High indoor air quality is crucial for the health of human beings. The purpose of this work is to analyze the synergistic effect of particulate matter 2.5 (PM_2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration on occupant satisfaction and work productivity. This study carried out a real-scale experiments in a meeting room with exposures of up to one hour. Indoor environment parameters, including air temperature, relative humidity, illuminance, and noise level, were controlled at a reasonable level. Twenty-nine young participants were participated in the experiments. Four mental tasks were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the work productivity of occupants and a questionnaire was used to access participants’ satisfaction. The Spearman correlation analysis and two-way analysis of variance were applied. It was found that the overall performance declined by 1% for every 10 μg/m³ increase in PM_2.5 concentration. Moreover, for every 10% increase in dissatisfaction with air quality, productivity performance decreased by 1.1% or more. It should be noted that a high CO₂ concentration (800 ppm) has a stronger negative effect on occupant satisfaction towards air quality than PM_2.5 concentration in a non-ventilated room. In order to obtain optimal occupant satisfaction and work productivity, low concentrations of PM_2.5 (<50 μg/m³) and CO₂ (<700 ppm) are recommended.

Shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) will be an important force to in reshaping urban morphology. The high operation rate and sharing degree of SAV are considered to result in a great reduction in parking area in future cities. Parking space is now a huge and widely distributed urban stock space type, which is bound to become a major challenge and opportunity for sustainable urban renewal in the digital era. Based on the SAV scenario, this paper reviews the current research on the sustainable renewal of urban public parking spaces, and proposes the four key issues involved: how much to renew (i.e., demand forecast analysis), when to renew (i.e., update time series evaluation), what to renew (i.e., function replacement decision) and how to update (i.e., design empirical research). Furthermore, it puts forward a preliminary idea on, and constructs a research framework for, the sustainable renewal methods of parking space under the SAV scenario. Finally, the theoretical, practical and policy implications of the research on sustainable renewal methods of urban public parking space are discussed. It will have great reference value for the redevelopment and reuse of the urban space types including fragmented, widely distributed and large-scale.

Investigating how people perceive Chinese Classical Gardens (CCGs) and their appeal are important issues of landscape studies. By considering the Liu-Yuan Garden, we developed a measurement instrument to investigate the perceived dimensions of landscape appreciation. Based on literature review, the descriptive items to measure how people perceived Liu-Yuan Garden were developed. Then, the explorative factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were employed, and six dimensions were extracted and validated including “Adoration”, “Nostalgia”, “Liveliness”, “Exquisiteness”, “Hedonic Value”, and “Placeness”. Finally, the Ordinary Linear Regression method was employed to estimate how the aesthetic appreciation is influenced by these perceived dimensions. The result revealed that four of these dimensions were significantly correlated with aesthetic pleasure. The influences of these perceived dimensions on aesthetic pleasure were measured and compared. The results indicated that “Placeness” provided the most important influence on aesthetic pleasure, whereas “Liveliness” was the least influential of the four related dimensions.

Shared autonomous vehicles (SAVs) are a major development direction in international scientific and technological innovation. One of the most popular features of SAVs in the urban space is that they can significantly reduce the need for parking. The urban underground parking space (UPS) is currently the largest static traffic space, especially in high-density urban centers. Under the SAV scenario, the need for the renewal of UPS will increase in the near future. However, renewal of the UPS is difficult due to its special form features, which are greatly restricted by the external environment, thus necessitating targeted methods and strategies. This research first conducted field investigations and data collection on the spatial morphology and service conditions of typical UPSs in different areas of Hangzhou city. Based on the driver status response and the multi-objective attribute models, the time-series evaluation method and function replacement decision model for the sustainable renewal of underground parking were established. The research also discusses appropriate design strategies for the combination of spatial characteristics and functional replacement goals of typical samples. The conclusions will provide scientific guidance for the future design practice of architects and urban designers in SAV.

Parking lots are typical urban spaces with a large total area and scattered distribution. With the development of smart cars and shared driving, parking demand is likely to decline. Thus, the reuse of existing parking spaces presents important opportunities and challenges in the process of the digital transformation of future cities. One of the key issues in the sustainable renewal of parking spaces is to make scientific decisions regarding the replacement of functions. Based on relevant data from the urban area of Hangzhou, this study analyzes the spatial co-location relationships between parking spaces and other urban points of interest (POIs). By mining the function association patterns, this research aims to establish a decision-making support model for the function replacement of parking spaces. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) based on charge, size, and affiliation, parking lots can be divided into eight categories; (2) parking lots of different charges, sizes, and affiliations differ in their spatial co-location relationships with POIs; and (3) most parking lots are suitable for catering services, followed by companies and commercial residences. The innovations of this research lie in providing scientific references for the renewal of urban fragmented spaces by mining urban function association rules at the microscale.