Three new cationic gemini surfactants with ester spacer type 2-2′-(ethane-1,2-diyl bis(oxy)) bis(N-(2-alkanamidoethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium)) dichloride) (CGSES12, CGSES14 and CGSES16), based on N,N-dimethyl fatty amido ethylamine, were produced. These gemini quaternary ammonium salts were synthesized using a three-step reaction method, starting from th/e condensation of the fatty acid chloride (RCOCl) of various hydrophobic chain lengths (R, C₁₁H₂₃, C₁₃H₂₇, C₁₅H₃₁) with N,N-dimethyl ethylene diamine, followed by the quaternization of the tertiary amino group formed with the spacer of the ester group formed in the second step. The chemical configuration of the surfactants was established by FT-IR, ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR and Mass spectroscopies. The inhibition performance of three surfactants was studied by weight loss and electrochemical measurements. The results show that CGSES12, CGSES14 and CGSES16 behave as effective inhibitors and surface agents. The maximum efficiency was higher than 94% at 2.5 mM, and the inhibition order was CGSES16 > CGSES14 > CGSES12. This was due to the increment in hydrophobicity of the gemini surfactants. Their adsorption on a mild steel surface followed the Langmuir isotherm. CGSES12, CGSES14 and CGSES16 can be considered mixed-type inhibitors. The presence of CGSES12, CGSES14 and CGSES16 increased charge transfer resistance and decreased the corrosion rate. The adsorption focused on heteroatoms and the surface properties of cationic gemini surfactants.

Sunflower, soybean, and linseed oils are renewable resources that can be readily epoxidized. Epoxidation of these oils has the potential for use as an environmentally friendly, reactive material in pigmented formulation, designed for use as functional coatings. This study concern the synthesis of phthalimide modified epoxy compounds through reacting N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) phthalimide (HEP) with epoxidized sunflower, soybean and linseed oils. The resulting compounds possessed both oxirane ring and phthalimide group. Incorporation of phthalimide group into epoxy resins provided cyclic imide structure and high cross‐linking density to the stoved resins, to achieve good mechanical characteristics and high chemical resistance to these resins. The films of phthalimide sunflower, soybean and linseed‐based epoxy resins were found to be similar with respect to resistance to water, alkali, acids, and solvents as well as gloss%, adhesion, impact, hardness, bending, and flexibility.

Superabsorbent hydrogels based on the natural polymer chitosan and acrylic acid (CS/AAc) was prepared using ⁶⁰Co gamma radiation as a source of initiation and crosslinking. The factors, which affect the preparation of CS/AAc hydrogels such as irradiation dose, CS/AAc ratios, and acrylic acid monomer concentrations, to get the best optimum conditions, were investigated. The kinetic studies of the swelling of CS/AAc hydrogel showed that it follows a Fickian type of water diffusion. The Fickian constant value ‘n’ was more than 0.5 with a high swelling capacity of 300 g/g as superabsorbent hydrogel. In addition, the suitability of CS/AAc hydrogel as carrier material for the drug Chlortetracycline-HCl has been investigated by adsorption isotherm studies. The performance of drug release from hydrogel systems, influenced by acrylic acid ratio and the effect of pH of the medium was studied.

The conventional Metal cutting fluids (MCFs) used are mineral-based petroleum oils that perform well but are toxic and difficult to dispose of; therefore, these are hazardous to human health as well as the environment. This issue can be solved by using natural vegetable oil-based MCF, which are readily available, environment and human-friendly, and renewable. Therefore, we synthesized various types of emulsifiers (anionic, and nonionic with different ethylene oxide units as well as mono and gemini cationic surfactants as corrosion inhibitors and biocides) based on recycled vegetable oil (RO) from spent bleaching earth (SBE), and elucidated their chemical structures by different spectroscopic techniques. The individually synthesized emulsifiers (anionic, and nonionic with different ethylene oxide units) at different ratios (8–15 by wt.%) and mixed emulsifiers (anionic/nonionic, nonionic/nonionic with different degrees of ethylene oxide) at different ratios (8–12 by wt.%) were utilized as additives in the preparation of different vegetable residual oil-based MCF formulations. The mixed emulsifiers at different ratios of nonionic/nonionic with hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value 10 (Formulas I, II, III, and IV), and anionic/nonionic (Formula V, and VI) exhibited stable emulsions compared to individual emulsifiers. Formulas (I and VI) displayed good protection effectiveness in corrosion tests. Formula VI had better wettability (25.22 on CS, 23.68 on Al, and 22.28 on WC) and a smaller particle size (63.97 nm). Tribological properties of Formula VI were also performed. The results exhibit that Formula VI is consistent with the commercial sample. As a result, this study contributed to the resolution of one of the industry's problems

A fatty hydrazide based cationic gemini surfactants, 1,3-bis (N'-acyl-N,N-dimethylhydrazinium) propane dibromide which possess hydrolyzable amido moieties in the lipophilic portions, were prepared by reacting 1,3-bromopropane with N,N-dimethyl fatty hydrazide. The surface properties were explained and discussed based on the effect of their chemical structures. The micelle-forming ability, foaming ability, and foam stability were evaluated. The prepared surfactants also showed some antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) but they were not active against gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, P. aeruginosa), yeast (Candida albicans), and molds (Aspergillus niger).