Advances in cosmology and astronomical observations have brought to light significant tensions and uncertainties within the current model of cosmology, which assumes a spatially flat Universe and is known as the ΛCDM model. Moreover, the Planck Legacy 2018 release has preferred that the early Universe had a positive curvature with a confidence level more than 99%. This study reports a quantum mechanism that could potentially replace the concept of dark matter/energy by taking into the account the primordial curvature while generating the present-day spatial flatness. The approach incorporates the primordial curvature as the background curvature to extend the field equations into brane-world gravity. It utilizes a new wavefunction of the Universe that propagates in the bulk with respect to the scale factor and curvature radius of the early Universe upon the emission of the cosmic microwave background. The resulting wavefunction yields both positive and negative solutions, revealing the presence of a pair of entangled wavefunctions as a manifestation of the creation of matter and antimatter sides of the Universe. The wavefunction shows a nascent hyperbolic expansion away from early energy in opposite directions followed by a first decelerating expansion phase during the first ~10 Gyr and a subsequent accelerating expansion phase in reverse directions. During the second phase, both Universe sides are free-falling towards each other under gravitational acceleration. The simulation of the predicted background curvature evolution shows that the early curved background caused galaxies to experience external fields, resulting in the fast orbital speed of outer stars. Finally, the wavefunction predicts that the Universe will eventually undergo a rapid contraction phase resulting in a Big Crunch, which reveals a cyclic Universe.

Large inconsistencies in the outcome of precise measurements of Newtonian gravitational ‘constant’ were identified throughout more than three hundred experiments conducted up to date. This paper illustrates the dependency of the Newtonian gravitational parameter on the curvature of the background and the associated field strength of vacuum energy. Additionally, the derived interaction field equations show that boundary interactions and spin-spin correlations of vacuum and conventional energy densities contribute to the emergence of mass. Experimental conditions are recommended to achieve consistent outcomes of the parameter precision measurements, which can directly falsify or provide confirmations to the presented field equations.

The recent Planck Legacy 2018 release verified the presence of an enhanced lensing amplitude in the power spectra of the cosmic microwave background with a confidence level of over 99%, which implies that the early Universe had a positive curvature. In this study, the curvature of the early Universe is regarded as the curvature of 4D conformal bulk while celestial objects that induce a localized curvature in the bulk are considered as 4D relativistic cloud-worlds. Likewise, quantum fields are considered as 4D relativistic quantum clouds that are affected by the curvature of the bulk as a manifestation of gravity. This approach could eliminate the singularities and satisfy the conditions of a conformal invariance theory.

The G2 gas cloud motion data and the scarcity of observations on the event horizon-scale distances have challenged the comprehensiveness of the central supermassive black hole model. In addition, the recent Planck Legacy 2018 release has confirmed the existence of an enhanced lensing amplitude in the cosmic microwave background power spectra, which prefers a positively curved early Universe with a confidence level higher than 99%. This study investigates the impact of the background curvature and its evolution over conformal time on the formation and morphological evolution of central compact objects and the consequent effect on their host galaxies. The formation of a galaxy from the collapse of a supermassive gas cloud in the early Universe is modelled based on interaction field equations as a 4D relativistic cloud-world that flows and spins through a 4D conformal bulk of a primordial positive curvature considering the preference of the Planck release. Owing to the curved background, the derived model reveal that the galaxy and its core are formed at the same process by undergoing a forced vortex formation with a central event horizon leading to opposite vortices (traversable wormholes) that spatially shrink while evolving in the conformal time. The model shows that the accretion flow into the supermassive compact objects only occurs at the central event horizon of the two opposite vortices while their other ends eject relativistic jets. The simulation of the early bulk curvature evolution into the present spatial flatness demonstrated the fast orbital speed of outer stars owing to external fields exerted on galaxies. Furthermore, the gravitational potential of the early curved bulk contributes to galaxy formation while the present spatial flatness deprives the bulk potential which can contribute to galaxy quenching. Accordingly, the model can explain the relativistic jet generation and the G2 gas cloud motion if its orbit is around one of the vortices but at a distance from the central event horizon. Finally, the formation of a galaxy and its core simultaneously could elucidate the growth of the supermassive compact galaxy cores to a mass of ~10⁹ M_⊙ at $\le 6\%$ of the current Universe age.

Large inconsistencies in the outcome of precise measurements of Newtonian gravitational ‘constant’ were identified throughout more than three hundred experiments conducted up to date. This paper illustrates the dependency of the Newtonian gravitational parameter on the curvature of the background and the associated field strength of vacuum energy. Additionally, the derived interaction field equations show that boundary interactions and spin-spin correlations of vacuum and conventional energy densities contribute to the emergence of mass. Experimental conditions are recommended to achieve consistent outcomes of the parameter precision measurements, which can directly falsify or provide confirmations to the presented field equations.