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Dr. Rafael Fort
Institute of Geosciences IGEO (CSIC-UCM), Madrid, Spain

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0 Heritage Science
0 Stone Decay
0 Geomaterials
0 Non-destructive techniques
0 Conservation techniques assessment

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Non-destructive techniques
Stone Decay
Petrophysical properties
Geomaterials
Built cultural heritage

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Regular article
Published: 03 August 2021 in The European Physical Journal Plus
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Calcareous deposits are one of the most common alterations that archaeological ceramics can exhibit, and they can damage their artistic and historical values. For this reason, it becomes necessary to remove these deposits. However, there is no agreement in the conservation field about the conditions of the cleaning treatments. Moreover, little has been studied about the consequences that archaeological ceramics might suffer. The main purpose of this research is to study the efficacy and safety of several cleaning treatments that are or can be used in archaeological ceramics. To this aim, it was necessary, in first place, elaborating ceramic specimens, simulating archaeological ones, and artificially growing calcareous deposits on their surface. Afterwards, effective and little damaging cleaning treatments based on the immersion of the elaborated ceramics on acid products were developed. Acetic and nitric acid solutions were prepared at the minimum concentration and applied during the minimum time to be effective. Ceramic specimens were elaborated with a commercial red clay simulating archaeological ceramics to avoid trials on real cultural objects. The mineralogical composition of the ceramics was studied by X-ray powder diffraction to establish if changes occurred after the carbonation process and after the cleaning treatments, and thermogravimetric analysis allowed to quantify the calcium carbonate content in every step of the process and to determine the efficacy and safety of such cleaning treatments. According to the results obtained so far, the acid treatments (acetic and nitric acid) were both effective in the removal of the deposits and did not modify the initial mineralogical composition of the ceramic specimens. Besides, no significant differences among them were detected regarding their efficacy.

ACS Style

Águeda Sáenz-Martínez; Marta Pérez-Estébanez; Margarita San Andrés; Mónica Alvarez de Buergo; Rafael Fort. Efficacy of acid treatments used in archaeological ceramics for the removal of calcareous deposits. The European Physical Journal Plus 2021, 136, 1 -16.

AMA Style

Águeda Sáenz-Martínez, Marta Pérez-Estébanez, Margarita San Andrés, Mónica Alvarez de Buergo, Rafael Fort. Efficacy of acid treatments used in archaeological ceramics for the removal of calcareous deposits. The European Physical Journal Plus. 2021; 136 (8):1-16.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Águeda Sáenz-Martínez; Marta Pérez-Estébanez; Margarita San Andrés; Mónica Alvarez de Buergo; Rafael Fort. 2021. "Efficacy of acid treatments used in archaeological ceramics for the removal of calcareous deposits." The European Physical Journal Plus 136, no. 8: 1-16.

Journal article
Published: 22 July 2021 in Ceramics International
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This study refers to the application of in-situ electrochemical synthesis as an alternative method to improve the properties of porous materials against harmful external agents that deteriorate them. It is oriented to an understanding of the effects of crystallisation on the pore structure of different compounds commonly used in the restoration and conservation of porous materials (historical ceramics, building walls, sculptures, or biomedical applications). It analyses the microstructural, chemical details, and stability of the neo-formed phases that modify the pore network. The electrochemical synthesis was carried out at ambient temperature (20 °C), over high porous sandstone for crystallising Ca carbonate, Mg carbonate, Ca phosphate, and Ca oxalate compounds. Based on the neo-formed minerals, a comparison was made depending on their specific properties defining how they affected the pore structure. The characterisation included polarised light optical microscopy, environmental and field-emission scanning electron microscopy, digital image analysis, cathodoluminescence (CL-ESEM),energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray microdiffraction. Aragonite, hydromagnesite, hydroxyapatite, and whewellite were identified as the majority phases depending on the treatment. Phase transformation, dehydration, and dissolution-re-precipitation processes suggested different degrees of stability, including aragonite/calcite (CaCO3 treatment) and hydromagnesite/magnesite (MgCO3 treatment) transformations and simultaneous crystallisation of brushite/hydroxyapatite ((Ca3(PO4)2 treatment). Electrocrystallisation induced changes in inter-granular porosity, the development of secondary porosity inherent to the minerals, and differences in pore cementation depending on its mineralogy. Among the treatments, Mg carbonate reduced porosity most effectively, followed in descending order by calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate, being the calcium oxalate the less effective.

ACS Style

Luz S. Gomez-Villalba; Jorge Feijoo; Maria Eugenia Rabanal; Rafael Fort. In-situ electrochemical synthesis of inorganic compounds for materials conservation: Assessment of their effects on the porous structure. Ceramics International 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Luz S. Gomez-Villalba, Jorge Feijoo, Maria Eugenia Rabanal, Rafael Fort. In-situ electrochemical synthesis of inorganic compounds for materials conservation: Assessment of their effects on the porous structure. Ceramics International. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luz S. Gomez-Villalba; Jorge Feijoo; Maria Eugenia Rabanal; Rafael Fort. 2021. "In-situ electrochemical synthesis of inorganic compounds for materials conservation: Assessment of their effects on the porous structure." Ceramics International , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 07 January 2021 in Materials and Structures
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ACS Style

Jorge Feijoo; Duygu Ergenç; Rafael Fort; Mónica Álvarez de Buergo. Addition of ferrocyanide-based compounds to repairing joint lime mortars as a protective method for porous building materials against sodium chloride damage. Materials and Structures 2021, 54, 1 -20.

AMA Style

Jorge Feijoo, Duygu Ergenç, Rafael Fort, Mónica Álvarez de Buergo. Addition of ferrocyanide-based compounds to repairing joint lime mortars as a protective method for porous building materials against sodium chloride damage. Materials and Structures. 2021; 54 (1):1-20.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jorge Feijoo; Duygu Ergenç; Rafael Fort; Mónica Álvarez de Buergo. 2021. "Addition of ferrocyanide-based compounds to repairing joint lime mortars as a protective method for porous building materials against sodium chloride damage." Materials and Structures 54, no. 1: 1-20.

Journal article
Published: 29 August 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Negative effects of salt weathering on porous building materials will increase because of the global climate breakdown. The addition of crystallization modifiers as desalination technique has attracted considerable scholarly attention. This study builds on this body of knowledge by investigating the effects of potassium ferrocyanide addition on air-lime mortar under different environmental conditions. Three experimental setups were selected with different curing regimes: i) molding, ii) between sandstones and iii) between salt-laden sandstones. TGA-DSC, ion chromatography, MIP and SEM were conducted to evaluate the effects of ferrocyanide on the whole salt content, lime carbonation and mortar microstructure. Its efficiency/durability under salt exposure and wet conditions were also tested. The decay after salt crystallization cycles was evaluated by comparing air permeability, open porosity, water vapor permeability, capillary porosity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, surface hardness and roughness of samples before and after these cycles. Results showed that adding ferrocyanide improved the mortar performance in all curing regimes and its efficiency continued after capillary water uptake and salt attack.

ACS Style

D. Ergenç; J. Feijoo; Rafael Fort; Mónica Alvarez de Buergo. Effects of potassium ferrocyanide used for desalination on lime composite performances in different curing regimes. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 259, 120409 .

AMA Style

D. Ergenç, J. Feijoo, Rafael Fort, Mónica Alvarez de Buergo. Effects of potassium ferrocyanide used for desalination on lime composite performances in different curing regimes. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 259 ():120409.

Chicago/Turabian Style

D. Ergenç; J. Feijoo; Rafael Fort; Mónica Alvarez de Buergo. 2020. "Effects of potassium ferrocyanide used for desalination on lime composite performances in different curing regimes." Construction and Building Materials 259, no. : 120409.

Original paper
Published: 10 July 2020 in Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment
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Salt crystallization-induced decay of Vardavard granodiorite and Shirkouh monzogranite, two Iranian building stones, were assessed with two non-destructive methods: saturation-buoyancy technique and P- and S-wave velocity measurement. Moreover, polarized and fluorescence microscopy studies were used to evaluate the behavior of the studied stones at microscopic scale against a salt crystallization aging test. The aging test extended pre-existing microcracks and generated new ones. Intracrystalline microcracking was the most predominant microcrack type for both samples. Fine-grained Vardavard granodiorite experienced higher intercrystalline microcracking than coarse-grained Shirkouh monzogranite. The microcracking mechanism of feldspars substantially depends on their alteration degree and microstructural precursors. When a growing microcrack reaches a biotite, it propagates within the crystal if the growing microcrack coincides with the cleavage plane; otherwise, it propagates as an intercrystalline one. The increase in maximum microcrack length of the samples was higher than the increase in their mean microcrack length. Low-strength Vardavard granodiorite showed higher microcrack width after the aging test. Dry weight loss in low-strength Vardavard granodiorite was more pronounced than in high-strength Shirkouh monzogranite. Dry unit weight decreased at a higher rate than saturated unit weight with the increase of effective porosity. The reduction in ultrasonic wave velocities and the increment in effective porosity and water absorption were more pronounced for Vardavard granodiorite, indicating a higher degree of decay, i.e., higher microcrack generation, enlargement, and widening. Shirkouh monzogranite, which has large-sized crystals and pores, wider initial microcracks, high tensile strength, and low effective porosity and microcrack density, was more durable than Vardavard granodiorite.

ACS Style

Ahmad Zalooli; Mashalah Khamehchiyan; Mohammad Reza Nikudel; David Martín Freire-Lista; Rafael Fort; Shahram Ghasemi. Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 2020, 79, 5499 -5515.

AMA Style

Ahmad Zalooli, Mashalah Khamehchiyan, Mohammad Reza Nikudel, David Martín Freire-Lista, Rafael Fort, Shahram Ghasemi. Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment. 2020; 79 (10):5499-5515.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmad Zalooli; Mashalah Khamehchiyan; Mohammad Reza Nikudel; David Martín Freire-Lista; Rafael Fort; Shahram Ghasemi. 2020. "Artificial microcracking of granites subjected to salt crystallization aging test." Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 79, no. 10: 5499-5515.

Journal article
Published: 06 February 2020 in Construction and Building Materials
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Salt induced decay is considered as a frequent and serious problem that affects the porous materials used in building constructions once in service. To safeguard the integrity and perdurability of the affected monument, the main strategy is focused on to reduce the salt content, as far as possible, by the application of desalination techniques. Among the desalination techniques, it is worth mentioning the application of electrokinetic techniques due to their high efficiency (i.e. efficacy in a short period of time). The present study shows the possibility of the use of an electrochemical desalination technique, by the use of a proton pump at the anode, to desalinate a brick wall of an ancient royal stable of the 18th century. The brick wall selected for this study was severely affected by salt-induced decay caused by the high concentrations of sulphates, nitrates, and chlorides (in the three cases, the concentrations of each anion exceeded the limits from ÖNOR.M.B. 3355-1 where active salt removal is advised). The results achieved by applying the proton pump were compared with those obtained by using devices with a single electrode in the anode. The results obtained show that the chloride, nitrate, and sulphate concentrations were reduced significantly after 2 months of treatment. The amount extracted by the anode devices with two electrodes (proton pump) was greater than that reached in those devices with only one electrode. This fact is related to the proper work of the proton pump, which allowed maintaining the moisture content in the anode poultices for a longer time, favouring a greater current circulation.

ACS Style

J. Feijoo; L.M. Ottosen; O. Matyscak; R. Fort. Electrokinetic desalination of a farmhouse applying a proton pump approach. First in situ experience. Construction and Building Materials 2020, 243, 118308 .

AMA Style

J. Feijoo, L.M. Ottosen, O. Matyscak, R. Fort. Electrokinetic desalination of a farmhouse applying a proton pump approach. First in situ experience. Construction and Building Materials. 2020; 243 ():118308.

Chicago/Turabian Style

J. Feijoo; L.M. Ottosen; O. Matyscak; R. Fort. 2020. "Electrokinetic desalination of a farmhouse applying a proton pump approach. First in situ experience." Construction and Building Materials 243, no. : 118308.

Journal article
Published: 30 July 2019 in Measurement
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This paper provides a multi-technical characterization of mortar samples from the Roman city Complutum. It aims to contribute to future conservation projects as well as archaeological research on Roman construction techniques. Archaeological mortar samples were analysed via binder aggregate ratio, grain size distribution and POM, XRD, SEM/EDS, TGA/DSC, XRF and isotope analysis (δ18O and δ13C). The analyses provided information on how mortar was prepared by Roman builders. Sub-rounded sand aggregates collected from Henares riverbank and Tertiary-age limestone were used in lime production. To make the mortar hydraulic, ceramic dust, fly ash, chamotte, and charcoal were used. Generally, a planned and consistent mortar manufacture can be deduced. In two construction phases there exist slight differences in mortar production. In the second phase more aggregate were preferred after empirical knowledge gained about crack formation. The combined measurement techniques utilized in this study permitted relative dating of the mortar based on compositional types.

ACS Style

Duygu Ergenç; Rafael Fort. Multi-technical characterization of Roman mortars from Complutum, Spain. Measurement 2019, 147, 106876 .

AMA Style

Duygu Ergenç, Rafael Fort. Multi-technical characterization of Roman mortars from Complutum, Spain. Measurement. 2019; 147 ():106876.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duygu Ergenç; Rafael Fort. 2019. "Multi-technical characterization of Roman mortars from Complutum, Spain." Measurement 147, no. : 106876.

Journal article
Published: 17 April 2019 in Applied Clay Science
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Glazed ceramics -both original and replacement- from Chamberí Metro Station (built in 1919) in Madrid (Spain) were studied using a multidisciplinary approach aimed at finding out more about the materials and technologies used to make them. The original white tiles, which help illuminate these underground spaces, were manufactured in Onda, Castellón (Spain) with very calcareous clays fired at ≈950 °C and coated with lead alkali-glazes. The original decorative pieces, with a metallic sheen, were made in Triana, Seville (Spain) with calcareous and illite clays fired at temperatures of between 850 and 950 °C and treated with transparent lead glazes. The replacement pieces had the same appearance as the originals but were more resistant. The white tiles were made out of quartz-rich, illite-kaolinite and calcareous clays fired at temperatures of >950 °C with an alkali-glaze that was very rich in zircon and aluminium. The decorative pieces were made from illite-kaolinite clays very rich in aluminium and fired at <850 °C. These included an additive in the form of a highly refractory grog and were covered with an aluminium-rich lead‑potassium glaze. The manufacturing techniques used to make each type of piece varied depending on their particular function within the station.

ACS Style

Elena Mercedes Pérez-Monserrat; Giuseppe Cultrone; Jesús María Rincón; Antonio Perla; Rafael Fort. Multidisciplinary study of glazed ceramics from Chamberí Metro Station (Madrid, Spain): A knowledge base with technological and heritage value. Applied Clay Science 2019, 175, 102 -114.

AMA Style

Elena Mercedes Pérez-Monserrat, Giuseppe Cultrone, Jesús María Rincón, Antonio Perla, Rafael Fort. Multidisciplinary study of glazed ceramics from Chamberí Metro Station (Madrid, Spain): A knowledge base with technological and heritage value. Applied Clay Science. 2019; 175 ():102-114.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Mercedes Pérez-Monserrat; Giuseppe Cultrone; Jesús María Rincón; Antonio Perla; Rafael Fort. 2019. "Multidisciplinary study of glazed ceramics from Chamberí Metro Station (Madrid, Spain): A knowledge base with technological and heritage value." Applied Clay Science 175, no. : 102-114.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2018 in The European Physical Journal Plus
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By the joint use of traditional techniques and portable non-invasive instrumentations, we investigated different wall painting samples taken from the domus, La Casa de los Grifos, of Roman site, Complutum, which is located in World Heritage Site Alcalá de Henares (Madrid, Spain). The aim of the study was to characterize the wall paintings and different layers of supporting mortars. For this portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) device and portable Raman spectrometer were used for the pigment identification. Complementary micro-destructive laboratory techniques (Polarised Optical Microscopy (POM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM-EDS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)) were used on the same samples to further investigate the petrography, mineralogy and pigment composition. In addition to the experiments on collected non-restored samples, spectrophotometric measurements in the laboratory and their associated colours in situ were compared, to see the colour difference. The results allowed the characterization of materials in the painted surface layer together with the mortar support, providing useful information about the painting technologies and for suitable restoration processes.

ACS Style

Duygu Ergenç; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Rafael Fort; Ana Lucía Sánchez Montes. Characterization of the wall paintings in La Casa de los Grifos of Roman city Complutum. The European Physical Journal Plus 2018, 133, 355 .

AMA Style

Duygu Ergenç, Mauro Francesco La Russa, Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo, Rafael Fort, Ana Lucía Sánchez Montes. Characterization of the wall paintings in La Casa de los Grifos of Roman city Complutum. The European Physical Journal Plus. 2018; 133 (9):355.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duygu Ergenç; Mauro Francesco La Russa; Silvestro Antonio Ruffolo; Rafael Fort; Ana Lucía Sánchez Montes. 2018. "Characterization of the wall paintings in La Casa de los Grifos of Roman city Complutum." The European Physical Journal Plus 133, no. 9: 355.

Journal article
Published: 24 August 2018 in Construction and Building Materials
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To accelerate the carbonation of lime, mortar samples were cured in chambers with high CO2 concentration. Two types of lime mortar were prepared, which are similar to Roman mortar types: lime and standard sand (M1) and extra ceramic dust and fragments (M2). After demolding, half of the samples were placed in the climate chamber where conditions were constant (20 °C, 60%, 1600 ppm) for six months, and the rest were left in laboratory conditions (25 °C, 34%, 703 ppm). The carbonation of the samples was evaluated at 28, 90, 120 and 180 days as well as microstructural, physical, hydric and mechanical properties. CO2 curing had pronounced effects on both types of mortar. M2 mortar samples showed advanced calcite precipitation and early improvement in various properties. At later stages, cracks caused drops in those properties.

ACS Style

Duygu Ergenç; Rafael Fort. Accelerating carbonation in lime-based mortar in high CO2 environments. Construction and Building Materials 2018, 188, 314 -325.

AMA Style

Duygu Ergenç, Rafael Fort. Accelerating carbonation in lime-based mortar in high CO2 environments. Construction and Building Materials. 2018; 188 ():314-325.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duygu Ergenç; Rafael Fort. 2018. "Accelerating carbonation in lime-based mortar in high CO2 environments." Construction and Building Materials 188, no. : 314-325.

Journal article
Published: 23 August 2018 in CrystEngComm
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The study shows a correlation between microstructure, atomic-scale observations and intrinsic cathodoluminescence from two types of nano-brucite (Mg(OH)2) synthesized by hydrothermal and sol–gel methods, and a third one that was commercially acquired.

ACS Style

Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba; Aranzazu Sierra Fernández; Patricia Quintana; Maria Eugenia Rabanal; Rafael Fort. Correlation between microstructure and cathodoluminescence properties of Mg(OH)2 (brucite) nanoparticles: effect of synthesis method. CrystEngComm 2018, 20, 5632 -5640.

AMA Style

Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba, Aranzazu Sierra Fernández, Patricia Quintana, Maria Eugenia Rabanal, Rafael Fort. Correlation between microstructure and cathodoluminescence properties of Mg(OH)2 (brucite) nanoparticles: effect of synthesis method. CrystEngComm. 2018; 20 (37):5632-5640.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba; Aranzazu Sierra Fernández; Patricia Quintana; Maria Eugenia Rabanal; Rafael Fort. 2018. "Correlation between microstructure and cathodoluminescence properties of Mg(OH)2 (brucite) nanoparticles: effect of synthesis method." CrystEngComm 20, no. 37: 5632-5640.

Journal article
Published: 01 August 2018 in Materials Characterization
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This study examines crystal development during the carbonation of lime mortars according to the additives used and curing conditions. Two types of samples were prepared, one with sand and the other one additionally including Roman ceramics. These mortars were cured: 1) by spraying with a carbonation accelerator product under laboratory conditions; 2) in a climate chamber under 20 °C, 60% relative humidity, and 1600 ppm CO2; and 3) under laboratory conditions as controls. Polarized light microscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD were used at 28, 90, 120 and 180 days to monitor the carbonation process. Observations indicate the development of different CaCO3 polymorphs, which appeared as metastable phases. The early nucleation of a well-defined calcite phase as the most stable CaCO3 polymorph was only identified in the chamber-cured samples. Differences in the pore network were observed depending on the composition and morphology of the mortar components and the environmental curing conditions.

ACS Style

Duygu Ergenç; Luz S. Gómez-Villalba; Rafael Fort. Crystal development during carbonation of lime-based mortars in different environmental conditions. Materials Characterization 2018, 142, 276 -288.

AMA Style

Duygu Ergenç, Luz S. Gómez-Villalba, Rafael Fort. Crystal development during carbonation of lime-based mortars in different environmental conditions. Materials Characterization. 2018; 142 ():276-288.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duygu Ergenç; Luz S. Gómez-Villalba; Rafael Fort. 2018. "Crystal development during carbonation of lime-based mortars in different environmental conditions." Materials Characterization 142, no. : 276-288.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Sensors and Actuators A: Physical
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ACS Style

Soizic Gibeaux; Maria Inmaculada Martínez-Garrido; Patricia Vázquez; Céline Thomachot-Schneider; Rafael Fort. Wireless environmental monitoring coupled to NDT for decay risk analysis (at St. Joseph Chapel in Reims, France). Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 2018, 272, 102 -113.

AMA Style

Soizic Gibeaux, Maria Inmaculada Martínez-Garrido, Patricia Vázquez, Céline Thomachot-Schneider, Rafael Fort. Wireless environmental monitoring coupled to NDT for decay risk analysis (at St. Joseph Chapel in Reims, France). Sensors and Actuators A: Physical. 2018; 272 ():102-113.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Soizic Gibeaux; Maria Inmaculada Martínez-Garrido; Patricia Vázquez; Céline Thomachot-Schneider; Rafael Fort. 2018. "Wireless environmental monitoring coupled to NDT for decay risk analysis (at St. Joseph Chapel in Reims, France)." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 272, no. : 102-113.

Chapter
Published: 23 January 2018 in Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone
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The degradation of stone cultural heritage represents an irreversible loss of rich cultural heritage, and seeking ways to preserve it is urgent. Among different degradation processes, the loss of stone cohesion and biodeterioration are two of the most common issues that affect stone substrates. To solve this, the introduction of nanotechnology in the cultural heritage preservation field has represented a great revolution. The reason is that a particle size reduction of materials to the nanoscale highly increases their effectiveness as stone treatments. Thereby, different nanomaterials have been developed and applied as consolidating products and protective coatings in stone artworks. Due to the increased compatibility of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) with a large part of the built and sculptural heritage, this chapter accentuates the use of inorganic NPs for the consolidation and antifungal protection of stone heritage. Special focus is given to the factors that can influence the success of the treatment.

ACS Style

A. Sierra-Fernandez; Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba; Susana De la Rosa-García; S. Gomez-Cornelio; P. Quintana; M.E. Rabanal; R. Fort. Inorganic Nanomaterials for the Consolidation and Antifungal Protection of Stone Heritage. Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone 2018, 125 -149.

AMA Style

A. Sierra-Fernandez, Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba, Susana De la Rosa-García, S. Gomez-Cornelio, P. Quintana, M.E. Rabanal, R. Fort. Inorganic Nanomaterials for the Consolidation and Antifungal Protection of Stone Heritage. Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone. 2018; ():125-149.

Chicago/Turabian Style

A. Sierra-Fernandez; Luz Stella Gomez-Villalba; Susana De la Rosa-García; S. Gomez-Cornelio; P. Quintana; M.E. Rabanal; R. Fort. 2018. "Inorganic Nanomaterials for the Consolidation and Antifungal Protection of Stone Heritage." Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone , no. : 125-149.

Journal article
Published: 12 January 2018 in Materials and Structures
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This study investigates the effect of the diethyl carbonate as a carbonation accelerator on the carbonation of lime mortars. Two types of lime mortars were prepared, one using lime putty and standard sand and the other using lime putty, dust and fragments of ceramic and standard sand. After a curing time of two weeks, the accelerator product, diethyl carbonate in a solution of ethanol and water, was sprayed on half of the mortars of each type. The differences in the carbonation performance were analyzed at 28, 90, 120 and 180 days using different analytical methods. Apart from the mineralogical and petrographic characterization, the physical, mechanical and hydric properties of the samples were determined. Mechanical tests were conducted only at 90, 120 and 180 days, because at 28 days the lime mortars were considered still too soft. The mortar samples with the accelerator had steadier carbonation and slight changes in their microstructure.

ACS Style

Duygu Ergenç; Rafael Fort; António Santos Silva; Rosário Veiga; David Sanz Arauz. The effects of DiloCarB as carbonation accelerator on the properties of lime mortars. Materials and Structures 2018, 51, 10 .

AMA Style

Duygu Ergenç, Rafael Fort, António Santos Silva, Rosário Veiga, David Sanz Arauz. The effects of DiloCarB as carbonation accelerator on the properties of lime mortars. Materials and Structures. 2018; 51 (1):10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Duygu Ergenç; Rafael Fort; António Santos Silva; Rosário Veiga; David Sanz Arauz. 2018. "The effects of DiloCarB as carbonation accelerator on the properties of lime mortars." Materials and Structures 51, no. 1: 10.

Original articles
Published: 05 January 2018 in International Journal of Architectural Heritage
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The color patterns generally found on the façades of architecturally sensitive buildings have an adverse impact on their aesthetics, to the detriment of their identity and potential economic value. A quantitative and qualitative study was conducted of the perception of aesthetic decay in the limestone on a heritage building. The study assessed building aesthetics between two façade cleaning operations, conducted in 1984–1986 and 2006–2008. Based on the calculation of the final or total soiling index, by means of in situ lightness measurement and three architectural design variables, the color distribution of the façades was quantified in 2006 and a model was developed to monitor façade soiling over time. The proposed model, a tool for planning preventive façade maintenance on architecturally sensitive buildings, advocates for sustainable cleaning operations. Its premise that periodic cleaning should only be conducted in areas where the limestone is affected by aesthetic decay redounds to minimised intervention and lower building management costs.

ACS Style

Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort; Maria Jose Varas-Muriel. Monitoring façade soiling as a maintenance strategy for the sensitive built heritage. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2018, 12, 816 -827.

AMA Style

Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Rafael Fort, Maria Jose Varas-Muriel. Monitoring façade soiling as a maintenance strategy for the sensitive built heritage. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2018; 12 (5):816-827.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort; Maria Jose Varas-Muriel. 2018. "Monitoring façade soiling as a maintenance strategy for the sensitive built heritage." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 12, no. 5: 816-827.

Original paper
Published: 05 December 2017 in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences
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The Iron Age societies of the southeastern Iberian Peninsula, like their Greek and Etruscan counterparts, used stone sculptures to decorate their sanctuaries and cemeteries. Limestone was the raw material used. While abundant throughout the region, it was not always of sufficient quality to implement the iconographic projects at hand. This paper describes a study of Jutia monument (fourth to second centuries BCE), an architectural structure supporting a number of zoomorphic sculptures. Located at a distance from any major city of the time, the sculptor’s workshop had to select the best materials in the surrounds. The present study aims to establish the origin of the limestone used and ascertain how decisions were made and collective work invested to build this monument. A geological study of the possible areas of origin is supplemented with the petrological characterisation of the respective outcropped materials and the archaeological elements recovered. Colour parameters, ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) and limestone hardness and geochemical composition, the latter using a handheld XRF instrument, are also determined. The findings reveal that the figures were sculpted from Upper Miocene calcarenite or sandy limestones quarried at around 3 km from the site. In contrast, other parts of the building were erected with bioclastic limestone from the immediate surrounds, at just 200 m from the monument.

ACS Style

Rafael Fort; Teresa Chapa; Susana González Reyero. Selective use of limestone in Iberian Iron Age sculptures and monuments: a case study from Jutia (Albacete, Spain). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 2017, 11, 853 -870.

AMA Style

Rafael Fort, Teresa Chapa, Susana González Reyero. Selective use of limestone in Iberian Iron Age sculptures and monuments: a case study from Jutia (Albacete, Spain). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2017; 11 (3):853-870.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rafael Fort; Teresa Chapa; Susana González Reyero. 2017. "Selective use of limestone in Iberian Iron Age sculptures and monuments: a case study from Jutia (Albacete, Spain)." Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 11, no. 3: 853-870.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2017 in Science of The Total Environment
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This study examines the deterioration of geomaterials used throughout history that today may be found lying on the ocean floor. Submerged archaeological sites including cargoes from shipwrecks or ancient city ruins have been a topic of interest from a perspective of in situ musealization, as a way of making underwater cultural heritage accessible to the public. In an experimental study conducted at an underwater archaeological site in the Bay of Cádiz (SW Spain), we subjected two types of marble (Carrara and Macael) to three conditions to which submerged archaeological objects are often exposed: full exposure to the water column, natural processes of burial and unearthing, or permanent burial. After an 18-month study period, the factor found to mostly affect these materials was their biological colonization. This factor was assessed by estimating total surface biocover and the rate of surface biocolonization, and also through the identification of skeletons and associated alteration forms by light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Biofouling and bioerosion were the main causes of biodeterioration and dependent on the position of the marble specimens in the seawater. The response of both materials was similar, though dolomite crystals in the Carrara marble acted as a protective barrier against actively penetrating microorganisms. These investigations have allowed the study of tracers left by epilithic encrusting organisms and endolithic bioeroders on marbles intentionally exposed to seawater, providing new insights to the understanding of the biodeterioration processes occurring in cultural heritage stones, with significant implications when they are part of underwater archaeological remains.

ACS Style

Beatriz Cámara; Mónica Álvarez de Buergo; Manuel Bethencourt; Tomás Fernández-Montblanc; Mauro F. La Russa; Michela Ricca; Rafael Fort. Biodeterioration of marble in an underwater environment. Science of The Total Environment 2017, 609, 109 -122.

AMA Style

Beatriz Cámara, Mónica Álvarez de Buergo, Manuel Bethencourt, Tomás Fernández-Montblanc, Mauro F. La Russa, Michela Ricca, Rafael Fort. Biodeterioration of marble in an underwater environment. Science of The Total Environment. 2017; 609 ():109-122.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Beatriz Cámara; Mónica Álvarez de Buergo; Manuel Bethencourt; Tomás Fernández-Montblanc; Mauro F. La Russa; Michela Ricca; Rafael Fort. 2017. "Biodeterioration of marble in an underwater environment." Science of The Total Environment 609, no. : 109-122.

Articles
Published: 05 October 2017 in International Journal of Architectural Heritage
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Throughout history, natural stones have been used as building materials in the architectural heritage. The purpose of this research is to assess the influence of anisotropy on building granites’ behavior. This article deals with San Giovanni in Fiore granite (Italy). Samples are subjected to several tests, namely: petrographic analysis; ultrasonic P-waves velocity; uniaxial compressive, flexural and indirect tensile strength; and point load, with respect to different angles between splitting planes and loading directions. Good strength values indicate that this granite is to be considered as adequate as building material, even though it exhibits an anisotropic behavior. The microcrack systems and their different orientation along the spatial directions, influence the petrophysical and mechanical behavior. The highest strength values are registered for the anisotropic XY plane (Z-direction), for all performed tests. Thus, it can be used in construction whilst considering the anisotropic directions to improve its strength properties and its resistance to decay processes.

ACS Style

Giulia Forestieri; David M. Freire-Lista; Anna Maria De Francesco; Maurizio Pontea; Rafael Fort. Strength anisotropy in building granites. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 2017, 1 -13.

AMA Style

Giulia Forestieri, David M. Freire-Lista, Anna Maria De Francesco, Maurizio Pontea, Rafael Fort. Strength anisotropy in building granites. International Journal of Architectural Heritage. 2017; ():1-13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giulia Forestieri; David M. Freire-Lista; Anna Maria De Francesco; Maurizio Pontea; Rafael Fort. 2017. "Strength anisotropy in building granites." International Journal of Architectural Heritage , no. : 1-13.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2017 in Ge-conservacion
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Building materials used at the Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain) were studied. The study addressed the information both achieved from documental resources and characterization techniques. Documentary work has enabled to know about the architect thought, the ideology of the project or the grounds that conditioned such materials selection; it also permitted to learn about materials provenance and/or its elaboration. Analytical studies provided information about petrographic features of the materials and their composition; limestone provenance was confirmed and new data on material manufacture were provided. Such information, which deserves to be known and disseminated, provides a significant heritage value to materials that shape cultural assets. Studies with a multidisciplinary approach represent a commitment to improve the knowledge and conservation of heritage.

ACS Style

Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort González; Maria José Varas-Muriel; Monica Alvarez De Buergo. Heritage value of building materials: Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain) case study. Ge-conservacion 2017, 11, 17 -24.

AMA Style

Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat, Rafael Fort González, Maria José Varas-Muriel, Monica Alvarez De Buergo. Heritage value of building materials: Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain) case study. Ge-conservacion. 2017; 11 ():17-24.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Elena Mercedes Perez-Monserrat; Rafael Fort González; Maria José Varas-Muriel; Monica Alvarez De Buergo. 2017. "Heritage value of building materials: Former Workers Hospital of Maudes, Madrid (Spain) case study." Ge-conservacion 11, no. : 17-24.