The aim of the article is to analyze the relationship between lifestyle changes and willingness to use sharing economy services in tourism, including peer-to-peer accommodation. On the one hand, knowledge of lifestyle changes can help adapt the product offer to the requirements of consumers. On the other hand, products that consumers use can reflect lifestyle changes. The following classification of motivations for sharing economy activity selection resulting from the subjects’ lifestyles has been proposed: personal motivations—related to economic advantages; social (conformist) motivations—resulting from the need to fit in with others; and ideological motivation—resulting from the understanding of the processes of natural environment degradation and excessive consumption. In order to gather opinions and to understand behaviors, attitudes, and preferences regarding sharing economy activities (i.e., the sharing of transportation, food, clothes, equipment, and accommodation), the focus group interview method was used (6 groups, 5–8 participants each). Discussions were conducted separately for two populations: young with time (YT) and older rich (OR). The study demonstrates lifestyle changes between the generations. YT actions are the consequence of personal and ideological motivations. OR have lifestyles that result from personal and conformist motivations. Neither population sees a relationship between participating in the sharing economy and caring for the environment and preventing excessive consumption.

Purpose. Description - based on the review of Polish and English literature - of some controversial categories of travel included in medical tourism and known as circumvention tourism. The following types of “tourism” were analyzed: abortion, fertility, suicide, FGM (female genital mutilation) as well as transplant and surgical reassignment surgery tourism. We also undertook an attempt to outline the profile and the motives of participants of such trips. Method. A critical literature review. Findings. Circumvention tourism is a category of medical tourism and includes the abroad travel of patients (medical tourists) for services that are illegal in the country of the medical tourist. The most important factors of circumvention tourism development are: legal regulations, advances in transport and ICT, the development of medicine and changing consumer lifestyles. The participants are usually from developed countries and have a stable financial situation. On the other hand, the profile differs according to the type of travel (subcategory) in which they participate. The main motivations of tourists are: circumvention of legal restrictions, privacy, long waiting lists and fear of stigmatization. Practical implications. The analysis can determine further research regarding circumvention tourism. Originality. The analysis concerns circumvention tourism, which despite an increase in research on the phenomenon of medical tourism is still unexplored and a difficultly assessed area. Type of paper. A review article.

Purpose: The effects of the global COVID-19 pandemic are difficult to estimate, but the impact on the tourism industry is undeniable. This also applies to consumers’ behavior in the tourism market, whose attitudes towards travel may change radically. The aim of this chapter is to analyze substitution processes in the tourism market caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is a review in nature and includes papers on tourism economics, particularly the tourism market, as well as secondary data on changes in tourism (tourism participation and consumer behavior) due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: The Covid-19 pandemic does not have to be the factor slowing travels, as it may affect internal substitution on the tourism market. In the situation of the Covid-19 pandemic, all internal substitution options listed in the chapter were noticed on the tourism market in Poland. Research limitations/implications: As long as the emergency situation restricting the functioning of the tourism market continues, the results of the study cannot be definitive. Practical implications: The results can be useful for tour operators, especially in the process of planning tourism development after the crisis caused by the pandemic. Social implications: The chapter indicates changes in consumer behavior on the tourism market caused by COVID-19 pandemic, which may characterize tourists after the end of the pandemic. Originality and value: The article identifies types of internal substitution that occurred in the tourism market in Poland as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Badania nad sharing economy zyskują na popularności za sprawą rozwoju inicjatyw oraz firm koordynujących i wspierających wymianę usług bezpośrednio między konsumentami, takich jak Couchsurfing, Airbnb czy BlaBlaCar. Wraz z ich pojawieniem się nastąpiły zmiany w obrębie zachowań konsumentów, w tym ról, jakie odgrywają oni na rynku turystycznym. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i analiza ról konsumenta usług turystycznych w obszarze sharing economy. Metodą badawczą wykorzystaną do osiągnięcia celu pracy była analiza treści źródeł wtórnych, w tym literatury anglojęzycznej. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono ogólny zarys zjawiska. Następnie zaprezentowano przejawy sharing economy w turystyce oraz problemy związane z jego rozwojem. Dalsze rozważania dotyczą zmieniającej się roli konsumenta usług turystycznych. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła na zidentyfikowanie ról: konsumenta usługobiorcy, konsumenta usługodawcy oraz konsumenta w pełni współdzielącego. Całość zakończono wnioskami i propozycją przyszłych badań.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyse the factors influencing the decision to choose couchsurfing as a manner of accommodation or even a way of organizing an entire stay. The specific objective of the study is to present the connection between the decision of accommodation choice and the lifestyle or to short-term, individual decisions related to fashion and the effect of imitation. Method. Individual in-depth interviews with the couchsurfers (users of Couchsurfing.org) were conducted. Findings. As a result, there was a correlation between the represented lifestyle and the way of organizing the visit with couchsurfing. The fashion and effect of imitation are not relevant and do not affect the choice of couchsurfing as a way of accommodation in the case of experienced people who used it more than once. Research and conclusions limitation. The exploratory character of the study and the small sample size are the limitation and do not allow to formulate general conclusions about couchsurfing. Practical implications. The analysis can determine further research on lifestyle as a factor influencing the choice of accommodation in the area of collaborative consumption. Originality. The individualization and personalization of tourism services can be observed. Couchsurfing is the manifestation of this phenomenon. It is based on mutual hospitality (free accommodation) and helps to buildrelationships between people. Previous studies did not verify the impact of fashion and the effect of imitation on the use of couchsurfing. Type of paper. This article presents the results of empirical research.