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Prof. Guy Van Assche
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB, Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science

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Journal article
Published: 30 July 2021 in Polymers
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In recent work, the thermoreversible Diels–Alder reaction between furan and maleimide functional groups has been studied extensively in the context of self-healing elastomers and thermosets. To elaborate the influence of the stoichiometric ratio between the maleimide and furan reactive groups on the thermomechanical properties and viscoelastic behavior of formed reversible covalent polymer networks, a series of Diels–Alder-based networks with different stoichiometric ratios was synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and dynamic rheology measurements were performed on the reversible polymer networks, to relate the reversible network structure to the material properties and reactivity. Such knowledge allows the design and optimization of the thermomechanical behavior of the reversible networks for intended applications. Lowering the maleimide-to-furan ratio creates a deficit of maleimide functional groups, resulting in a decrease in the crosslink density of the system, and a consequent decrease in the glass transition temperature, Young’s modulus, and gel transition temperature. The excess of unreacted furan in the system results in faster reaction and healing kinetics and a shift of the reaction equilibrium.

ACS Style

Ali Safaei; Seppe Terryn; Bram Vanderborght; Guy Van Assche; Joost Brancart. The Influence of the Furan and Maleimide Stoichiometry on the Thermoreversible Diels–Alder Network Polymerization. Polymers 2021, 13, 2522 .

AMA Style

Ali Safaei, Seppe Terryn, Bram Vanderborght, Guy Van Assche, Joost Brancart. The Influence of the Furan and Maleimide Stoichiometry on the Thermoreversible Diels–Alder Network Polymerization. Polymers. 2021; 13 (15):2522.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali Safaei; Seppe Terryn; Bram Vanderborght; Guy Van Assche; Joost Brancart. 2021. "The Influence of the Furan and Maleimide Stoichiometry on the Thermoreversible Diels–Alder Network Polymerization." Polymers 13, no. 15: 2522.

Paper
Published: 07 January 2021 in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
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The photodimerization and thermal dissociation kinetics of anthracene derivatives and corresponding photodimers are related to the substituent chemical structures.

ACS Style

Joost Brancart; Jonas Van Damme; Filip Du Prez; Guy Van Assche. Substituent effect on the thermophysical properties and thermal dissociation behaviour of 9-substituted anthracene derivatives. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2021, 23, 2252 -2263.

AMA Style

Joost Brancart, Jonas Van Damme, Filip Du Prez, Guy Van Assche. Substituent effect on the thermophysical properties and thermal dissociation behaviour of 9-substituted anthracene derivatives. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2021; 23 (3):2252-2263.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joost Brancart; Jonas Van Damme; Filip Du Prez; Guy Van Assche. 2021. "Substituent effect on the thermophysical properties and thermal dissociation behaviour of 9-substituted anthracene derivatives." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 23, no. 3: 2252-2263.

Article
Published: 05 August 2020 in Journal of Coatings Technology and Research
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The objective of this work is to develop and evaluate experimental approaches with different analytical techniques to measure the permeability, diffusivity, and solubility of water in model coatings. These properties are of primary relevance in studies of coatings for corrosion protection. For water permeation measurements, setups were designed and prepared to facilitate measurements by microcalorimetry, gravimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. For sorption measurements, films were prepared in various thicknesses to allow a proper analysis with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in transmission mode and gravimetry. Both methods are successful in following water uptake kinetic curves, being complementary in film thickness ranges that can be analyzed. The validity of the permeabilities calculated from permeation measurements is compared to results from group contribution methods and reported values in the literature. Diffusivities were determined using data from the transient region in sorption and permeation measurements, as well as from the steady-state permeation rate and equilibrium solubility in permeation and sorption measurements, respectively.

ACS Style

E. Jalilian; H. Terryn; G. Van Assche. Water permeation in coatings. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 2020, 17, 1437 -1445.

AMA Style

E. Jalilian, H. Terryn, G. Van Assche. Water permeation in coatings. Journal of Coatings Technology and Research. 2020; 17 (6):1437-1445.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Jalilian; H. Terryn; G. Van Assche. 2020. "Water permeation in coatings." Journal of Coatings Technology and Research 17, no. 6: 1437-1445.

Journal article
Published: 24 July 2020 in Polymer
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Self-healing materials have been intensively studied as materials that can mimic healing properties of biological systems. Reversible polymeric networks based on Diels-Alder thermoreversible covalent bonds exhibit great healing performance by controlling the temperature of the system. Despite the attractive applications of self-healing materials, most of them are restricted to the repair of narrow cracks due to their restricted mobility in the solid state. In this work, magnetite (Fe3O4) particles are used to create self-healing magnetic composites. The use of a conventional magnet to apply a magnetic driving force is proposed for the closure of wide damage gaps in the solid state without the need of either mechanical intervention or liquid-like flow inside the material, limiting the structural stability. Thermal, mechanical and chemical characterization of different composites are performed in this study and the healing efficiency is evaluated to assess their potential to close and heal large damage sizes.

ACS Style

Kenneth Cerdan; Guy Van Assche; Peter van Puyvelde; Joost Brancart. A novel approach for the closure of large damage in self-healing elastomers using magnetic particles. Polymer 2020, 204, 122819 .

AMA Style

Kenneth Cerdan, Guy Van Assche, Peter van Puyvelde, Joost Brancart. A novel approach for the closure of large damage in self-healing elastomers using magnetic particles. Polymer. 2020; 204 ():122819.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kenneth Cerdan; Guy Van Assche; Peter van Puyvelde; Joost Brancart. 2020. "A novel approach for the closure of large damage in self-healing elastomers using magnetic particles." Polymer 204, no. : 122819.

Paper
Published: 14 July 2020 in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
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The kinetic parameters and the complex thermal dissociation behaviour of anthracene photodimers are reported above and below their melting temperatures.

ACS Style

Joost Brancart; Jonas Van Damme; Filip Du Prez; Guy Van Assche. Thermal dissociation of anthracene photodimers in the condensed state: kinetic evaluation and complex phase behaviour. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 2020, 22, 17306 -17313.

AMA Style

Joost Brancart, Jonas Van Damme, Filip Du Prez, Guy Van Assche. Thermal dissociation of anthracene photodimers in the condensed state: kinetic evaluation and complex phase behaviour. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2020; 22 (30):17306-17313.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joost Brancart; Jonas Van Damme; Filip Du Prez; Guy Van Assche. 2020. "Thermal dissociation of anthracene photodimers in the condensed state: kinetic evaluation and complex phase behaviour." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 22, no. 30: 17306-17313.

Journal article
Published: 30 April 2020 in Actuators
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In new-generation soft robots, the actuation performance can be increased by using multiple materials in the actuator designs. However, the lifetime of these actuators is often limited due to failure that occurs at the weak multi-material interfaces that rely almost entirely on physical interactions and where stress concentration appears during actuation. This paper proposes to develop soft pneumatic actuators out of multiple Diels–Alder polymers that can generate strong covalent bonds at the multi-material interface by means of a heat–cool cycle. Through tensile testing it is proven that high interfacial strength can be obtained between two merged Diels–Alder polymers. This merging principle is exploited in the manufacturing of multi-material bending soft pneumatic actuators in which interfaces are no longer the weakest links. The applicability of the actuators is illustrated by their operation in a soft hand and a soft gripper demonstrator. In addition, the use of Diels–Alder polymers incorporates healability in bending actuators. It is experimentally illustrated that full recovery of severe damage can be obtained by subjecting the multi-material actuators to a healing cycle.

ACS Style

Seppe Terryn; Ellen Roels; Joost Brancart; Guy Van Assche; Bram VanderBorght. Self-Healing and High Interfacial Strength in Multi-Material Soft Pneumatic Robots via Reversible Diels–Alder Bonds. Actuators 2020, 9, 34 .

AMA Style

Seppe Terryn, Ellen Roels, Joost Brancart, Guy Van Assche, Bram VanderBorght. Self-Healing and High Interfacial Strength in Multi-Material Soft Pneumatic Robots via Reversible Diels–Alder Bonds. Actuators. 2020; 9 (2):34.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seppe Terryn; Ellen Roels; Joost Brancart; Guy Van Assche; Bram VanderBorght. 2020. "Self-Healing and High Interfacial Strength in Multi-Material Soft Pneumatic Robots via Reversible Diels–Alder Bonds." Actuators 9, no. 2: 34.

Journal article
Published: 08 January 2020 in International Journal of Pharmaceutics
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Current study screened additives which could modify the drug release from prills made of an active pharmaceutical ingredient/fatty acid (API/FA) suspension, without negatively influencing the processability and/or stability of the formulation. Therefore, 11 additives (i.e. emulsifiers, pore-formers and FA-based lubricants) were added in a 20% concentration to a paracetamol/behenic acid formulation. Two additives, Kolliphor® P338 and P407 provided complete drug release in less than 1 h, as their thermoreversible gel formation resulted in a disintegration of the prills. Lower Kolliphor® P338 or P407 concentrations (2.5-10%) resulted in a complete but slower drug release in 24 h as the prills no longer disintegrated and the release mechanism was dominated by pore-formation. Prills with a robust drug release profile (i.e. independent of pH and surfactant concentration of the dissolution medium) were obtained after the addition of ≥5% Kolliphor® P338 or P407 to the FA-based formulation. Based on a 6-month stability study, it was concluded that Kolliphor® P407 was a suitable additive to modify the drug release profile of API/FA suspension-based prills when formulations were stored below 25 °C at low relative humidity.

ACS Style

E. De Coninck; V. Vanhoorne; M. Boone; G. Van Assche; B.G. De Geest; T. De Beer; C. Vervaet. Prilling of API/fatty acid suspensions: Screening of additives for drug release modification. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2020, 576, 119022 .

AMA Style

E. De Coninck, V. Vanhoorne, M. Boone, G. Van Assche, B.G. De Geest, T. De Beer, C. Vervaet. Prilling of API/fatty acid suspensions: Screening of additives for drug release modification. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2020; 576 ():119022.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. De Coninck; V. Vanhoorne; M. Boone; G. Van Assche; B.G. De Geest; T. De Beer; C. Vervaet. 2020. "Prilling of API/fatty acid suspensions: Screening of additives for drug release modification." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 576, no. : 119022.

Journal article
Published: 21 October 2019 in International Journal of Pharmaceutics
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Current study evaluated the processability and characteristics of prills made of an active pharmaceutical ingredient/fatty acid (API/FA) suspension instead of previously studied API/FA solutions to enlarge the application field of prilling. Metformin hydrochloride (MET) and paracetamol (PAR) were used as model APIs while both the effect of drug load (10–40%) and FA chain length (C14–C22) were evaluated. API/FA suspensions were processable on lab-scale prilling equipment without thermal degradation, nozzle obstruction or sedimentation in function of processing time. The collected prills were spherical (AR ≥ 0.898) with a smooth surface (sphericity ≥ 0.914) and a particle size of ±2.3 mm and 2.4 mm for MET and PAR prills, respectively, independent of drug load and/or FA chain length. In vitro drug release evaluation revealed a faster drug release at higher drug load, higher API water solubility and shorter FA chain length. Solid state characterisation via XRD and Raman spectroscopy showed that API and FA crystallinity was maintained after thermal processing via prilling and during storage. Evaluation of the similarity factor indicated a stable drug release (f2 > 50) from MET and PAR prills after 6 months storage at 25 °C or 40 °C.

ACS Style

E. De Coninck; V. Vanhoorne; A. Elmahdy; M. Boone; G. Van Assche; D. Markl; B.G. De Geest; T. De Beer; C. Vervaet. Prilling of API/fatty acid suspensions: Processability and characterisation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2019, 572, 118756 .

AMA Style

E. De Coninck, V. Vanhoorne, A. Elmahdy, M. Boone, G. Van Assche, D. Markl, B.G. De Geest, T. De Beer, C. Vervaet. Prilling of API/fatty acid suspensions: Processability and characterisation. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2019; 572 ():118756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. De Coninck; V. Vanhoorne; A. Elmahdy; M. Boone; G. Van Assche; D. Markl; B.G. De Geest; T. De Beer; C. Vervaet. 2019. "Prilling of API/fatty acid suspensions: Processability and characterisation." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 572, no. : 118756.

Journal article
Published: 16 September 2019 in Progress in Organic Coatings
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Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) are the backbone of electronic devices and communication technology. The corrosion of copper tracks in PCBs is the main reliability issue in case of exposure to humidity. To overcome this, several surface finishing methods have been introduced in the industry such as plasma coatings. In this study, several electrochemical characterisation methods are explored on blank and plasma-coated PCBs to identify reliable measurement techniques and to get insight in the protective properties of the coatings on an overall macroscopic visual scale, a dedicated surface-average scale, as well as on a localised microscopic scale. The macroscopic visual corrosion behaviour was evaluated by standard salt-spray exposure tests. Odd Random Phase multisine Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (ORP-EIS) provided insight into the average barrier properties of the coatings. Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique (SVET) and Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM) were used to evaluate the samples’ reactivity on a local scale. Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis was used as a complementary surface analysis method to characterise the coatings. Blank PCBs were studied as reference substrates, and their behaviour was compared to three plasma-coated PCB variants, based on fluorinated organic precursor chemistry. The salt-spray tests illustrated the protective behaviour of the coatings but did not allow to differentiate between the different coatings. With ORP-EIS, it was observed that the coatings act as a barrier against the electrolyte. This is confirmed on the local scale, where no activities were seen on the surface of the coated samples using SVET, except after 10 days of immersion when single layer plasma coatings showed higher activities. SKPFM revealed much higher surface potentials for the coated PCBs compared to the blank PCB allowing to differentiate between the various coated samples.

ACS Style

Aliakbar Khangholi; Reynier I. Revilla; Alexander Lutz; Samir Loulidi; Eva Rogge; Guy Van Assche; Iris De Graeve. Electrochemical characterization of plasma coatings on printed circuit boards. Progress in Organic Coatings 2019, 137, 105256 .

AMA Style

Aliakbar Khangholi, Reynier I. Revilla, Alexander Lutz, Samir Loulidi, Eva Rogge, Guy Van Assche, Iris De Graeve. Electrochemical characterization of plasma coatings on printed circuit boards. Progress in Organic Coatings. 2019; 137 ():105256.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aliakbar Khangholi; Reynier I. Revilla; Alexander Lutz; Samir Loulidi; Eva Rogge; Guy Van Assche; Iris De Graeve. 2019. "Electrochemical characterization of plasma coatings on printed circuit boards." Progress in Organic Coatings 137, no. : 105256.

Book chapter
Published: 30 January 2019 in Paint and Coatings Industry
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Organic coatings form an effective barrier between metals and their environment, providing them protection against corrosion. Corrosion on coated metals depends mainly on the diffusion of water through the coating, the loss of adhesion at the interface between the coating and the metal (delamination), the rate of the chemical and electrochemical reactions under the coating and the treatment of the metal surface before the coating application. Many aggressive ions are transported toward and inside the coating through water. In organic coatings, typically, the water absorbed by the coating affects the polymer matrix structure, and it causes swelling and stresses, which may result in cracks. Swelling and cracks enhance the transport of water into the solid polymer, and concurrently the diffusion of ions. Over time also, the chemical structure of the polymer may change, adversely affecting its barrier properties and overall performance. In this chapter, we focus on methods to quantify the transport of electrolyte in organic coatings. We mark out the main characteristics, advantages and limitations of each one of them.

ACS Style

Zoi Manoli; Darja Pecko; Guy Van Assche; Johan Stiens; Ali Pourkazemi; Herman Terryn. Transport of Electrolyte in Organic Coatings on Metal. Paint and Coatings Industry 2019, 1 .

AMA Style

Zoi Manoli, Darja Pecko, Guy Van Assche, Johan Stiens, Ali Pourkazemi, Herman Terryn. Transport of Electrolyte in Organic Coatings on Metal. Paint and Coatings Industry. 2019; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zoi Manoli; Darja Pecko; Guy Van Assche; Johan Stiens; Ali Pourkazemi; Herman Terryn. 2019. "Transport of Electrolyte in Organic Coatings on Metal." Paint and Coatings Industry , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 26 December 2018 in Coatings
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While thermally reversible polymer network coatings based on the Diels-Alder reaction are widely studied, the mechanisms responsible for the heating-mediated healing of damage is still not well understood. The combination of microscopic evaluation techniques and fundamental insights for the thermoreversible network formation in the bulk and coating shed light on the mechanisms behind the damage healing events. The thermomechanical properties of thermoset and elastomer coatings, crosslinked by the furan-maleimide Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction, were studied in bulk and compared to the thermal behaviour applied as coatings onto aluminium substrates. The damage sealing of thermoset (Tg = 79 °C) and elastomer (Tg = −49 °C) coatings were studied using nano-lithography and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The sealing event is studied and modelled at multiple temperatures and correlated to the changes in the network structure and corresponding thermomechanical properties.

ACS Style

Joost Brancart; Robrecht Verhelle; Jessica Mangialetto; Guy Van Assche. Coupling the Microscopic Healing Behaviour of Coatings to the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Formation. Coatings 2018, 9, 13 .

AMA Style

Joost Brancart, Robrecht Verhelle, Jessica Mangialetto, Guy Van Assche. Coupling the Microscopic Healing Behaviour of Coatings to the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Formation. Coatings. 2018; 9 (1):13.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Joost Brancart; Robrecht Verhelle; Jessica Mangialetto; Guy Van Assche. 2018. "Coupling the Microscopic Healing Behaviour of Coatings to the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Formation." Coatings 9, no. 1: 13.

Journals
Published: 11 December 2018 in Polymer Chemistry
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The differences in reactivity and thermal stability of the stereoisomers define the thermal properties and responsiveness of the reversible polymer network.

ACS Style

Audrey Cuvellier; Robrecht Verhelle; Joost Brancart; Bram Vanderborght; Guy Van Assche; Hubert Rahier. The influence of stereochemistry on the reactivity of the Diels–Alder cycloaddition and the implications for reversible network polymerization. Polymer Chemistry 2018, 10, 473 -485.

AMA Style

Audrey Cuvellier, Robrecht Verhelle, Joost Brancart, Bram Vanderborght, Guy Van Assche, Hubert Rahier. The influence of stereochemistry on the reactivity of the Diels–Alder cycloaddition and the implications for reversible network polymerization. Polymer Chemistry. 2018; 10 (4):473-485.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Audrey Cuvellier; Robrecht Verhelle; Joost Brancart; Bram Vanderborght; Guy Van Assche; Hubert Rahier. 2018. "The influence of stereochemistry on the reactivity of the Diels–Alder cycloaddition and the implications for reversible network polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 10, no. 4: 473-485.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Surface and Coatings Technology
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Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a vapor based technique which allows to deposit uniform, conformal films with a thickness control at the atomic scale. In this research, Al2O3 coatings were deposited on micrometer-sized Fe and Cu powder (particles) using the thermal trimethylaluminum (TMA)/ water (H2O) process in a rotary pump-type ALD reactor. Rotation of the powder during deposition was required to obtain a pinhole-free ALD coating. The protective nature of the coating was evaluated by quantifying its effectiveness in protecting the metal particles during oxidative annealing treatments. The Al2O3 coated powders were annealed in ambient air while in-situ thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and in-situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) data were acquired. The thermal stability of a series of Cu and Fe powder with different Al2O3 thicknesses were determined with TGA. In both samples a clear shift in oxidation temperature is visible. For Cu and Fe powder coated with 25 nm Al2O3, we observed an increase of the oxidation temperature with 300-400°C. For the Cu powder a thin film of only 8 nm is required to obtain an initial increase in oxidation temperature of 200°C. In contrast, for Fe powder a thicker coating of 25 nm is required. In both cases, the oxidation temperature increases with increasing thickness of the Al2O3 coating. These results illustrate that the Al2O3 thin film, deposited by the thermal ALD process (TMA/H2O) can be an efficient and pinhole-free barrier layer for micrometer-sized powder particles, provided that the powder is properly agitated during the process to ensure sufficient vapour-solid interaction.

ACS Style

Véronique Cremers; Geert Rampelberg; Ahmed Barhoum; Perry Walters; Nathalie Claes; Thais Milagres de Oliveira; Guy Van Assche; Sara Bals; Jolien Dendooven; Christophe Detavernier. Oxidation barrier of Cu and Fe powder by Atomic Layer Deposition. Surface and Coatings Technology 2018, 349, 1032 -1041.

AMA Style

Véronique Cremers, Geert Rampelberg, Ahmed Barhoum, Perry Walters, Nathalie Claes, Thais Milagres de Oliveira, Guy Van Assche, Sara Bals, Jolien Dendooven, Christophe Detavernier. Oxidation barrier of Cu and Fe powder by Atomic Layer Deposition. Surface and Coatings Technology. 2018; 349 ():1032-1041.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Véronique Cremers; Geert Rampelberg; Ahmed Barhoum; Perry Walters; Nathalie Claes; Thais Milagres de Oliveira; Guy Van Assche; Sara Bals; Jolien Dendooven; Christophe Detavernier. 2018. "Oxidation barrier of Cu and Fe powder by Atomic Layer Deposition." Surface and Coatings Technology 349, no. : 1032-1041.

Journal article
Published: 14 August 2018 in Polymer
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The healing behavior of a dynamically reversible covalent polymer network with a Tg of 3 °C, based on the reversible Diels-Alder (DA) cycloaddition between furan and maleimide moieties is reported, for both room-temperature and heating-mediated healing. In previous work the dynamic character of the DA cycloaddition reaction in a polymer network was studied, those findings are used to understand its healing ability. The recovery of mechanical properties by intrinsic healing is studied by Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, quantifying the loss in properties due to incurred damage and assessing their recovery with respect to the original material. The DA cycloadduct bonds in the network can be mechanically activated to autonomously heal damage at room temperature if the damage surfaces remain activated. If the damage surfaces are not brought in contact fast enough they reestablish equilibrium (aging) and lose their autonomous healing potential. In the latter case, only heating-mediated healing can occur, reactivating the healing ability. Controlled damage formation and subsequent sealing of the damage of network coatings is monitored by Atomic Force Microscopy and optical microscopy. The repeatability for both mechanical activation, studied by tensile testing, and thermal cycling, studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, is reported.

ACS Style

M.M. Diaz; J. Brancart; G. Van Assche; B. Van Mele. Room-temperature versus heating-mediated healing of a Diels-Alder crosslinked polymer network. Polymer 2018, 153, 453 -463.

AMA Style

M.M. Diaz, J. Brancart, G. Van Assche, B. Van Mele. Room-temperature versus heating-mediated healing of a Diels-Alder crosslinked polymer network. Polymer. 2018; 153 ():453-463.

Chicago/Turabian Style

M.M. Diaz; J. Brancart; G. Van Assche; B. Van Mele. 2018. "Room-temperature versus heating-mediated healing of a Diels-Alder crosslinked polymer network." Polymer 153, no. : 453-463.

Research article
Published: 12 August 2018 in Polymer International
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Fast scanning chip calorimetry was used to perform an elaborate isothermal study of P3HT/PC61BM sub‐micron layers. The used scanning rates of 30000 K.s‐1 allow for a ‘true’ isothermal study, where non‐isothermal effects are avoided. Results were obtained over a wide temperature range for the 1:1 composition, used in organic solar cells, and for selected temperatures for the 3:7 composition. The results can clearly be interpreted according to the eutectic behaviour expected for this system, with the 1:1 composition being enriched in P3HT and the 3:7 composition being enriched in PC61BM. In both cases, the start of the melting trajectory corresponding to the eutectic transition coincided with the Tg of PC61BM. This is in agreement with earlier studies that report a vitrification effect caused by PC61BM. A bell‐shaped curve of isothermal crystallization rates could be constructed for the 1:1 composition, where the Tg of the mixed amorphous phase as well as the separate components can be seen to play a role. For the 3:7 composition, clear indications are observed that a vitrified PC61BM phase can be formed in which isothermal crystallization takes place.

ACS Style

Niko Van Den Brande; Guy Van Assche; Bruno Van Mele. Fast scanning chip calorimetry study of P3HT/PC61 BM submicron layers: structure formation and eutectic behaviour. Polymer International 2018, 68, 277 -282.

AMA Style

Niko Van Den Brande, Guy Van Assche, Bruno Van Mele. Fast scanning chip calorimetry study of P3HT/PC61 BM submicron layers: structure formation and eutectic behaviour. Polymer International. 2018; 68 (2):277-282.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Niko Van Den Brande; Guy Van Assche; Bruno Van Mele. 2018. "Fast scanning chip calorimetry study of P3HT/PC61 BM submicron layers: structure formation and eutectic behaviour." Polymer International 68, no. 2: 277-282.

Contributors
Published: 10 August 2018 in Fundamentals of Nanoparticles
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ACS Style

Shaban Abdul; Alaa A.A. Aljabali; Edward Arenas-Calderon; Vasanthakumar Arumugam; Guy Van Assche; Ahmed Barhoum; Dana M. Barry; Maria Benelmekki; Alberto Berardi; Emerson S. Bernardes; Diane J. Burgess; Grant Cave; Yen S. Chan; Michael K. Danquah; Vivek Dhawan; David J. Evans; Clara Fernandes; Diego Gardini; Robert Moonsamy Gengan; Rayehe Ghofrani; Mónica Alejandra Guzmán; Vastag Gyöngyi; Farid A. Haraz; Martyn Harvey; Hajime Ikegai; Felhősi Ilona; Jaison Jeevanandam; Rajan Jog; Telegdi Judit; Hideyuki Kanematsu; George Kiriakidis; Karen A. Krogfelt; Yiyang Liu; Christopher J. Lüscher; Taylor L. Mabe; Víctor Baldovino Medrano; Yoshimitsu Mizunoe; Molnár Nikoletta; Chukwuemeka O. Nnaji; Sharadwata Pan; Dimitra Papadaki; Juan Luis Paris; Yasaman Pooshidani; Priyanka Prabhu; Hubert Rahier; Amit Rastogi; Gan Redhi; James G. Ryan; Pieter Samyn; Katsuhiko Sano; Sofia N. Dos Santos; Ralph Santos-Oliveira; Iman Shabani; Poonam Singh; Carsten Struve; Divya Suares; Toshihiro Tanaka; Theocharis Tsoutsos; María Vallet-Regí; Jianjun Wei; Zimei Wu; Michiko Yoshitake; Zheng Zeng. List of Contributors. Fundamentals of Nanoparticles 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Shaban Abdul, Alaa A.A. Aljabali, Edward Arenas-Calderon, Vasanthakumar Arumugam, Guy Van Assche, Ahmed Barhoum, Dana M. Barry, Maria Benelmekki, Alberto Berardi, Emerson S. Bernardes, Diane J. Burgess, Grant Cave, Yen S. Chan, Michael K. Danquah, Vivek Dhawan, David J. Evans, Clara Fernandes, Diego Gardini, Robert Moonsamy Gengan, Rayehe Ghofrani, Mónica Alejandra Guzmán, Vastag Gyöngyi, Farid A. Haraz, Martyn Harvey, Hajime Ikegai, Felhősi Ilona, Jaison Jeevanandam, Rajan Jog, Telegdi Judit, Hideyuki Kanematsu, George Kiriakidis, Karen A. Krogfelt, Yiyang Liu, Christopher J. Lüscher, Taylor L. Mabe, Víctor Baldovino Medrano, Yoshimitsu Mizunoe, Molnár Nikoletta, Chukwuemeka O. Nnaji, Sharadwata Pan, Dimitra Papadaki, Juan Luis Paris, Yasaman Pooshidani, Priyanka Prabhu, Hubert Rahier, Amit Rastogi, Gan Redhi, James G. Ryan, Pieter Samyn, Katsuhiko Sano, Sofia N. Dos Santos, Ralph Santos-Oliveira, Iman Shabani, Poonam Singh, Carsten Struve, Divya Suares, Toshihiro Tanaka, Theocharis Tsoutsos, María Vallet-Regí, Jianjun Wei, Zimei Wu, Michiko Yoshitake, Zheng Zeng. List of Contributors. Fundamentals of Nanoparticles. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shaban Abdul; Alaa A.A. Aljabali; Edward Arenas-Calderon; Vasanthakumar Arumugam; Guy Van Assche; Ahmed Barhoum; Dana M. Barry; Maria Benelmekki; Alberto Berardi; Emerson S. Bernardes; Diane J. Burgess; Grant Cave; Yen S. Chan; Michael K. Danquah; Vivek Dhawan; David J. Evans; Clara Fernandes; Diego Gardini; Robert Moonsamy Gengan; Rayehe Ghofrani; Mónica Alejandra Guzmán; Vastag Gyöngyi; Farid A. Haraz; Martyn Harvey; Hajime Ikegai; Felhősi Ilona; Jaison Jeevanandam; Rajan Jog; Telegdi Judit; Hideyuki Kanematsu; George Kiriakidis; Karen A. Krogfelt; Yiyang Liu; Christopher J. Lüscher; Taylor L. Mabe; Víctor Baldovino Medrano; Yoshimitsu Mizunoe; Molnár Nikoletta; Chukwuemeka O. Nnaji; Sharadwata Pan; Dimitra Papadaki; Juan Luis Paris; Yasaman Pooshidani; Priyanka Prabhu; Hubert Rahier; Amit Rastogi; Gan Redhi; James G. Ryan; Pieter Samyn; Katsuhiko Sano; Sofia N. Dos Santos; Ralph Santos-Oliveira; Iman Shabani; Poonam Singh; Carsten Struve; Divya Suares; Toshihiro Tanaka; Theocharis Tsoutsos; María Vallet-Regí; Jianjun Wei; Zimei Wu; Michiko Yoshitake; Zheng Zeng. 2018. "List of Contributors." Fundamentals of Nanoparticles , no. : 1.

Original paper
Published: 01 June 2018 in Ionics
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Characterizing lithium-ion batteries is of prime importance as it helps in understanding the safety, working temperature, voltage range, and power capabilities. Based on these results, we can then choose operating conditions which include safety protocols, application, and working environment. In this study, EIS studies of commercially available 20-Ah lithium-ion battery and a 28-Ah prototype cell with nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC)/graphite chemistry are used to determine the contribution of temperature and state of charge (SoC) towards the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These cells are manufactured for electric vehicle (EV) application. The electrode structure, particle size, stacking of the electrodes, and other entities for both the cells are provided to compare the similarities and differences between both the cells. Equivalent circuit modeling is used to analyze and comprehend the variation in impedance spectrum obtained for both the cells. It is observed that the ohmic resistance varies with both temperature and SoC and the variation with temperature is more significant for the prototype cell. The prototype cell showed better charge-transfer characteristics at lower temperatures when compared to the commercial cell.

ACS Style

Rahul Gopalakrishnan; Yi Li; Jelle Smekens; Ahmed Barhoum; Guy Van Assche; Noshin Omar; Joeri Van Mierlo. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterization and parameterization of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide pouch cells: dependency analysis of temperature and state of charge. Ionics 2018, 25, 111 -123.

AMA Style

Rahul Gopalakrishnan, Yi Li, Jelle Smekens, Ahmed Barhoum, Guy Van Assche, Noshin Omar, Joeri Van Mierlo. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterization and parameterization of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide pouch cells: dependency analysis of temperature and state of charge. Ionics. 2018; 25 (1):111-123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rahul Gopalakrishnan; Yi Li; Jelle Smekens; Ahmed Barhoum; Guy Van Assche; Noshin Omar; Joeri Van Mierlo. 2018. "Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy characterization and parameterization of lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide pouch cells: dependency analysis of temperature and state of charge." Ionics 25, no. 1: 111-123.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2018 in Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architecture Nanostructures
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ACS Style

Patricia Amézaga-Madrid; Wilber Antúnez-Flores; Saman Azhari; Ahmed Barhoum; Maria Benelmekki; Ramalingam Chidambaram; Michael K. Danquah; Vivek Dhawan; Clara Fernandes; Monireh Ganjali; M. Luisa García-Betancourt; Aleksey Guglya; Babak Heidari; Paola G. Hernández-Salcedo; Rizgar Jiawook; Ali Karatutlu; Jeong-Hwan Kim; Sangeetha Kirubanandam; Chandan Krishnamoorthy; Siim Küünal; César Leyva-Porras; Ping-Chang Lin; E. Lyubchenko; Ganjali Mansoureh; Mario Miki-Yoshida; Blanca Monárrez-Cordero; Masoud Mozafari; Carlos Ornelas-Gutierrez; Sharadwata Pan; Vahdatkhah Parisa; Pedro Pizá-Ruiz; Priyanka Prabhu; Sudha Prasad; Hubert Rahier; Erwan Rauwel; Protima Rauwel; Angélica Sáenz-Trevizo; K. Sangeetha; Andrei Sapelkin; Ankur Sharma; Taha Roodbar Shojaei; Oscar Solís-Canto; Divya Suares; Parappurath N. Sudha; Kei X. Tan; Steliyan Tinkov; Kalpesh Vaghasiya; Guy Van Assche; Rahul K. Verma; Kumar Vijayalakshmi; Awadh B. Yadav; Abolfazl Yazdanpanah; Zhenjiang Zhang. List of Contributors. Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architecture Nanostructures 2018, 1 .

AMA Style

Patricia Amézaga-Madrid, Wilber Antúnez-Flores, Saman Azhari, Ahmed Barhoum, Maria Benelmekki, Ramalingam Chidambaram, Michael K. Danquah, Vivek Dhawan, Clara Fernandes, Monireh Ganjali, M. Luisa García-Betancourt, Aleksey Guglya, Babak Heidari, Paola G. Hernández-Salcedo, Rizgar Jiawook, Ali Karatutlu, Jeong-Hwan Kim, Sangeetha Kirubanandam, Chandan Krishnamoorthy, Siim Küünal, César Leyva-Porras, Ping-Chang Lin, E. Lyubchenko, Ganjali Mansoureh, Mario Miki-Yoshida, Blanca Monárrez-Cordero, Masoud Mozafari, Carlos Ornelas-Gutierrez, Sharadwata Pan, Vahdatkhah Parisa, Pedro Pizá-Ruiz, Priyanka Prabhu, Sudha Prasad, Hubert Rahier, Erwan Rauwel, Protima Rauwel, Angélica Sáenz-Trevizo, K. Sangeetha, Andrei Sapelkin, Ankur Sharma, Taha Roodbar Shojaei, Oscar Solís-Canto, Divya Suares, Parappurath N. Sudha, Kei X. Tan, Steliyan Tinkov, Kalpesh Vaghasiya, Guy Van Assche, Rahul K. Verma, Kumar Vijayalakshmi, Awadh B. Yadav, Abolfazl Yazdanpanah, Zhenjiang Zhang. List of Contributors. Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architecture Nanostructures. 2018; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Patricia Amézaga-Madrid; Wilber Antúnez-Flores; Saman Azhari; Ahmed Barhoum; Maria Benelmekki; Ramalingam Chidambaram; Michael K. Danquah; Vivek Dhawan; Clara Fernandes; Monireh Ganjali; M. Luisa García-Betancourt; Aleksey Guglya; Babak Heidari; Paola G. Hernández-Salcedo; Rizgar Jiawook; Ali Karatutlu; Jeong-Hwan Kim; Sangeetha Kirubanandam; Chandan Krishnamoorthy; Siim Küünal; César Leyva-Porras; Ping-Chang Lin; E. Lyubchenko; Ganjali Mansoureh; Mario Miki-Yoshida; Blanca Monárrez-Cordero; Masoud Mozafari; Carlos Ornelas-Gutierrez; Sharadwata Pan; Vahdatkhah Parisa; Pedro Pizá-Ruiz; Priyanka Prabhu; Sudha Prasad; Hubert Rahier; Erwan Rauwel; Protima Rauwel; Angélica Sáenz-Trevizo; K. Sangeetha; Andrei Sapelkin; Ankur Sharma; Taha Roodbar Shojaei; Oscar Solís-Canto; Divya Suares; Parappurath N. Sudha; Kei X. Tan; Steliyan Tinkov; Kalpesh Vaghasiya; Guy Van Assche; Rahul K. Verma; Kumar Vijayalakshmi; Awadh B. Yadav; Abolfazl Yazdanpanah; Zhenjiang Zhang. 2018. "List of Contributors." Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architecture Nanostructures , no. : 1.

Book chapter
Published: 01 January 2018 in Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architecture Nanostructures
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Many methods have been used for evaluating physicochemical properties of nanomaterials (NMs). Characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) includes the determination not only of size and shape but also polymorph, crystal structure, electronic structure, surface properties, purity, stability, which are relevant to their physiochemical interactions with their environment. These methods include techniques such as X-ray spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, Photoluminescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Mass spectroscopy, electron microscopy, light scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, as well as methods in the categories of thermal analysis, electrical analysis, electrophoresis, and chromatography. In this section, the physicochemical characterization techniques that have been used in this dissertation will be introduced in relation to NP characteristics or properties studied.

ACS Style

Ahmed Barhoum; M. Luisa García-Betancourt; Hubert Rahier; Guy Van Assche. Physicochemical characterization of nanomaterials: polymorph, composition, wettability, and thermal stability. Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architecture Nanostructures 2018, 255 -278.

AMA Style

Ahmed Barhoum, M. Luisa García-Betancourt, Hubert Rahier, Guy Van Assche. Physicochemical characterization of nanomaterials: polymorph, composition, wettability, and thermal stability. Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architecture Nanostructures. 2018; ():255-278.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ahmed Barhoum; M. Luisa García-Betancourt; Hubert Rahier; Guy Van Assche. 2018. "Physicochemical characterization of nanomaterials: polymorph, composition, wettability, and thermal stability." Emerging Applications of Nanoparticles and Architecture Nanostructures , no. : 255-278.

Research article
Published: 16 August 2017 in Science Robotics
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Inspired by the compliance found in many organisms, soft robots are made almost entirely out of flexible, soft material, making them suitable for applications in uncertain, dynamic task environments, including safe human-robot interactions. Their intrinsic compliance absorbs shocks and protects them against mechanical impacts. However, the soft materials used for their construction are highly susceptible to damage, such as cuts and perforations caused by sharp objects present in the uncontrolled and unpredictable environments they operate in. In this research, we propose to construct soft robotics entirely out of self-healing elastomers. On the basis of healing capacities found in nature, these polymers are given the ability to heal microscopic and macroscopic damage. Diels-Alder polymers, being thermoreversible covalent networks, were used to develop three applications of self-healing soft pneumatic actuators (a soft gripper, a soft hand, and artificial muscles). Soft pneumatic actuators commonly experience perforations and leaks due to excessive pressures or wear during operation. All three prototypes were designed using finite element modeling and mechanically characterized. The manufacturing method of the actuators exploits the self-healing behavior of the materials, which can be recycled. Realistic macroscopic damage could be healed entirely using a mild heat treatment. At the location of the scar, no weak spots were created, and the full performance of the actuators was nearly completely recovered after healing.

ACS Style

Seppe Terryn; Joost Brancart; Dirk Lefeber; Guy Van Assche; Bram Vanderborght. Self-healing soft pneumatic robots. Science Robotics 2017, 2, eaan4268 .

AMA Style

Seppe Terryn, Joost Brancart, Dirk Lefeber, Guy Van Assche, Bram Vanderborght. Self-healing soft pneumatic robots. Science Robotics. 2017; 2 (9):eaan4268.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Seppe Terryn; Joost Brancart; Dirk Lefeber; Guy Van Assche; Bram Vanderborght. 2017. "Self-healing soft pneumatic robots." Science Robotics 2, no. 9: eaan4268.