We have developed a framework to convert an arbitrary integer factorization problem to an executable Ising model by first writing it as an optimization function then transforming the k-bit coupling (k ≥ 3) terms to quadratic terms using ancillary variables. Our resource-efficient method uses $${\mathscr{O}}({\mathrm{log}}^{2}(N))$$O ( log 2 ( N ) ) binary variables (qubits) for finding the factors of an integer N. We present how to factorize 15, 143, 59989, and 376289 using 4, 12, 59, and 94 logical qubits, respectively. This method was tested using the D-Wave 2000Q for finding an embedding and determining the prime factors for a given composite number. The method is general and could be used to factor larger integers as the number of available qubits increases, or combined with other ad hoc methods to achieve better performances for specific numbers.

Finding high-quality parameters is a central obstacle to using the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). Previous work partially addresses this issue for QAOA on unweighted MaxCut problems by leveraging similarities in the objective landscape among different problem instances. However, we show that the more general weighted MaxCut problem has significantly modified objective landscapes, with a proliferation of poor local optima. Our main contribution is a simple rescaling scheme that overcomes these deleterious effects of weights. We show that for a given QAOA depth, a single “typical” vector of QAOA parameters can be successfully transferred to weighted MaxCut instances. This transfer leads to a median decrease in the approximation ratio of only 2.0 percentage points relative to a considerably more expensive direct optimization on a dataset of 34,701 instances with up to 20 nodes and multiple weight distributions. This decrease can be reduced to 1.2 percentage points at the cost of only 10 additional QAOA circuit evaluations with parameters sampled from a pretrained metadistribution, or the transferred parameters can be used as a starting point for a single local optimization run to obtain approximation ratios equivalent to those achieved by exhaustive optimization in 96.35% of our cases.

Adopting quantum communication to modern networking requires transmitting quantum information through a fiber-based infrastructure. We report the first demonstration of superdense coding over optical fiber links, taking advantage of a complete Bell-state measurement enabled by time-polarization hyperentanglement, linear optics, and common single-photon detectors. We demonstrate the highest single-qubit channel capacity to date utilizing linear optics, $1.665\pm 0.018$, and we provide a full experimental implementation of a hybrid, quantum-classical communication protocol for image transfer.

Quantum annealing offers an approach to finding the optimal solutions for a variety of computational problems, where the quantum annealing controls influence the observed performance and error mechanisms by tuning the underlying quantum dynamics. However, the influence of the available controls is often poorly understood, and methods for evaluating the effects of these controls are necessary to tune quantum computational performance. Here we use portfolio optimization as a case study by which to benchmark quantum annealing controls and their relative effects on computational accuracy. We compare empirical results from the D-Wave $2000{\mathrm{Q}}^{\mathrm{TM}}$ quantum annealer to the computational ground truth for a variety of portfolio optimization instances. We evaluate both forward and reverse annealing methods and we identify control variations that yield optimal performance in terms of probability of success and probability of chain breaks.

A core concept in condensed matter physics is geometric frustration that leads to emergent spin phases in magnetic materials. These distinct phases, which depart from the conventional ferromagnet or the antiferromagnet, require unique computational techniques to decipher. In this study, we use the canonical Ising Shastry-Sutherland lattice to demonstrate new techniques for solving frustrated Hamiltonians using a quantum annealer of programmable superconducting qubits. This Hamiltonian can be tuned to produce a variety of intriguing ground states ranging from short- and long-range orders and fractional order parameters. We show that a large-scale finite-field quantum annealing experiment is possible on 468 logical spins of this model embedded into the quantum hardware. We determine microscopic spin configurations using an iterative quantum annealing protocol and develop mean-field boundary conditions to attenuate finite-size effects and defects. We not only recover all phases of the Shastry-Sutherland Ising model—including the well-known fractional magnetization plateau in a longitudinal field—but also predict the spin behavior at the critical points with significant ground-state degeneracy and in the presence of defects. The results lead us to establish the connection to the diffuse neutron scattering experiments by calculation of the static structure factors.