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Dr. Edwin Routledge
College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UB8 3PH, UK

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0 Aquatic Toxicology
0 Emerging contaminants
0 Reproductive Toxicology
0 multiple stressors
0 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals

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Endocrine-disrupting chemicals

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Journal article
Published: 24 May 2021 in Science of The Total Environment
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Advanced treatment technologies are being assessed as a proactive measure to assist with the transformation of treated wastewater into a source of water for potable water production. We investigated the biological effects along an advanced water treatment pilot plant, using zebrafish embryos throughout early development. The study compared phenotypic observations with global transcriptome responses, enabling us to keep an open mind about the chemicals that might influence the biological activity. There was no evidence of acute toxicity at any treatment stage, but skeletal, cardiovascular and pigmentation changes occurred in a small proportion of embryos along the treatment process, and in a tap water; not detected in the aquarium water control. Reverse osmosis (RO) reduced the concentration of measured chemical contaminants in the water the most, while eliminating the occurrence of abnormalities detected in fish embryos. Conversely, advanced oxidation reversed the benefits of RO treatment by increasing the frequency of teratogenic and sub-lethal abnormalities seen. Using the molecular responses of zebrafish embryos to different IPR water, we report the bioactivity within the water at different stages of advanced treatment and associate these to perturbed biological functions. Transcriptomic analysis revealed alterations to the retinoid system, which was consistent with the observed teratogenic effects. Changes to tryptophan metabolism (associated with the production of melatonin required for the control of normal circadian rhythms) and somatolactin-beta (associated with normal pigmentation in fish) were also found. We show that underexplored forms of biological activity occur in treated wastewater effluent, and/or may be created depending on the type of advanced treatment process used. By integrating the available analytical chemistry we highlight chemical groups associated to this response. Our study shows that more detailed and in-depth characterisation of chemicals and biological pathways associated with advanced treatment water systems are needed to mitigate possible risks to downstream organisms.

ACS Style

E. Lawton; P. Antczak; S. Walker; E. Germain-Cripps; F. Falciani; E.J. Routledge. An investigation into the biological effects of indirect potable reuse water using zebrafish embryos. Science of The Total Environment 2021, 789, 147981 .

AMA Style

E. Lawton, P. Antczak, S. Walker, E. Germain-Cripps, F. Falciani, E.J. Routledge. An investigation into the biological effects of indirect potable reuse water using zebrafish embryos. Science of The Total Environment. 2021; 789 ():147981.

Chicago/Turabian Style

E. Lawton; P. Antczak; S. Walker; E. Germain-Cripps; F. Falciani; E.J. Routledge. 2021. "An investigation into the biological effects of indirect potable reuse water using zebrafish embryos." Science of The Total Environment 789, no. : 147981.

Research article
Published: 12 April 2018 in PLOS ONE
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Water-borne bacteria, found in cold water storage tanks, are causative agents for various human infections and diseases including Legionnaires’ disease. Consequently, regular microbiological monitoring of tank water is undertaken as part of the regulatory framework used to control pathogenic bacteria. A key assumption is that a small volume of water taken from under the ball valve (where there is easy access to the stored water) will be representative of the entire tank. To test the reliability of this measure, domestic water samples taken from different locations of selected tanks in London properties between November 2015 and July 2016 were analysed for TVCs, Pseudomonas and Legionella at an accredited laboratory, according to regulatory requirements. Out of ~6000 tanks surveyed, only 15 were selected based on the ability to take a water sample from the normal sampling hatch (located above the ball valve) and from the far end of the tank (usually requiring disassembly of the tank lid with risk of structural damage), and permission being granted by the site manager to undertake the additional investigation and sampling. Despite seasonal differences in water temperature, we found 100% compliance at the ball valve end. In contrast, 40% of the tanks exceeded the regulatory threshold for temperature at the far end of the tank in the summer months. Consequently, 20% of the tanks surveyed failed to trigger appropriate regulatory action based on microbiological analyses of the water sample taken under the ball valve compared to the far end sample using present-day standards. These data show that typical water samples collected for routine monitoring may often underestimate the microbiological status of the water entering the building, thereby increasing the risk of exposure to water bourne pathogens with potential public health implications. We propose that water storage tanks should be redesigned to allow access to the far end of tanks for routine monitoring purposes, and that water samples used to ascertain the regulatory compliance of stored water in tanks should be taken at the point at which water is abstracted for use in the building.

ACS Style

Aji Peter; Edwin Routledge. Present-day monitoring underestimates the risk of exposure to pathogenic bacteria from cold water storage tanks. PLOS ONE 2018, 13, e0195635 .

AMA Style

Aji Peter, Edwin Routledge. Present-day monitoring underestimates the risk of exposure to pathogenic bacteria from cold water storage tanks. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13 (4):e0195635.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aji Peter; Edwin Routledge. 2018. "Present-day monitoring underestimates the risk of exposure to pathogenic bacteria from cold water storage tanks." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4: e0195635.

Journal article
Published: 01 April 2018 in Science of The Total Environment
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Endocrine-active substances can adversely impact the aquatic ecosystems. A special emphasis is laid, among others, on the effects of estrogens and estrogen mimicking compounds. Effect-based screening methods like in vitro bioassays are suitable tools to detect and quantify endocrine activities of known and unknown mixtures. This study describes the validation of the Arxula-Yeast Estrogen Screen (A-YES®) assay, an effect-based method for the detection of the estrogenic potential of water and waste water. This reporter gene assay, provided in ready to use format, is based on the activation of the human estrogen receptor alpha. The user-friendly A-YES® enables inexperienced operators to rapidly become competent with the assay. Fourteen laboratories from four countries with different training levels analyzed 17β-estradiol equivalent concentrations (EEQ) in spiked and unspiked waste water effluent and surface water samples, in waste water influent and spiked salt water samples and in a mixture of three bisphenols. The limit of detection (LOD) for untreated samples was 1.8ng/L 17β-estradiol (E2). Relative repeatability and reproducibility standard deviation for samples with EEQ above the LOD (mean EEQ values between 6.3 and 20.4ng/L) ranged from 7.5 to 21.4% and 16.6 to 28.0%, respectively. Precision results are comparable to other frequently used analytical methods for estrogens. The A-YES® has been demonstrated to be an accurate, precise and robust bioassay. The results have been included in the ISO draft standard. The assay was shown to be applicable for testing of typical waste water influent, effluent and saline water. Other studies have shown that the assay can be used with enriched samples, which lower the LOD to the pg/L range. The validation of the A-YES® and the development of a corresponding international standard constitute a step further towards harmonized and reliable bioassays for the effect-based analysis of estrogens and estrogen-like compounds in water samples.

ACS Style

Karina Hettwer; Martin Jähne; Kirstin Frost; Martin Giersberg; Gotthard Kunze; Michael Trimborn; Martin Reif; Jochen Türk; Linda Gehrmann; Freddy Dardenne; Femke De Croock; Marion Abraham; Anne Schoop; Joanna J. Waniek; Thomas Bucher; Eszter Simon; Etienne Vermeirssen; Anett Werner; Karin Hellauer; Ursula Wallentits; Jörg E. Drewes; Detlef Dietzmann; Edwin Routledge; Nicola Beresford; Tamara Zietek; Margot Siebler; Anne Simon; Helena Bielak; Henner Hollert; Yvonne Müller; Maike Harff; Sabrina Schiwy; Kirsten Simon; Steffen Uhlig. Validation of Arxula Yeast Estrogen Screen assay for detection of estrogenic activity in water samples: Results of an international interlaboratory study. Science of The Total Environment 2018, 621, 612 -625.

AMA Style

Karina Hettwer, Martin Jähne, Kirstin Frost, Martin Giersberg, Gotthard Kunze, Michael Trimborn, Martin Reif, Jochen Türk, Linda Gehrmann, Freddy Dardenne, Femke De Croock, Marion Abraham, Anne Schoop, Joanna J. Waniek, Thomas Bucher, Eszter Simon, Etienne Vermeirssen, Anett Werner, Karin Hellauer, Ursula Wallentits, Jörg E. Drewes, Detlef Dietzmann, Edwin Routledge, Nicola Beresford, Tamara Zietek, Margot Siebler, Anne Simon, Helena Bielak, Henner Hollert, Yvonne Müller, Maike Harff, Sabrina Schiwy, Kirsten Simon, Steffen Uhlig. Validation of Arxula Yeast Estrogen Screen assay for detection of estrogenic activity in water samples: Results of an international interlaboratory study. Science of The Total Environment. 2018; 621 ():612-625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Karina Hettwer; Martin Jähne; Kirstin Frost; Martin Giersberg; Gotthard Kunze; Michael Trimborn; Martin Reif; Jochen Türk; Linda Gehrmann; Freddy Dardenne; Femke De Croock; Marion Abraham; Anne Schoop; Joanna J. Waniek; Thomas Bucher; Eszter Simon; Etienne Vermeirssen; Anett Werner; Karin Hellauer; Ursula Wallentits; Jörg E. Drewes; Detlef Dietzmann; Edwin Routledge; Nicola Beresford; Tamara Zietek; Margot Siebler; Anne Simon; Helena Bielak; Henner Hollert; Yvonne Müller; Maike Harff; Sabrina Schiwy; Kirsten Simon; Steffen Uhlig. 2018. "Validation of Arxula Yeast Estrogen Screen assay for detection of estrogenic activity in water samples: Results of an international interlaboratory study." Science of The Total Environment 621, no. : 612-625.

Corrigendum
Published: 23 August 2017 in Nature Communications
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Nature Communications 8: Article number: 15451 (2017); Published 16 May 2017; Updated 23 August 2017 The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Leon Di Stefano, which was incorrectly given as Leon di Stephano. This has now been corrected in both the PDF andHTML versions of the Article.

ACS Style

Coen M. Adema; LaDeana W. Hillier; Catherine S. Jones; Eric S. Loker; Matty Knight; Patrick Minx; Guilherme Oliveira; Nithya Raghavan; Andrew Shedlock; Laurence Rodrigues Do Amaral; Halime D. Arican-Goktas; Juliana G. Assis; Elio Hideo Baba; Olga L. Baron; Christopher J. Bayne; Utibe Bickham-Wright; Kyle K. Biggar; Michael Blouin; Bryony C. Bonning; Chris Botka; Joanna M. Bridger; Katherine M. Buckley; Sarah K. Buddenborg; Roberta Lima Caldeira; Julia Carleton; Omar S. Carvalho; Maria G. Castillo; Iain W. Chalmers; Mikkel Christensens; Sandra Clifton; Celine Cosseau; Christine Coustau; Richard M. Cripps; Yesid Cuesta-Astroz; Scott F. Cummins; Leon Di Stefano; Nathalie Dinguirard; David Duval; Scott Emrich; Cédric Feschotte; Rene Feyereisen; Peter FitzGerald; Catrina Fronick; Lucinda Fulton; Richard Galinier; Sandra G. Gava; Michael Geusz; Kathrin K. Geyer; Gloria I. Giraldo-Calderón; Matheus De Souza Gomes; Michelle A. Gordy; Benjamin Gourbal; Christoph Grunau; Patrick C. Hanington; Karl F. Hoffmann; Daniel Hughes; Judith Humphries; Daniel J. Jackson; Liana K. Jannotti-Passos; Wander De Jesus Jeremias; Susan Jobling; Bishoy Kamel; Aurélie Kapusta; Satwant Kaur; Joris M. Koene; Andrea B. Kohn; Dan Lawson; Scott P. Lawton; Di Liang; Yanin Limpanont; Sijun Liu; Anne E. Lockyer; Ty Anna L. Lovato; Fernanda Ludolf; Vince Magrini; Donald P. McManus; Monica Medina; Milind Misra; Guillaume Mitta; Gerald M. Mkoji; Michael J. Montague; Cesar Montelongo; Leonid L. Moroz; Monica C. Munoz-Torres; Umar Niazi; Leslie R. Noble; Francislon S. Oliveira; Fabiano S. Pais; Anthony T. Papenfuss; Rob Peace; Janeth J. Pena; Emmanuel A. Pila; Titouan Quelais; Brian J. Raney; Jonathan P. Rast; David Rollinson; Izinara C. Rosse; Bronwyn Rotgans; Edwin J. Routledge; Kathryn M. Ryan; Larissa L. S. Scholte; Kenneth B. Storey; Martin Swain; Jacob A. Tennessen; Chad Tomlinson; Damian L. Trujillo; Emanuela V. Volpi; Anthony J. Walker; Tianfang Wang; Ittiprasert Wannaporn; Wesley C. Warren; Xiao-Jun Wu; Timothy P. Yoshino; Mohammed Yusuf; Si-Ming Zhang; Min Zhao; Richard K. Wilson. Correction: Corrigendum: Whole genome analysis of a schistosomiasis-transmitting freshwater snail. Nature Communications 2017, 8, 16153 .

AMA Style

Coen M. Adema, LaDeana W. Hillier, Catherine S. Jones, Eric S. Loker, Matty Knight, Patrick Minx, Guilherme Oliveira, Nithya Raghavan, Andrew Shedlock, Laurence Rodrigues Do Amaral, Halime D. Arican-Goktas, Juliana G. Assis, Elio Hideo Baba, Olga L. Baron, Christopher J. Bayne, Utibe Bickham-Wright, Kyle K. Biggar, Michael Blouin, Bryony C. Bonning, Chris Botka, Joanna M. Bridger, Katherine M. Buckley, Sarah K. Buddenborg, Roberta Lima Caldeira, Julia Carleton, Omar S. Carvalho, Maria G. Castillo, Iain W. Chalmers, Mikkel Christensens, Sandra Clifton, Celine Cosseau, Christine Coustau, Richard M. Cripps, Yesid Cuesta-Astroz, Scott F. Cummins, Leon Di Stefano, Nathalie Dinguirard, David Duval, Scott Emrich, Cédric Feschotte, Rene Feyereisen, Peter FitzGerald, Catrina Fronick, Lucinda Fulton, Richard Galinier, Sandra G. Gava, Michael Geusz, Kathrin K. Geyer, Gloria I. Giraldo-Calderón, Matheus De Souza Gomes, Michelle A. Gordy, Benjamin Gourbal, Christoph Grunau, Patrick C. Hanington, Karl F. Hoffmann, Daniel Hughes, Judith Humphries, Daniel J. Jackson, Liana K. Jannotti-Passos, Wander De Jesus Jeremias, Susan Jobling, Bishoy Kamel, Aurélie Kapusta, Satwant Kaur, Joris M. Koene, Andrea B. Kohn, Dan Lawson, Scott P. Lawton, Di Liang, Yanin Limpanont, Sijun Liu, Anne E. Lockyer, Ty Anna L. Lovato, Fernanda Ludolf, Vince Magrini, Donald P. McManus, Monica Medina, Milind Misra, Guillaume Mitta, Gerald M. Mkoji, Michael J. Montague, Cesar Montelongo, Leonid L. Moroz, Monica C. Munoz-Torres, Umar Niazi, Leslie R. Noble, Francislon S. Oliveira, Fabiano S. Pais, Anthony T. Papenfuss, Rob Peace, Janeth J. Pena, Emmanuel A. Pila, Titouan Quelais, Brian J. Raney, Jonathan P. Rast, David Rollinson, Izinara C. Rosse, Bronwyn Rotgans, Edwin J. Routledge, Kathryn M. Ryan, Larissa L. S. Scholte, Kenneth B. Storey, Martin Swain, Jacob A. Tennessen, Chad Tomlinson, Damian L. Trujillo, Emanuela V. Volpi, Anthony J. Walker, Tianfang Wang, Ittiprasert Wannaporn, Wesley C. Warren, Xiao-Jun Wu, Timothy P. Yoshino, Mohammed Yusuf, Si-Ming Zhang, Min Zhao, Richard K. Wilson. Correction: Corrigendum: Whole genome analysis of a schistosomiasis-transmitting freshwater snail. Nature Communications. 2017; 8 (1):16153.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Coen M. Adema; LaDeana W. Hillier; Catherine S. Jones; Eric S. Loker; Matty Knight; Patrick Minx; Guilherme Oliveira; Nithya Raghavan; Andrew Shedlock; Laurence Rodrigues Do Amaral; Halime D. Arican-Goktas; Juliana G. Assis; Elio Hideo Baba; Olga L. Baron; Christopher J. Bayne; Utibe Bickham-Wright; Kyle K. Biggar; Michael Blouin; Bryony C. Bonning; Chris Botka; Joanna M. Bridger; Katherine M. Buckley; Sarah K. Buddenborg; Roberta Lima Caldeira; Julia Carleton; Omar S. Carvalho; Maria G. Castillo; Iain W. Chalmers; Mikkel Christensens; Sandra Clifton; Celine Cosseau; Christine Coustau; Richard M. Cripps; Yesid Cuesta-Astroz; Scott F. Cummins; Leon Di Stefano; Nathalie Dinguirard; David Duval; Scott Emrich; Cédric Feschotte; Rene Feyereisen; Peter FitzGerald; Catrina Fronick; Lucinda Fulton; Richard Galinier; Sandra G. Gava; Michael Geusz; Kathrin K. Geyer; Gloria I. Giraldo-Calderón; Matheus De Souza Gomes; Michelle A. Gordy; Benjamin Gourbal; Christoph Grunau; Patrick C. Hanington; Karl F. Hoffmann; Daniel Hughes; Judith Humphries; Daniel J. Jackson; Liana K. Jannotti-Passos; Wander De Jesus Jeremias; Susan Jobling; Bishoy Kamel; Aurélie Kapusta; Satwant Kaur; Joris M. Koene; Andrea B. Kohn; Dan Lawson; Scott P. Lawton; Di Liang; Yanin Limpanont; Sijun Liu; Anne E. Lockyer; Ty Anna L. Lovato; Fernanda Ludolf; Vince Magrini; Donald P. McManus; Monica Medina; Milind Misra; Guillaume Mitta; Gerald M. Mkoji; Michael J. Montague; Cesar Montelongo; Leonid L. Moroz; Monica C. Munoz-Torres; Umar Niazi; Leslie R. Noble; Francislon S. Oliveira; Fabiano S. Pais; Anthony T. Papenfuss; Rob Peace; Janeth J. Pena; Emmanuel A. Pila; Titouan Quelais; Brian J. Raney; Jonathan P. Rast; David Rollinson; Izinara C. Rosse; Bronwyn Rotgans; Edwin J. Routledge; Kathryn M. Ryan; Larissa L. S. Scholte; Kenneth B. Storey; Martin Swain; Jacob A. Tennessen; Chad Tomlinson; Damian L. Trujillo; Emanuela V. Volpi; Anthony J. Walker; Tianfang Wang; Ittiprasert Wannaporn; Wesley C. Warren; Xiao-Jun Wu; Timothy P. Yoshino; Mohammed Yusuf; Si-Ming Zhang; Min Zhao; Richard K. Wilson. 2017. "Correction: Corrigendum: Whole genome analysis of a schistosomiasis-transmitting freshwater snail." Nature Communications 8, no. 1: 16153.

Journal article
Published: 16 May 2017 in Nature Communications
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Biomphalaria snails are instrumental in transmission of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. With the World Health Organization's goal to eliminate schistosomiasis as a global health problem by 2025, there is now renewed emphasis on snail control. Here, we characterize the genome of Biomphalaria glabrata, a lophotrochozoan protostome, and provide timely and important information on snail biology. We describe aspects of phero-perception, stress responses, immune function and regulation of gene expression that support the persistence of B. glabrata in the field and may define this species as a suitable snail host for S. mansoni. We identify several potential targets for developing novel control measures aimed at reducing snail-mediated transmission of schistosomiasis.

ACS Style

Coen M. Adema; LaDeana W. Hillier; Catherine S. Jones; Eric S. Loker; Matty Knight; Patrick Minx; Guilherme Oliveira; Nithya Raghavan; Andrew Shedlock; Laurence Rodrigues Do Amaral; Halime D. Arican-Goktas; Juliana G. Assis; Elio Hideo Baba; Olga L. Baron; Christopher J. Bayne; Utibe Bickham-Wright; Kyle K. Biggar; Michael Blouin; Bryony C. Bonning; Chris Botka; Joanna Bridger; Katherine M. Buckley; Sarah K. Buddenborg; Roberta Lima Caldeira; Julia Carleton; Omar S. Carvalho; Maria G. Castillo; Iain Chalmers; Mikkel Christensens; Sandra Clifton; Celine Cosseau; Christine Coustau; Richard M. Cripps; Yesid Cuesta-Astroz; Scott Cummins; Leon Di Stefano; Nathalie Dinguirard; David Duval; Scott Emrich; Cédric Feschotte; René Feyereisen; Peter FitzGerald; Catrina Fronick; Lucinda Fulton; Richard Galinier; Sandra G. Gava; Michael Geusz; Kathrin K. Geyer; Gloria I. Giraldo-Calderón; Matheus De Souza Gomes; Michelle A. Gordy; Benjamin Gourbal; Christoph Grunau; Patrick C. Hanington; Karl Hoffmann; Daniel Hughes; Judith Humphries; Daniel J. Jackson; Liana K. Jannotti-Passos; Wander Jeremias; Susan Jobling; Bishoy Kamel; Aurélie Kapusta; Satwant Kaur; Joris M. Koene; Andrea B. Kohn; Daniel Lawson; Scott P Lawton; Di Liang; Yanin Limpanont; Sijun Liu; Anne E. Lockyer; TyAnna L. Lovato; Fernanda Ludolf; Vince Magrini; Donald McManus; Monica Medina; Milind Misra; Guillaume Mitta; Gerald M. Mkoji; Michael J. Montague; Cesar Montelongo; Leonid Moroz; Monica C. Munoz-Torres; Umar Niazi; Leslie Noble; Francislon S. Oliveira; Fabiano Pais; Anthony T. Papenfuss; Rob Peace; Janeth J. Pena; Emmanuel A. Pila; Titouan Quelais; Brian J. Raney; Jonathan P. Rast; David Rollinson; Izinara C. Rosse; Bronwyn Rotgans; Edwin Routledge; Kathryn M. Ryan; Larissa L. S. Scholte; Kenneth B. Storey; Martin Swain; Jacob Tennessen; Chad Tomlinson; Damian L. Trujillo; Emanuela Volpi; Anthony J. Walker; Tianfang Wang; Ittiprasert Wannaporn; Wesley C. Warren; Xiao-Jun Wu; Timothy P. Yoshino; Mohammed Yusuf; Si-Ming Zhang; Min Zhao; Richard K. Wilson. Whole genome analysis of a schistosomiasis-transmitting freshwater snail. Nature Communications 2017, 8, 15451 .

AMA Style

Coen M. Adema, LaDeana W. Hillier, Catherine S. Jones, Eric S. Loker, Matty Knight, Patrick Minx, Guilherme Oliveira, Nithya Raghavan, Andrew Shedlock, Laurence Rodrigues Do Amaral, Halime D. Arican-Goktas, Juliana G. Assis, Elio Hideo Baba, Olga L. Baron, Christopher J. Bayne, Utibe Bickham-Wright, Kyle K. Biggar, Michael Blouin, Bryony C. Bonning, Chris Botka, Joanna Bridger, Katherine M. Buckley, Sarah K. Buddenborg, Roberta Lima Caldeira, Julia Carleton, Omar S. Carvalho, Maria G. Castillo, Iain Chalmers, Mikkel Christensens, Sandra Clifton, Celine Cosseau, Christine Coustau, Richard M. Cripps, Yesid Cuesta-Astroz, Scott Cummins, Leon Di Stefano, Nathalie Dinguirard, David Duval, Scott Emrich, Cédric Feschotte, René Feyereisen, Peter FitzGerald, Catrina Fronick, Lucinda Fulton, Richard Galinier, Sandra G. Gava, Michael Geusz, Kathrin K. Geyer, Gloria I. Giraldo-Calderón, Matheus De Souza Gomes, Michelle A. Gordy, Benjamin Gourbal, Christoph Grunau, Patrick C. Hanington, Karl Hoffmann, Daniel Hughes, Judith Humphries, Daniel J. Jackson, Liana K. Jannotti-Passos, Wander Jeremias, Susan Jobling, Bishoy Kamel, Aurélie Kapusta, Satwant Kaur, Joris M. Koene, Andrea B. Kohn, Daniel Lawson, Scott P Lawton, Di Liang, Yanin Limpanont, Sijun Liu, Anne E. Lockyer, TyAnna L. Lovato, Fernanda Ludolf, Vince Magrini, Donald McManus, Monica Medina, Milind Misra, Guillaume Mitta, Gerald M. Mkoji, Michael J. Montague, Cesar Montelongo, Leonid Moroz, Monica C. Munoz-Torres, Umar Niazi, Leslie Noble, Francislon S. Oliveira, Fabiano Pais, Anthony T. Papenfuss, Rob Peace, Janeth J. Pena, Emmanuel A. Pila, Titouan Quelais, Brian J. Raney, Jonathan P. Rast, David Rollinson, Izinara C. Rosse, Bronwyn Rotgans, Edwin Routledge, Kathryn M. Ryan, Larissa L. S. Scholte, Kenneth B. Storey, Martin Swain, Jacob Tennessen, Chad Tomlinson, Damian L. Trujillo, Emanuela Volpi, Anthony J. Walker, Tianfang Wang, Ittiprasert Wannaporn, Wesley C. Warren, Xiao-Jun Wu, Timothy P. Yoshino, Mohammed Yusuf, Si-Ming Zhang, Min Zhao, Richard K. Wilson. Whole genome analysis of a schistosomiasis-transmitting freshwater snail. Nature Communications. 2017; 8 (1):15451.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Coen M. Adema; LaDeana W. Hillier; Catherine S. Jones; Eric S. Loker; Matty Knight; Patrick Minx; Guilherme Oliveira; Nithya Raghavan; Andrew Shedlock; Laurence Rodrigues Do Amaral; Halime D. Arican-Goktas; Juliana G. Assis; Elio Hideo Baba; Olga L. Baron; Christopher J. Bayne; Utibe Bickham-Wright; Kyle K. Biggar; Michael Blouin; Bryony C. Bonning; Chris Botka; Joanna Bridger; Katherine M. Buckley; Sarah K. Buddenborg; Roberta Lima Caldeira; Julia Carleton; Omar S. Carvalho; Maria G. Castillo; Iain Chalmers; Mikkel Christensens; Sandra Clifton; Celine Cosseau; Christine Coustau; Richard M. Cripps; Yesid Cuesta-Astroz; Scott Cummins; Leon Di Stefano; Nathalie Dinguirard; David Duval; Scott Emrich; Cédric Feschotte; René Feyereisen; Peter FitzGerald; Catrina Fronick; Lucinda Fulton; Richard Galinier; Sandra G. Gava; Michael Geusz; Kathrin K. Geyer; Gloria I. Giraldo-Calderón; Matheus De Souza Gomes; Michelle A. Gordy; Benjamin Gourbal; Christoph Grunau; Patrick C. Hanington; Karl Hoffmann; Daniel Hughes; Judith Humphries; Daniel J. Jackson; Liana K. Jannotti-Passos; Wander Jeremias; Susan Jobling; Bishoy Kamel; Aurélie Kapusta; Satwant Kaur; Joris M. Koene; Andrea B. Kohn; Daniel Lawson; Scott P Lawton; Di Liang; Yanin Limpanont; Sijun Liu; Anne E. Lockyer; TyAnna L. Lovato; Fernanda Ludolf; Vince Magrini; Donald McManus; Monica Medina; Milind Misra; Guillaume Mitta; Gerald M. Mkoji; Michael J. Montague; Cesar Montelongo; Leonid Moroz; Monica C. Munoz-Torres; Umar Niazi; Leslie Noble; Francislon S. Oliveira; Fabiano Pais; Anthony T. Papenfuss; Rob Peace; Janeth J. Pena; Emmanuel A. Pila; Titouan Quelais; Brian J. Raney; Jonathan P. Rast; David Rollinson; Izinara C. Rosse; Bronwyn Rotgans; Edwin Routledge; Kathryn M. Ryan; Larissa L. S. Scholte; Kenneth B. Storey; Martin Swain; Jacob Tennessen; Chad Tomlinson; Damian L. Trujillo; Emanuela Volpi; Anthony J. Walker; Tianfang Wang; Ittiprasert Wannaporn; Wesley C. Warren; Xiao-Jun Wu; Timothy P. Yoshino; Mohammed Yusuf; Si-Ming Zhang; Min Zhao; Richard K. Wilson. 2017. "Whole genome analysis of a schistosomiasis-transmitting freshwater snail." Nature Communications 8, no. 1: 15451.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2017 in Environmental Technology Reviews
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ACS Style

Aji Peter; K. Clive Thompson; Edwin John Routledge. Barriers to effectiveLegionellacontrol in a changing world: a practitioner’s view. Environmental Technology Reviews 2017, 6, 145 -155.

AMA Style

Aji Peter, K. Clive Thompson, Edwin John Routledge. Barriers to effectiveLegionellacontrol in a changing world: a practitioner’s view. Environmental Technology Reviews. 2017; 6 (1):145-155.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Aji Peter; K. Clive Thompson; Edwin John Routledge. 2017. "Barriers to effectiveLegionellacontrol in a changing world: a practitioner’s view." Environmental Technology Reviews 6, no. 1: 145-155.

Journal article
Published: 01 December 2016 in Journal of Environmental Engineering
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ACS Style

G. Cossali; E. J. Routledge; M. S. Ratcliffe; H. Blakes; J. E. Fielder; T. G. Karayiannis. Inactivation of E. coli , Legionella , and Pseudomonas in Tap Water Using Electrochemical Disinfection. Journal of Environmental Engineering 2016, 142, 04016063 .

AMA Style

G. Cossali, E. J. Routledge, M. S. Ratcliffe, H. Blakes, J. E. Fielder, T. G. Karayiannis. Inactivation of E. coli , Legionella , and Pseudomonas in Tap Water Using Electrochemical Disinfection. Journal of Environmental Engineering. 2016; 142 (12):04016063.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. Cossali; E. J. Routledge; M. S. Ratcliffe; H. Blakes; J. E. Fielder; T. G. Karayiannis. 2016. "Inactivation of E. coli , Legionella , and Pseudomonas in Tap Water Using Electrochemical Disinfection." Journal of Environmental Engineering 142, no. 12: 04016063.

Research article
Published: 22 July 2016 in PLOS ONE
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Gastropod mollusks have been proposed as alternative models for male reproductive toxicity testing, due to similarities in their reproductive anatomy compared to mammals, together with evidence that endocrine disrupting chemicals can cause effects in some mollusks analogous to those seen in mammals. To test this hypothesis, we used the freshwater pulmonate snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, for which various genetic tools and a draft genome have recently become available, to investigate the effects of two steroid androgens on the development of mollusk secondary sexual organs. Here we present the results of exposures to two potent androgens, the vertebrate steroid; 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the pharmaceutical anabolic steroid; 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), under continuous flow-through conditions throughout embryonic development and up to sexual maturity. Secondary sexual gland morphology, histopathology and differential gene expression analysis were used to determine whether steroid androgens stimulated or inhibited organ development. No significant differences between tissues from control and exposed snails were identified, suggesting that these androgens elicited no biologically detectable response normally associated with exposure to androgens in vertebrate model systems. Identifying no effect of androgens in this mollusk is significant, not only in the context of the suitability of mollusks as alternative model organisms for testing vertebrate androgen receptor agonists but also, if applicable to other similar mollusks, in terms of the likely impacts of androgens and anti-androgenic pollutants present in the aquatic environment.

ACS Style

Satwant Kaur; Alice Baynes; Anne E. Lockyer; Edwin J. Routledge; Catherine S. Jones; Leslie Noble; Susan Jobling. Steroid Androgen Exposure during Development Has No Effect on Reproductive Physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata. PLOS ONE 2016, 11, e0159852 .

AMA Style

Satwant Kaur, Alice Baynes, Anne E. Lockyer, Edwin J. Routledge, Catherine S. Jones, Leslie Noble, Susan Jobling. Steroid Androgen Exposure during Development Has No Effect on Reproductive Physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata. PLOS ONE. 2016; 11 (7):e0159852.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Satwant Kaur; Alice Baynes; Anne E. Lockyer; Edwin J. Routledge; Catherine S. Jones; Leslie Noble; Susan Jobling. 2016. "Steroid Androgen Exposure during Development Has No Effect on Reproductive Physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata." PLOS ONE 11, no. 7: e0159852.

Research article
Published: 07 April 2015 in PLOS ONE
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Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription regulators involved in an array of diverse physiological functions including key roles in endocrine and metabolic function. The aim of this study was to identify nuclear receptors in the fully sequenced genome of the gastropod snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni and compare these to known vertebrate NRs, with a view to assessing the snail's potential as a invertebrate model organism for endocrine function, both as a prospective new test organism and to elucidate the fundamental genetic and mechanistic causes of disease. For comparative purposes, the genome of a second gastropod, the owl limpet, Lottia gigantea was also investigated for nuclear receptors. Thirty-nine and thirty-three putative NRs were identified from the B. glabrata and L. gigantea genomes respectively, based on the presence of a conserved DNA-binding domain and/or ligand-binding domain. Nuclear receptor transcript expression was confirmed and sequences were subjected to a comparative phylogenetic analysis, which demonstrated that these molluscs have representatives of all the major NR subfamilies (1-6). Many of the identified NRs are conserved between vertebrates and invertebrates, however differences exist, most notably, the absence of receptors of Group 3C, which includes some of the vertebrate endocrine hormone targets. The mollusc genomes also contain NR homologues that are present in insects and nematodes but not in vertebrates, such as Group 1J (HR48/DAF12/HR96). The identification of many shared receptors between humans and molluscs indicates the potential for molluscs as model organisms; however the absence of several steroid hormone receptors indicates snail endocrine systems are fundamentally different.

ACS Style

Satwant Kaur; Susan Jobling; Catherine S. Jones; Leslie Noble; Edwin J. Routledge; Anne E. Lockyer. The Nuclear Receptors of Biomphalaria glabrata and Lottia gigantea: Implications for Developing New Model Organisms. PLOS ONE 2015, 10, e0121259 .

AMA Style

Satwant Kaur, Susan Jobling, Catherine S. Jones, Leslie Noble, Edwin J. Routledge, Anne E. Lockyer. The Nuclear Receptors of Biomphalaria glabrata and Lottia gigantea: Implications for Developing New Model Organisms. PLOS ONE. 2015; 10 (4):e0121259.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Satwant Kaur; Susan Jobling; Catherine S. Jones; Leslie Noble; Edwin J. Routledge; Anne E. Lockyer. 2015. "The Nuclear Receptors of Biomphalaria glabrata and Lottia gigantea: Implications for Developing New Model Organisms." PLOS ONE 10, no. 4: e0121259.

Research article
Published: 14 August 2014 in PLOS ONE
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Direct visualisation of cells for the purpose of studying their motility has typically required expensive microscopy equipment. However, recent advances in digital sensors mean that it is now possible to image cells for a fraction of the price of a standard microscope. Along with low-cost imaging there has also been a large increase in the availability of high quality, open-source analysis programs. In this study we describe the development and performance of an expandable cell motility system employing inexpensive, commercially available digital USB microscopes to image various cell types using time-lapse and perform tracking assays in proof-of-concept experiments. With this system we were able to measure and record three separate assays simultaneously on one personal computer using identical microscopes, and obtained tracking results comparable in quality to those from other studies that used standard, more expensive, equipment. The microscopes used in our system were capable of a maximum magnification of 413.6×. Although resolution was lower than that of a standard inverted microscope we found this difference to be indistinguishable at the magnification chosen for cell tracking experiments (206.8×). In preliminary cell culture experiments using our system, velocities (mean µm/min ± SE) of 0.81±0.01 (Biomphalaria glabrata hemocytes on uncoated plates), 1.17±0.004 (MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells), 1.24±0.006 (SC5 mouse Sertoli cells) and 2.21±0.01 (B. glabrata hemocytes on Poly-L-Lysine coated plates), were measured and are consistent with previous reports. We believe that this system, coupled with open-source analysis software, demonstrates that higher throughput time-lapse imaging of cells for the purpose of studying motility can be an affordable option for all researchers.

ACS Style

Adam E. Lynch; Junian Triajianto; Edwin Routledge. Low-Cost Motility Tracking System (LOCOMOTIS) for Time-Lapse Microscopy Applications and Cell Visualisation. PLOS ONE 2014, 9, e103547 .

AMA Style

Adam E. Lynch, Junian Triajianto, Edwin Routledge. Low-Cost Motility Tracking System (LOCOMOTIS) for Time-Lapse Microscopy Applications and Cell Visualisation. PLOS ONE. 2014; 9 (8):e103547.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Adam E. Lynch; Junian Triajianto; Edwin Routledge. 2014. "Low-Cost Motility Tracking System (LOCOMOTIS) for Time-Lapse Microscopy Applications and Cell Visualisation." PLOS ONE 9, no. 8: e103547.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2014 in Green Chemistry
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First generation Ru catalysts are the best for ethenolysis of cardanol to 3-non-8-enylphenol, a precursor to 3-nonylphenyl (3-NP) a potential replacement for the banned 4-nonylphenol (4-NP). The oestrogenicity of 3-NP is reduced by a factor of 150 compared with 4-NP.

ACS Style

Jennifer Julis; Stuart A. Bartlett; Sabrina Baader; Nicola Beresford; Edwin J. Routledge; Catherine S. J. Cazin; David J. Cole-Hamilton. Selective ethenolysis and oestrogenicity of compounds from cashew nut shell liquid. Green Chemistry 2014, 16, 2846 -2856.

AMA Style

Jennifer Julis, Stuart A. Bartlett, Sabrina Baader, Nicola Beresford, Edwin J. Routledge, Catherine S. J. Cazin, David J. Cole-Hamilton. Selective ethenolysis and oestrogenicity of compounds from cashew nut shell liquid. Green Chemistry. 2014; 16 (5):2846-2856.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Jennifer Julis; Stuart A. Bartlett; Sabrina Baader; Nicola Beresford; Edwin J. Routledge; Catherine S. J. Cazin; David J. Cole-Hamilton. 2014. "Selective ethenolysis and oestrogenicity of compounds from cashew nut shell liquid." Green Chemistry 16, no. 5: 2846-2856.

Journal article
Published: 15 September 2013 in Aquatic Toxicology
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Estrogen receptor orthologues in molluscs may be targets for endocrine disruptors, although mechanistic evidence is lacking. Molluscs are reported to be highly susceptible to effects caused by very low concentrations of environmental estrogens which, if substantiated, would have a major impact on the risk assessment of many chemicals. The present paper describes the most thorough evaluation to-date of the susceptibility of Marisa cornuarietis ER and ERR gene transcription to modulation by vertebrate estrogens in vivo and in vitro. We investigated the effects of estradiol-17β and 4-tert-Octylphenol exposure on in vivo estrogen receptor (ER) and estrogen-related receptor (ERR) gene transcription in the reproductive and neural tissues of the gastropod snail M. cornuarietis over a 12-week period. There was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of treatment on gene transcription levels between exposed and non-exposed snails. Absence of a direct interaction of estradiol-17β and 4-tert-Octylphenol with mollusc ER and ERR protein was also supported by in vitro studies in transfected HEK-293 cells. Additional in vitro studies with a selection of other potential ligands (including methyl-testosterone, 17α-ethinylestradiol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, diethylstilbestrol, cyproterone acetate and ICI182780) showed no interaction when tested using this assay. In repeated in vitro tests, however, genistein (with mcER-like) and bisphenol-A (with mcERR) increased reporter gene expression at high concentrations only (>10−6 M for Gen and >10−5 M for BPA, respectively). Like vertebrate estrogen receptors, the mollusc ER protein bound to the consensus vertebrate estrogen-response element (ERE). Together, these data provide no substantial evidence that mcER-like and mcERR activation and transcript levels in tissues are modulated by the vertebrate estrogen estradiol-17β or 4-tert-Octylphenol in vivo, or that other ligands of vertebrate ERs and ERRs (with the possible exception of genistein and bisphenol A, respectively) would do otherwise.

ACS Style

Richard Bannister; Nicola Beresford; David W. Granger; Nadine A. Pounds; Mariann Rand-Weaver; Roger White; Susan Jobling; Edwin J. Routledge. No substantial changes in estrogen receptor and estrogen-related receptor orthologue gene transcription in Marisa cornuarietis exposed to estrogenic chemicals. Aquatic Toxicology 2013, 140-141, 19 -26.

AMA Style

Richard Bannister, Nicola Beresford, David W. Granger, Nadine A. Pounds, Mariann Rand-Weaver, Roger White, Susan Jobling, Edwin J. Routledge. No substantial changes in estrogen receptor and estrogen-related receptor orthologue gene transcription in Marisa cornuarietis exposed to estrogenic chemicals. Aquatic Toxicology. 2013; 140-141 ():19-26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard Bannister; Nicola Beresford; David W. Granger; Nadine A. Pounds; Mariann Rand-Weaver; Roger White; Susan Jobling; Edwin J. Routledge. 2013. "No substantial changes in estrogen receptor and estrogen-related receptor orthologue gene transcription in Marisa cornuarietis exposed to estrogenic chemicals." Aquatic Toxicology 140-141, no. : 19-26.

Journal article
Published: 30 March 2011 in Ecotoxicology
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Pollution was cited by the Global Amphibian Assessment to be the second most important cause of amphibian decline worldwide, however, the effects of the agricultural environment on amphibians are not well understood. In this study, spawn from was taken from four sites in England and Wales with varying intensities of arable agriculture. Spawn was either placed in tanks containing aged tap water (-, five replicates) or in cages at the native site (caged, five replicates). Hatching success, abnormal tadpoles, and forelimb emergence were recorded during the larval stage. Individuals were also sampled at five time points (TP) during development (5-, 7-, 9-, 12-, 15-weeks post-hatch) and analysed for morphological parameters. The thyroids (TP2) and the gonads (TP3,4,5) were also analysed histologically. With the exception of the thyroid histopathology, all analysed endpoints were significantly different between - individuals reared under identical conditions from the different sites. In addition, intensity of arable agriculture had a negative effect on growth and development. At one site, despite distinct rearing conditions, a high level of intersex (up to 42%) and similar sex ratios were observed in both - and caged individuals. Taken together, these data suggest that maternal exposure and/or events had a much larger effect on growth, metamorphic development, and sexual differentiation in than the ambient environment. This could have important implications for traditional exposure scenarios that typically begin at the larval stage. Intersex is reported for the first time in European amphibians , highlighting the potential use of distinct populations of amphibians in fundamental research into the aetiology of specific developmental effects in wild amphibians.

ACS Style

Frances Orton; Edwin Routledge. Agricultural intensity in ovo affects growth, metamorphic development and sexual differentiation in the Common toad (Bufo bufo). Ecotoxicology 2011, 20, 901 -911.

AMA Style

Frances Orton, Edwin Routledge. Agricultural intensity in ovo affects growth, metamorphic development and sexual differentiation in the Common toad (Bufo bufo). Ecotoxicology. 2011; 20 (4):901-911.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frances Orton; Edwin Routledge. 2011. "Agricultural intensity in ovo affects growth, metamorphic development and sexual differentiation in the Common toad (Bufo bufo)." Ecotoxicology 20, no. 4: 901-911.

Journal article
Published: 25 January 2011 in Aquatic Toxicology
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Whilst the effects of oestrogenic contaminants in the aquatic environment are well documented in fish, effects in invertebrate species has been subject to debate, possibly due to differences in experimental conditions (temperature, timing and duration of exposure) between studies. It has been suggested that molluscs are only susceptible to oestrogens in periods either following the main spawning or leading up to the maturation of gametes. To investigate this possibility, two temperate, seasonally reproducing gastropods (Planorbarius corneus and Viviparus viviparus) were exposed to two concentrations of 17β-oestradiol (E2; 10 ng/l and 100 ng/l nominal) in an outdoor mesocosm (subject to natural seasons). In addition, P. corneus was also exposed to E2 (1, 10 and 100 ng/l) in the laboratory at temperatures and photoperiods to simulate summer and autumn. In the mesocosm, both snail species produced similar numbers of eggs/embryos as reference groups in the summer, but the groups exposed to 10 ng E2/l (nominal) had significantly higher productivities after the onset of autumn, when entering their quiescent phase, whilst the snails exposed to a higher concentration (100 ng/l, nominal) had an increased rate of mortality, and did not experience increased reproduction. In the laboratory, the rate of egg laying in P. corneus was unaffected in simulated summer (20 °C, 16 h photoperiod), but snails exposed to 10 and 100 ng/l (nominal) in simulated autumn (15 °C, 12 h photoperiod) showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of the natural decline in egg laying observed in the control snails. Overall, rather than an increase in reproductive rate, the response of this species was a perpetuation of summer reproductive rates into autumn. We conclude that exposure to E2 can affect reproduction in the freshwater gastropods studied, but in P. corneus at least, this is dependent on the seasonal conditions (temperature and photoperiod) at which exposures are made.

ACS Style

Rachel S. Benstead; Alice Baynes; Daire Casey; Edwin J. Routledge; Susan Jobling. 17β-Oestradiol may prolong reproduction in seasonally breeding freshwater gastropod molluscs. Aquatic Toxicology 2011, 101, 326 -334.

AMA Style

Rachel S. Benstead, Alice Baynes, Daire Casey, Edwin J. Routledge, Susan Jobling. 17β-Oestradiol may prolong reproduction in seasonally breeding freshwater gastropod molluscs. Aquatic Toxicology. 2011; 101 (2):326-334.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rachel S. Benstead; Alice Baynes; Daire Casey; Edwin J. Routledge; Susan Jobling. 2011. "17β-Oestradiol may prolong reproduction in seasonally breeding freshwater gastropod molluscs." Aquatic Toxicology 101, no. 2: 326-334.

Journal article
Published: 17 February 2009 in Environmental Science & Technology
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The potential for agricultural chemicals to cause endocrine disruption (ED) in humans and wildlife is an increasing concern; however, the effects of commonly used pesticides at environmentally relevant concentrations are largely unknown. Therefore, 12 environmentally relevant pesticides (11 herbicides and pentachlorophenol (PCP)) were tested for their endocrine disrupting potential in two in vitro assays. A recombinant yeast screen was used to detect receptor mediated (anti-) estrogenic and (anti-) androgenic activity (concentration range: 0.01-1000 microM), and cultured Xenopus oocytes were used to measure effects on the ovulatory response and ovarian steroidogenesis (concentration range: 0.00625-62.5 microM). Eleven pesticides were active in at least one assay (isoproturon, diuron, linuron, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy acetic acid (MCPA), mecoprop, atrazine, simazine, PCP, trifluralin, chlorpropham, bentazone), and one had no effect (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,-D)). The most common effects were antiestrogenic/ antiandrogenic activity in the yeast screen, and inhibition of ovulation in vitro, accompanied by decreased testosterone production. Estrogenic activity was never observed. In addition, the most potent compound identified in vitro (PCP) was tested for ED activity in vivo. A short-term exposure (6 days) of adult female Xenopus to low concentrations (0.1 or 1 microg/L; 0.375 or 3.75 nM) resulted in minor alterations in plasma hormone levels and toxic effects on the ovary. Changes in in vitro human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulated hormone production in ovarian follicles from exposed individuals was also observed. In conclusion, novel effects of herbicides and PCP at environmentally relevant concentrations were found, and the effects of these compounds on humans and/or wildlife warrant further investigation.

ACS Style

Frances Orton; Ilka Lutz; Werner Kloas; Edwin Routledge. Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Herbicides and Pentachlorophenol: In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence. Environmental Science & Technology 2009, 43, 2144 -2150.

AMA Style

Frances Orton, Ilka Lutz, Werner Kloas, Edwin Routledge. Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Herbicides and Pentachlorophenol: In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence. Environmental Science & Technology. 2009; 43 (6):2144-2150.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frances Orton; Ilka Lutz; Werner Kloas; Edwin Routledge. 2009. "Endocrine Disrupting Effects of Herbicides and Pentachlorophenol: In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence." Environmental Science & Technology 43, no. 6: 2144-2150.

Research article
Published: 06 February 2009 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Experiments were conducted to assess the impacts of exposure to sewage treatment works (STW) effluent upon the growth, reproductive function, and sexual development of the European mollusc, Planorbarius corneus under seasonally varying temperatures and photoperiodic conditions. In river water, a clear seasonal change in the number and weight of egg masses (during both 2003 and 2004), and in the number of eggs produced, was found, providing evidence for profound effects of both changing temperature and photoperiod on reproduction. Exposure to STW effluent caused disturbances in this seasonal reproductive cycle at all concentrations tested. The effects included significant dose-dependent increases in fecundity and in the overall length of the reproductive cycle in adult snails exposed to both 50% and 100% effluent relative to river water for a period of up to 14 weeks. Disturbances in the development of both the male and female gametes of the both the adult snails and their developmentally exposed offspring were also seen. These effects were more evident in the offspring than in the adults.

ACS Style

Neil Clarke; Edwin Routledge; Anthony Garner; Daire Casey; Rachel Benstead; David Walker; Burkard Watermann; K Gnass; A Thomsen; Susan Jobling. Exposure to Treated Sewage Effluent Disrupts Reproduction and Development in the Seasonally Breeding Ramshorn Snail (Subclass: Pulmonata, Planorbarius corneus). Environmental Science & Technology 2009, 43, 2092 -2098.

AMA Style

Neil Clarke, Edwin Routledge, Anthony Garner, Daire Casey, Rachel Benstead, David Walker, Burkard Watermann, K Gnass, A Thomsen, Susan Jobling. Exposure to Treated Sewage Effluent Disrupts Reproduction and Development in the Seasonally Breeding Ramshorn Snail (Subclass: Pulmonata, Planorbarius corneus). Environmental Science & Technology. 2009; 43 (6):2092-2098.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Neil Clarke; Edwin Routledge; Anthony Garner; Daire Casey; Rachel Benstead; David Walker; Burkard Watermann; K Gnass; A Thomsen; Susan Jobling. 2009. "Exposure to Treated Sewage Effluent Disrupts Reproduction and Development in the Seasonally Breeding Ramshorn Snail (Subclass: Pulmonata, Planorbarius corneus)." Environmental Science & Technology 43, no. 6: 2092-2098.

Research article
Published: 23 July 2008 in Environmental Science & Technology
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Degradation of technical nonylphenol by Sphingobium xenophagum Bayram led to a significant shift in the isomers composition of the mixture. By means of gas chromatography−mass spectrometry, we could observe a strong correlation between transformation of individual isomers and their α-substitution pattern, as expressed by their assignment to one of six mass spectrometric groups. As a rule, isomers with less bulkiness at the α-carbon and those with an optimally sized main alkyl chain (4−6 carbon atoms) were degraded more efficiently. By mass spectrometric analysis, we identified the two most recalcitrant main isomers of the technical mixture (Group 4) as 4-(1,2-dimethyl-1-propylbutyl)phenols (NP193a and NP193b), which are diastereomers with a bulky α-CH3, α-CH(CH3)C2H5 substitution. Our experiments with strain Bayram show that the selective enrichment of isomers with bulky α-substitutions observed in nonylphenol fingerprints of natural systems can be caused by microbial ipso-hydroxylation. Based on the yeast estrogen assay (YES), we established an estrogenicity ranking with a variety of single isomers and compared it to rankings obtained with different reporter cell systems. Structure−activity relationships derived from these data suggest that Group 4 isomers have a high estrogenic potency. This indicates a substantial risk that enrichment of highly estrogenic isomers during microbial degradation by ipso-substitution will increase the specific estrogenicity of aging material.

ACS Style

Frédéric L. P. Gabriel; Edwin Routledge; Andy Heidlberger; Daniel Rentsch; Klaus Guenther; Walter Giger; John P. Sumpter; Hans-Peter E. Kohler. Isomer-Specific Degradation and Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Nonylphenols. Environmental Science & Technology 2008, 42, 6399 -6408.

AMA Style

Frédéric L. P. Gabriel, Edwin Routledge, Andy Heidlberger, Daniel Rentsch, Klaus Guenther, Walter Giger, John P. Sumpter, Hans-Peter E. Kohler. Isomer-Specific Degradation and Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Nonylphenols. Environmental Science & Technology. 2008; 42 (17):6399-6408.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Frédéric L. P. Gabriel; Edwin Routledge; Andy Heidlberger; Daniel Rentsch; Klaus Guenther; Walter Giger; John P. Sumpter; Hans-Peter E. Kohler. 2008. "Isomer-Specific Degradation and Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Nonylphenols." Environmental Science & Technology 42, no. 17: 6399-6408.

Journal article
Published: 01 January 2008 in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine
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In this study Chinese herbs commonly used in the treatment of male infertility were investigated for relevant biochemical activity. Male factor infertility predominantly arises via barriers to, or defects in, spermatogenesis. The process of spermatogenesis is under strict endocrine control; in addition oxidative stress has been implicated in male infertility with significant levels of reactive oxygen species detected in 25% of infertile males. A total of 37 individual herbs and seven herb decoctions used in the treatment of male factor infertility were therefore tested for endocrine activity using a recombinant yeast based assay and antioxidant activity using the FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant potential) assay. Individual herbs tested did not show androgenic properties, 20 showed strong and 10 weak anti-oestrogenic activity (per g of dried herb tamoxifen equivalents ranged from 1.18-1280.66 mg and 0.06-0.98 mg, respectively). Oestrogenic responses were elicited for two herbs (85.30-550 microg oestradiol equivalents/g dried herb), with seven and three herbs exhibiting a strong or weak anti-androgenic response (per g of dried herb DHT equivalents ranged from 1.54-66.78 mg and 0.17-0.32 mg), respectively. Of these 37 herbs, strong (15 herbs), intermediate (7 herbs) and weak/no (15 herbs) antioxidant activity was detected (ranging from 0.912-1.26; 0.6-0.88 and 0-0.468 microg ascorbate equivalent/mg dried herb, respectively). The seven decoctions (previously used to treat patients) tested elicited strong (5 herbs) and weak (2 herbs) anti-oestrogenic responses (per g of dried herb tamoxifen equivalents ranged from 1.14-13.23 mg and 0.22-0.26 mg, respectively), but not oestrogenic, androgenic nor anti-androgenic, consistent with their individual composition. With regard to antioxidant activity the following responses were recorded: three strong, three intermediate and one weak (ranging from 1.02-1.2; 0.72-0.76 and 0.44 microg ascorbate equivalent/mg dried herb, respectively). The prospects for introducing Chinese herbal treatments into the Western-based medicine are discussed.

ACS Style

Helen G. Tempest; Sheryl T. Homa; Edwin J. Routledge; Anthony Garner; Xiao-Ping Zhai; Darren K. Griffin. Plants Used in Chinese Medicine for the Treatment of Male Infertility Possess Antioxidant and Anti-Oestrogenic Activity. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine 2008, 54, 185 -195.

AMA Style

Helen G. Tempest, Sheryl T. Homa, Edwin J. Routledge, Anthony Garner, Xiao-Ping Zhai, Darren K. Griffin. Plants Used in Chinese Medicine for the Treatment of Male Infertility Possess Antioxidant and Anti-Oestrogenic Activity. Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine. 2008; 54 (4-5):185-195.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Helen G. Tempest; Sheryl T. Homa; Edwin J. Routledge; Anthony Garner; Xiao-Ping Zhai; Darren K. Griffin. 2008. "Plants Used in Chinese Medicine for the Treatment of Male Infertility Possess Antioxidant and Anti-Oestrogenic Activity." Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine 54, no. 4-5: 185-195.

Comparative study
Published: 28 February 2007 in Environmental Science & Technology
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We have isolated novel molluskan steroid receptor transcripts orthologous to vertebrate estrogen receptors (ERs) and estrogen receptor-related receptors (ERRs) from the freshwater snail Marisa cornuarietis. Radiolabeled ligand binding analyses showed that neither recombinant receptor protein specifically bound 17β-estradiol over the range applied (0.3−9.6 nM). These novel receptor transcripts have thus been designated mcER-like and mcERR respectively. Quantitative PCR revealed mcER-like to be expressed ubiquitously throughout a range of male and female structures studied, including neural and reproductive tissues. Highest absolute levels were seen in the male penis-sheath complex. The mcERR mRNA was also expressed ubiquitously throughout all male and female tissues analyzed here, with very low absolute transcript numbers in female accessory sex structures compared to other tissues.

ACS Style

Richard Bannister; Nicola Beresford; Denise May; Edwin Routledge; Susan Jobling; Mariann Rand-Weaver. Novel Estrogen Receptor-Related Transcripts inMarisa cornuarietis; a Freshwater Snail with Reported Sensitivity to Estrogenic Chemicals. Environmental Science & Technology 2007, 41, 2643 -2650.

AMA Style

Richard Bannister, Nicola Beresford, Denise May, Edwin Routledge, Susan Jobling, Mariann Rand-Weaver. Novel Estrogen Receptor-Related Transcripts inMarisa cornuarietis; a Freshwater Snail with Reported Sensitivity to Estrogenic Chemicals. Environmental Science & Technology. 2007; 41 (7):2643-2650.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Richard Bannister; Nicola Beresford; Denise May; Edwin Routledge; Susan Jobling; Mariann Rand-Weaver. 2007. "Novel Estrogen Receptor-Related Transcripts inMarisa cornuarietis; a Freshwater Snail with Reported Sensitivity to Estrogenic Chemicals." Environmental Science & Technology 41, no. 7: 2643-2650.

Comparative study
Published: 01 January 2007 in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
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Benzotriazole (BT) is an anticorrosive agent well known for its use in aircraft deicing and antifreeze fluids but also used in dishwasher detergents. It is highly persistent in the environment; therefore, BT is frequently found in runoff emanating from large airports as well as in the surrounding groundwater. In addition, BT has recently been found to be ubiquitous in Swiss wastewater treatment plant effluents and their receiving waters; however, very little chronic toxicity data is available on which to base a sound ecological risk assessment of this chemical. In vitro assays conducted using a recombinant yeast (anti-) estrogen assay indicated that BT possessed clear antiestrogenic properties. This chemical was approximately 100-fold less potent than Tamoxifen, which was used as a positive control. A subsequent in vivo study, however, involving analysis of vitellogenin induction and somatic indices in adult fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to BT at concentrations of 10, 100, and 1,000 mug/L for two weeks showed no evidence of antiestrogenic activity by this compound. The possibility exists that higher concentrations of BT may yet induce the type of activity observed in vitro, although the concentrations used here already far exceed those reported in surface-water samples. Furthermore, adverse effects may be observed in fish or other organisms exposed to BT for a longer period than employed here, although such studies are costly and unlikely to be included in standard risk assessment procedures. A rigorous investigation of the chronic toxicity of BT is imperative.

ACS Style

Catherine A. Harris; Edwin J. Routledge; Christian Schaffner; Jayne V. Brian; Walter Giger; John P. Sumpter. BENZOTRIAZOLE IS ANTIESTROGENIC IN VITRO BUT NOT IN VIVO. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 2007, 26, 2367 -2372.

AMA Style

Catherine A. Harris, Edwin J. Routledge, Christian Schaffner, Jayne V. Brian, Walter Giger, John P. Sumpter. BENZOTRIAZOLE IS ANTIESTROGENIC IN VITRO BUT NOT IN VIVO. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 2007; 26 (11):2367-2372.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Catherine A. Harris; Edwin J. Routledge; Christian Schaffner; Jayne V. Brian; Walter Giger; John P. Sumpter. 2007. "BENZOTRIAZOLE IS ANTIESTROGENIC IN VITRO BUT NOT IN VIVO." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 26, no. 11: 2367-2372.