UroVysion^TM is a fluorescence in situ hybridization assay that was developed for the detection of bladder cancer (UC accounted for 90%) in urine specimens. It consists of fluorescently labeled DNA probes to the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 3, 7, 17 and to the 9p21 band location of the P16 tumor suppressor gene, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001 and 2005, respectively, for urine detection in patients with suspected bladder cancer and postoperative recurrence monitoring. Furthermore, recent studies also demonstrated that U-FISH was useful for assessing superficial bladder cancer patients’ response to Bacillus Calmette–Guérin therapy and in detecting upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Therefore, positive U-FISH was well known to urologists as a molecular cytogenetic technique for the detection of UC. However, with the continuous enrichment of clinical studies at home and abroad, U-FISH has shown a broader application space in the detection of various urinary primary tumors and even metastatic tumors. This review focuses on summarizing the research status of U-FISH in UC, non-urothelial carcinoma and metastatic tumor, so as to strengthen urologists’ more comprehensive understanding of the application value of U-FISH and better complete the accurate diagnosis and treatment of urological cancers.

Background: We analyzed the clinical data of patients with urachal carcinoma (UrC) in order to strengthen urologists' understanding of UrC and improve preoperative diagnosis.Methods: The clinical data of 37 patients with UrC admitted to our hospital from October 2005 to April 2022 were retrospectively analyzed, and 40 patients with urothelial carcinoma (UCa) of bladder were enrolled as the control group. We compared and analyzed the imaging, cystoscopy and immunohistochemistry, serum tumor markers, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of UrC and bladder UCa for early diagnosis and evaluation of diagnostic accuracy.Results: A total of 37 patients with UrC were enrolled in this study, including 30 males and seven females, with a median age of 52.00 (44.50–63.50) years. Imaging and cystoscopy suggest that UrC grows primarily outside the bladder cavity and is found in the middle line of the dome or anterior wall of the bladder. There was a significant difference in tumor location between the UrC group and the UCa group (10.13 mm vs. −7.06 mm, p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry revealed that CK20 and CDX‐2 were both diffusely and strongly positive. β‐catenin was strongly positive in cytoplasm and membrane, but negative in nuclear staining. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 72‐4 (CA724) expression levels were significantly higher in the UrC group than in the UCa group (p < 0.05). In the diagnosis of UrC, the area under the curve (AUC) of CEA combined with CA724 was the greatest. FISH's sensitivity in diagnosing UrC (5/7, 71.43%) was not significantly different from that of UCa (71.43% vs. 77.50%, p = 0.659). Imaging examination has the highest sensitivity and specificity among the accuracy evaluation of different diagnostic methods.Conclusions: Imaging and cystoscopy are the powerful diagnostic methods for UrC. Serum tumor markers may assist in diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring. Positive urine FISH can easily misdiagnose UrC as UCa

Ke C, et al. World J Mens Health. 2026 ;44:e30. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.250299

Tumorigenesis and progression are driven by immune dysregulation and escape, thus evaluating immune function is crucial for the identification of diseases or health conditions. Currently, there is a lack of noninvasive biomarkers in the overall management of PCa to assess a patient's immune status and immune response to different treatment regimens. Lymphocyte subsets are directly involved in the surveillance, defense and regulation of the human immune system, and are primarily composed of T cells, B cells, and NK cells. The combined assay of lymphocyte subsets number, phenotype and function is currently a more accepted method of assessing immune function. Quantitative aspects are presented in terms of both absolute counts and relative percentages. Phenotypic molecules reflect host immunity mainly through markers such as HLA-DR, CD25, CD45RO, CD45RA, CCR7, and CD28. Markers, such as IFN-γ, Fas ligand, perforin, granzyme B, TCF-1 (marker for maintaining the stem cell nature, self-renewal, and undifferentiated state), TOX (marker of T cell exhaustion), and immune checkpoint molecules (TIM-3, PD-1, LAG3) can be used to represent the functions of lymphocyte subsets. Nevertheless, existing research conclusions are miscellaneous, and no studies have systematically reviewed the role of lymphocyte subsets in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of PCa. In order to strengthen the comprehensive understanding and grasp of its role by urological surgeons, this review first introduces lymphocyte subsets in detail, and then condenses and summarizes the research progress of lymphocyte subsets in PCa from peripheral blood and tumor infiltration, respectively.