBC400, CBC500, CBC600) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurements, respectively.

This research paper provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and potential solutions related to enabling haptic communication over the Tactile Internet in the context of 6G networks. The increasing demand for multimedia services and device proliferation has resulted in limited radio resources, posing challenges in their efficient allocation for Device-to-Device (D2D)-assisted haptic communications. Achieving ultra-low latency, security, and energy efficiency are crucial requirements for enabling haptic communication over TI. The paper explores various methodologies, technologies, and frameworks that can facilitate haptic communication, including backscatter communications (BsC), non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and software-defined networks. Additionally, it discusses the potential of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), network slicing, and wireless communication beyond 100 GHz and THz levels in improving haptic communication performance. The research emphasizes the importance of addressing security risks, optimizing resource allocation, and minimizing network congestion to unlock the potential of future networks and services. Aerial, ground, and underwater communication technologies are highlighted as key components of 6G networks, each with their advantages and challenges. The need for specialized equipment in remote areas to meet the bandwidth and latency requirements of haptic communication is underscored. The findings of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of haptic communication in the context of 6G networks and provide insights into potential solutions for overcoming the associated challenges.

One of the major causes of excess CO₂ in the atmosphere is the direct burning of biomass waste, which can be obviated by the photocatalytic biomass conversion to useful/valuable chemicals/fuels, a sustainable and renewable approach. The present research work is focused on the development of a novel Zn–Fe LDH by a simple co-precipitation method and its utilization for the photocatalytic conversion of a rice husk extract (extracted from rice husk by means of pyrolysis) to value-added products. The synthesized, pure Zn–Fe LDH was characterized by various analytical techniques such as XRD, SEM, FTIR, and UV–Visible DRS spectroscopy. The rice husk extract was converted in a photocatalytic reactor under irradiation with 75 W white light, and the valued-added chemicals were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). It was found that the compounds in the rice husk extract before the photocatalytic reaction were mainly carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols, alkanes (in a small amount), aldehydes, ketones, and amines. After the photocatalytic reaction, all the carboxylic acids and phenols were completely converted into alkanes by complex reactions. Hence, photocatalytic biomass conversion of a rice husk extract was successfully carried out in the present experimental work, opening new avenues for the development of related research domains, with a great potential for obtaining an alternate fuel and overcoming environmental pollution.

This study presents the theoretical investigation of a roll-over thin layer formation under the lubrication approximation theory. The set of differential equations derived by lubrication approximation is solved by the optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM) to obtain precise expressions for pressure and velocity gradients. Critical quantities such as velocity, pressure gradient, and coating layer depth are numerically estimated. The impact of parameters affecting the coating and layer formation is revealed in detail. Results indicate that the transport properties of the higher-grade fluid play an essential role in regulating velocity, pressure, and the final coated region. Moreover, couple stress effects on the properties of fluid particles to be coated on roller-surface have also been studied.

Recently, nanocomposites of polymers have attracted attention due to their advanced features compared to their complement polymer microcomposites. In this study, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was used as a matrix; antimony trioxide (primary flame retardant) and montmorillonite organo-clay (secondary flame retardant), along with benzoflex (plasticizer), were used as fillers to examine their synergistic effect. Nanocomposites of various compositions (TPU-1 to TPU-6) were prepared via the melt-mixing method and compressed to form sheets of the desired dimensions with a compression molding hydraulic press machine. Characterization of the samples was conducted with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A tensile test was performed through a universal testing machine (UTM) which showed that the Young’s Modulus improved from 147.348 MPa for the pure sample (TPU-1) to 244.568 MPa for TPU-6. A UL-94 test was executed to observe flame retardance. The sample of interest (TPU-6) achieved V-0 classification in UL-94. All these results confirmed the synergistic effect of primary and secondary flame retardants. An optimum increase in fire resistance and mechanical strength was observed for TPU-6.

In present learning, surface protection layer progression of a third-grade fluid (TGF) is examined. Fluid transport within the micro passage made by the firm bladehas beenpresented. Main system of equations of fluidity have been narrated and streamlined by means of lubrication approximation theory (LAT). Here, approximate solutions of velocity, pressure gradient, and coating depth have been presented. Results of coating and layer forming have been tabulated and discussed as well. It is observed that the transport properties of third-order fluid delivers an instrument to regulate flow velocity, pressure, and affect the final coated region.