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G. Finocchio
Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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Article
Published: 27 July 2021 in Nature Communications
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Current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) are of interest for fast and energy-efficient manipulation of magnetic order in spintronic devices. To be deterministic, however, switching of perpendicularly magnetized materials by SOT requires a mechanism for in-plane symmetry breaking. Existing methods to do so involve the application of an in-plane bias magnetic field, or incorporation of in-plane structural asymmetry in the device, both of which can be difficult to implement in practical applications. Here, we report bias-field-free SOT switching in a single perpendicular CoTb layer with an engineered vertical composition gradient. The vertical structural inversion asymmetry induces strong intrinsic SOTs and a gradient-driven Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (g-DMI), which breaks the in-plane symmetry during the switching process. Micromagnetic simulations are in agreement with experimental results, and elucidate the role of g-DMI in the deterministic switching processes. This bias-field-free switching scheme for perpendicular ferrimagnets with g-DMI provides a strategy for efficient and compact SOT device design.

ACS Style

Zhenyi Zheng; Yue Zhang; Victor Lopez-Dominguez; Luis Sánchez-Tejerina; Jiacheng Shi; Xueqiang Feng; Lei Chen; Zilu Wang; Zhizhong Zhang; Kun Zhang; Bin Hong; Yong Xu; Youguang Zhang; Mario Carpentieri; Albert Fert; Giovanni Finocchio; Weisheng Zhao; Pedram Khalili Amiri. Field-free spin-orbit torque-induced switching of perpendicular magnetization in a ferrimagnetic layer with a vertical composition gradient. Nature Communications 2021, 12, 1 -9.

AMA Style

Zhenyi Zheng, Yue Zhang, Victor Lopez-Dominguez, Luis Sánchez-Tejerina, Jiacheng Shi, Xueqiang Feng, Lei Chen, Zilu Wang, Zhizhong Zhang, Kun Zhang, Bin Hong, Yong Xu, Youguang Zhang, Mario Carpentieri, Albert Fert, Giovanni Finocchio, Weisheng Zhao, Pedram Khalili Amiri. Field-free spin-orbit torque-induced switching of perpendicular magnetization in a ferrimagnetic layer with a vertical composition gradient. Nature Communications. 2021; 12 (1):1-9.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhenyi Zheng; Yue Zhang; Victor Lopez-Dominguez; Luis Sánchez-Tejerina; Jiacheng Shi; Xueqiang Feng; Lei Chen; Zilu Wang; Zhizhong Zhang; Kun Zhang; Bin Hong; Yong Xu; Youguang Zhang; Mario Carpentieri; Albert Fert; Giovanni Finocchio; Weisheng Zhao; Pedram Khalili Amiri. 2021. "Field-free spin-orbit torque-induced switching of perpendicular magnetization in a ferrimagnetic layer with a vertical composition gradient." Nature Communications 12, no. 1: 1-9.

Journal article
Published: 27 July 2021 in IEEE Magnetics Letters
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Spintronic technology is emerging as a direction for the hardware implementation of neurons and synapses of neuromorphic architectures. In particular, a single spintronic device can be used to implement the nonlinear activation function of neurons. Here, we propose how to implement spintronic neurons with a sigmoidal and ReLU-like activation functions. We then perform a numerical experiment showing the robustness of neural networks made by spintronic neurons all having different activation functions to emulate device-to-device variations in a possible hardware implementation of the network. Therefore, we consider a vanilla neural network implemented to recognize the categories of the Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology database, and we show an average accuracy of 98.87 % in the test dataset which is very close to the 98.89% as obtained for the ideal case (all neurons have the same sigmoid activation function). Similar results are also obtained with neurons having a ReLU-like activation function.

ACS Style

Eleonora Raimondo; Anna Giordano; Andrea Grimaldi; Vito Puliafito; Mario Carpentieri; Zhongming Zeng; Riccardo Tomasello; Giovanni Finocchio. Study of the robustness of neural networks based on spintronic neurons. IEEE Magnetics Letters 2021, PP, 1 -1.

AMA Style

Eleonora Raimondo, Anna Giordano, Andrea Grimaldi, Vito Puliafito, Mario Carpentieri, Zhongming Zeng, Riccardo Tomasello, Giovanni Finocchio. Study of the robustness of neural networks based on spintronic neurons. IEEE Magnetics Letters. 2021; PP (99):1-1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eleonora Raimondo; Anna Giordano; Andrea Grimaldi; Vito Puliafito; Mario Carpentieri; Zhongming Zeng; Riccardo Tomasello; Giovanni Finocchio. 2021. "Study of the robustness of neural networks based on spintronic neurons." IEEE Magnetics Letters PP, no. 99: 1-1.

Journal article
Published: 22 June 2021 in Nature Communications
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There is accelerating interest in developing memory devices using antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials, motivated by the possibility for electrically controlling AFM order via spin-orbit torques, and its read-out via magnetoresistive effects. Recent studies have shown, however, that high current densities create non-magnetic contributions to resistive switching signals in AFM/heavy metal (AFM/HM) bilayers, complicating their interpretation. Here we introduce an experimental protocol to unambiguously distinguish current-induced magnetic and nonmagnetic switching signals in AFM/HM structures, and demonstrate it in IrMn3/Pt devices. A six-terminal double-cross device is constructed, with an IrMn3 pillar placed on one cross. The differential voltage is measured between the two crosses with and without IrMn3 after each switching attempt. For a wide range of current densities, reversible switching is observed only when write currents pass through the cross with the IrMn3 pillar, eliminating any possibility of non-magnetic switching artifacts. Micromagnetic simulations support our findings, indicating a complex domain-mediated switching process.

ACS Style

Sevdenur Arpaci; Victor Lopez-Dominguez; Jiacheng Shi; Luis Sánchez-Tejerina; Francesca Garesci; Chulin Wang; Xueting Yan; Vinod K. Sangwan; Matthew A. Grayson; Mark C. Hersam; Giovanni Finocchio; Pedram Khalili Amiri. Observation of current-induced switching in non-collinear antiferromagnetic IrMn3 by differential voltage measurements. Nature Communications 2021, 12, 1 -10.

AMA Style

Sevdenur Arpaci, Victor Lopez-Dominguez, Jiacheng Shi, Luis Sánchez-Tejerina, Francesca Garesci, Chulin Wang, Xueting Yan, Vinod K. Sangwan, Matthew A. Grayson, Mark C. Hersam, Giovanni Finocchio, Pedram Khalili Amiri. Observation of current-induced switching in non-collinear antiferromagnetic IrMn3 by differential voltage measurements. Nature Communications. 2021; 12 (1):1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sevdenur Arpaci; Victor Lopez-Dominguez; Jiacheng Shi; Luis Sánchez-Tejerina; Francesca Garesci; Chulin Wang; Xueting Yan; Vinod K. Sangwan; Matthew A. Grayson; Mark C. Hersam; Giovanni Finocchio; Pedram Khalili Amiri. 2021. "Observation of current-induced switching in non-collinear antiferromagnetic IrMn3 by differential voltage measurements." Nature Communications 12, no. 1: 1-10.

Opinion
Published: 19 April 2021 in Applied Physics Letters
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Spintronic diodes are emerging as disruptive candidates for impacting several technological applications ranging from the Internet of things to artificial intelligence. Here, an overview of the recent achievements on spintronic diodes is briefly presented, underlying the major breakthroughs that have led these devices to have the largest sensitivity measured to date for a diode. For each class of spintronic diodes (passive, active, resonant, nonresonant), we indicate the remaining developments to improve the performances as well as the future directions. We also devoted the last part of this Perspective to ideas for developing spintronic diodes in multiphysics systems by combining two-dimensional materials and antiferromagnets.

ACS Style

G. Finocchio; R. Tomasello; B. Fang; A. Giordano; V. Puliafito; M. Carpentieri; Z. Zeng. Perspectives on spintronic diodes. Applied Physics Letters 2021, 118, 160502 .

AMA Style

G. Finocchio, R. Tomasello, B. Fang, A. Giordano, V. Puliafito, M. Carpentieri, Z. Zeng. Perspectives on spintronic diodes. Applied Physics Letters. 2021; 118 (16):160502.

Chicago/Turabian Style

G. Finocchio; R. Tomasello; B. Fang; A. Giordano; V. Puliafito; M. Carpentieri; Z. Zeng. 2021. "Perspectives on spintronic diodes." Applied Physics Letters 118, no. 16: 160502.

Journal article
Published: 31 March 2021 in Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
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Magnetic skyrmions are emerging as key elements of unconventional operations having unique properties such as small size and low current manipulation. In particular, it is possible to design skyrmion based neurons and synapses for neuromorphic computing in devices where skyrmions move along the current direction (zero skyrmion Hall angle). Here, we show that, for a given graph, skyrmions can be used in optimization problems facing the calculation of the shortest path. Our tests show a solution with the same path length as computed with the Dijkstra’s Algorithm. In addition, we also discuss how skyrmions act as positive feedback on this type of problems giving rise to a self-reinforcement of the path which is a possible solution.

ACS Style

Riccardo Tomasello; Anna Giordano; Francesca Garescì; Giulio Siracusano; Salvatore De Caro; Caterina Ciminelli; Mario Carpentieri; Giovanni Finocchio. Role of magnetic skyrmions for the solution of the shortest path problem. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2021, 532, 167977 .

AMA Style

Riccardo Tomasello, Anna Giordano, Francesca Garescì, Giulio Siracusano, Salvatore De Caro, Caterina Ciminelli, Mario Carpentieri, Giovanni Finocchio. Role of magnetic skyrmions for the solution of the shortest path problem. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2021; 532 ():167977.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Riccardo Tomasello; Anna Giordano; Francesca Garescì; Giulio Siracusano; Salvatore De Caro; Caterina Ciminelli; Mario Carpentieri; Giovanni Finocchio. 2021. "Role of magnetic skyrmions for the solution of the shortest path problem." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 532, no. : 167977.

Article
Published: 16 March 2021 in Physical Review Applied
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Understanding the electrical manipulation of the antiferromagnetic order is a crucial aspect to enable the design of antiferromagnetic devices working at THz frequencies. Focusing on collinear insulating antiferromagnetic NiO/Pt thin films as a materials platform, we identify the crystallographic orientation of the domains that can be switched by currents and quantify the Néel-vector direction changes. We demonstrate electrical switching between different T domains by current pulses, finding that the Néel-vector orientation in these domains is along [±5 ±5 19], different compared to the bulk ⟨112⟩ directions. The final state of the in-plane component of the Néel vector nIP after switching by current pulses j along the [1±10] directions is nIP∥j. By comparing the observed Néel-vector orientation and the strain in the thin films, assuming that this variation arises solely from magnetoelastic effects, we quantify the order of magnitude of the magnetoelastic coupling coefficient as b0+2b1=3×107J/m3. This information is key for the understanding of current-induced switching in antiferromagnets and for the design and use of such devices as active elements in spintronic devices.

ACS Style

C. Schmitt; L. Baldrati; L. Sanchez-Tejerina; F. Schreiber; A. Ross; M. Filianina; S. Ding; F. Fuhrmann; R. Ramos; F. Maccherozzi; D. Backes; M.-A. Mawass; F. Kronast; S. Valencia; E. Saitoh; G. Finocchio; M. Kläui. Identification of Néel Vector Orientation in Antiferromagnetic Domains Switched by Currents in NiO/Pt Thin Films. Physical Review Applied 2021, 15, 034047 .

AMA Style

C. Schmitt, L. Baldrati, L. Sanchez-Tejerina, F. Schreiber, A. Ross, M. Filianina, S. Ding, F. Fuhrmann, R. Ramos, F. Maccherozzi, D. Backes, M.-A. Mawass, F. Kronast, S. Valencia, E. Saitoh, G. Finocchio, M. Kläui. Identification of Néel Vector Orientation in Antiferromagnetic Domains Switched by Currents in NiO/Pt Thin Films. Physical Review Applied. 2021; 15 (3):034047.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Schmitt; L. Baldrati; L. Sanchez-Tejerina; F. Schreiber; A. Ross; M. Filianina; S. Ding; F. Fuhrmann; R. Ramos; F. Maccherozzi; D. Backes; M.-A. Mawass; F. Kronast; S. Valencia; E. Saitoh; G. Finocchio; M. Kläui. 2021. "Identification of Néel Vector Orientation in Antiferromagnetic Domains Switched by Currents in NiO/Pt Thin Films." Physical Review Applied 15, no. 3: 034047.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2021 in Applied Physics Letters
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Ferrimagnetic materials (FiMs) represent a promising direction for the realization of spin-based devices since they can combine the ultrafast dynamics typical of antiferromagnets in an easier way to control the magnetic state typical of ferromagnets. In this work, we micromagnetically analyze the magnetization dynamics of a current-driving transition metal/rare earth ferrimagnet in a spin Hall geometry as a function of the uncompensation parameter of the angular moments of the two sublattices. We show that, for a uniaxial FiM, a self-oscillation is the only possible dynamical state at the angular momentum compensation point. We also find a finite discontinuity near the magnetization compensation point originated from the demagnetizing field, which controls the type of dynamics behind the switching. We finally show the effect of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction on both the switching time and the self-oscillation frequency and amplitude.

ACS Style

Francesco Cutugno; Luis Sanchez-Tejerina; Riccardo Tomasello; Mario Carpentieri; Giovanni Finocchio. Micromagnetic understanding of switching and self-oscillations in ferrimagnetic materials. Applied Physics Letters 2021, 118, 052403 .

AMA Style

Francesco Cutugno, Luis Sanchez-Tejerina, Riccardo Tomasello, Mario Carpentieri, Giovanni Finocchio. Micromagnetic understanding of switching and self-oscillations in ferrimagnetic materials. Applied Physics Letters. 2021; 118 (5):052403.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Francesco Cutugno; Luis Sanchez-Tejerina; Riccardo Tomasello; Mario Carpentieri; Giovanni Finocchio. 2021. "Micromagnetic understanding of switching and self-oscillations in ferrimagnetic materials." Applied Physics Letters 118, no. 5: 052403.

Article
Published: 28 December 2020 in Physical Review B
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Antiferromagnetic spintronics is a promising emerging paradigm to develop high-performance computing and communications devices. Antiferromagnetic materials are more abundant than ferromagnets; hence, from a theoretical point of view, it is important to implement simulation tools that can support a data-driven development of materials having specific properties for applications. Here, we present a study focusing on the fundamental properties of antiferromagnetic materials having an easy-plane anisotropy and interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (IDMI). An analytical theory is developed and benchmarked against full numerical micromagnetic simulations, describing the main properties of the ground state in antiferromagnets and how it is possible to estimate the IDMI from experimental measurements. The effect of the IDMI on the electrical switching dynamics of the antiferromagnetic element is also analyzed. Our theoretical results have implication in the design of multiterminal heavy-metal/antiferromagnet memory devices.

ACS Style

Riccardo Tomasello; Luis Sanchez-Tejerina; Victor Lopez-Dominguez; Francesca Garescì; Anna Giordano; Mario Carpentieri; Pedram Khalili Amiri; Giovanni Finocchio. Domain periodicity in an easy-plane antiferromagnet with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Physical Review B 2020, 102, 224432 .

AMA Style

Riccardo Tomasello, Luis Sanchez-Tejerina, Victor Lopez-Dominguez, Francesca Garescì, Anna Giordano, Mario Carpentieri, Pedram Khalili Amiri, Giovanni Finocchio. Domain periodicity in an easy-plane antiferromagnet with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Physical Review B. 2020; 102 (22):224432.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Riccardo Tomasello; Luis Sanchez-Tejerina; Victor Lopez-Dominguez; Francesca Garescì; Anna Giordano; Mario Carpentieri; Pedram Khalili Amiri; Giovanni Finocchio. 2020. "Domain periodicity in an easy-plane antiferromagnet with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction." Physical Review B 102, no. 22: 224432.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2020 in Nature Communications
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Materials hosting magnetic skyrmions at room temperature could enable compact and energetically-efficient storage such as racetrack memories, where information is coded by the presence/absence of skyrmions forming a moving chain through the device. The skyrmion Hall effect leading to their annihilation at the racetrack edges can be suppressed, for example, by antiferromagnetically-coupled skyrmions. However, avoiding modifications of the inter-skyrmion distances remains challenging. As a solution, a chain of bits could also be encoded by two different solitons, such as a skyrmion and a chiral bobber, with the limitation that it has solely been realized in B20-type materials at low temperatures. Here, we demonstrate that a hybrid ferro/ferri/ferromagnetic multilayer system can host two distinct skyrmion phases at room temperature, namely tubular and partial skyrmions. Furthermore, the tubular skyrmion can be converted into a partial skyrmion. Such systems may serve as a platform for designing memory applications using distinct skyrmion types.

ACS Style

Andrada-Oana Mandru; Oğuz Yıldırım; Riccardo Tomasello; Paul Heistracher; Marcos Penedo; Anna Giordano; Dieter Suess; Giovanni Finocchio; Hans Josef Hug. Coexistence of distinct skyrmion phases observed in hybrid ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic multilayers. Nature Communications 2020, 11, 1 -7.

AMA Style

Andrada-Oana Mandru, Oğuz Yıldırım, Riccardo Tomasello, Paul Heistracher, Marcos Penedo, Anna Giordano, Dieter Suess, Giovanni Finocchio, Hans Josef Hug. Coexistence of distinct skyrmion phases observed in hybrid ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic multilayers. Nature Communications. 2020; 11 (1):1-7.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Andrada-Oana Mandru; Oğuz Yıldırım; Riccardo Tomasello; Paul Heistracher; Marcos Penedo; Anna Giordano; Dieter Suess; Giovanni Finocchio; Hans Josef Hug. 2020. "Coexistence of distinct skyrmion phases observed in hybrid ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic multilayers." Nature Communications 11, no. 1: 1-7.

Review article
Published: 05 November 2020 in Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
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Novel computational paradigms may provide the blueprint to help solving the time and energy limitations that we face with our modern computers, and provide solutions to complex problems more efficiently (with reduced time, power consumption and/or less device footprint) than is currently possible with standard approaches. Spintronics offers a promising basis for the development of efficient devices and unconventional operations for at least three main reasons: (i) the low-power requirements of spin-based devices, i.e., requiring no standby power for operation and the possibility to write information with small dynamic energy dissipation, (ii) the strong nonlinearity, time nonlocality, and/or stochasticity that spintronic devices can exhibit, and (iii) their compatibility with CMOS logic manufacturing processes. At the same time, the high endurance and speed of spintronic devices means that they can be rewritten or reconfigured frequently over the lifetime of a circuit, a feature that is essential in many emerging computing concepts. In this perspective, we will discuss how spintronics may aid in the realization of efficient devices, primarily focusing on magnetic tunnel junctions. We then provide a perspective on how these devices can impact the development of three unconventional computing paradigms, namely, reservoir computing, probabilistic computing and memcomputing. These paradigms may be used to address some limitations of modern computers, providing a realistic path to intelligent hybrid CMOS-spintronic systems.

ACS Style

Giovanni Finocchio; Massimiliano Di Ventra; Kerem Y. Camsari; Karin Everschor-Sitte; Pedram Khalili Amiri; Zhongming Zeng. The promise of spintronics for unconventional computing. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 2020, 521, 167506 .

AMA Style

Giovanni Finocchio, Massimiliano Di Ventra, Kerem Y. Camsari, Karin Everschor-Sitte, Pedram Khalili Amiri, Zhongming Zeng. The promise of spintronics for unconventional computing. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2020; 521 ():167506.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Finocchio; Massimiliano Di Ventra; Kerem Y. Camsari; Karin Everschor-Sitte; Pedram Khalili Amiri; Zhongming Zeng. 2020. "The promise of spintronics for unconventional computing." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 521, no. : 167506.

Journal article
Published: 01 November 2020 in APL Materials
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ACS Style

Nghiep Khoan Duong; Riccardo Tomasello; M. Raju; Alexander P. Petrović; Stefano Chiappini; Giovanni Finocchio; Christos Panagopoulos. Magnetization reversal signatures of hybrid and pure Néel skyrmions in thin film multilayers. APL Materials 2020, 8, 111112 .

AMA Style

Nghiep Khoan Duong, Riccardo Tomasello, M. Raju, Alexander P. Petrović, Stefano Chiappini, Giovanni Finocchio, Christos Panagopoulos. Magnetization reversal signatures of hybrid and pure Néel skyrmions in thin film multilayers. APL Materials. 2020; 8 (11):111112.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nghiep Khoan Duong; Riccardo Tomasello; M. Raju; Alexander P. Petrović; Stefano Chiappini; Giovanni Finocchio; Christos Panagopoulos. 2020. "Magnetization reversal signatures of hybrid and pure Néel skyrmions in thin film multilayers." APL Materials 8, no. 11: 111112.

Paper
Published: 27 October 2020 in Nanoscale
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Schematic of the 1000 nm × 700 nm FGT/Pt SHNO with 120 nm nanoconstriction and Microwave emission performance of 8-layers FGT/Pt shows 12 GHz mA-1 current tunability.

ACS Style

Rongxin Li; Ziyang Yu; Zhenhua Zhang; Yan Shao; Xiangxiang Wang; Giovanni Finocchio; Zhihong Lu; Rui Xiong; Zhongming Zeng. Spin hall nano-oscillators based on two-dimensional Fe3GeTe2 magnetic materials. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 22808 -22816.

AMA Style

Rongxin Li, Ziyang Yu, Zhenhua Zhang, Yan Shao, Xiangxiang Wang, Giovanni Finocchio, Zhihong Lu, Rui Xiong, Zhongming Zeng. Spin hall nano-oscillators based on two-dimensional Fe3GeTe2 magnetic materials. Nanoscale. 2020; 12 (44):22808-22816.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rongxin Li; Ziyang Yu; Zhenhua Zhang; Yan Shao; Xiangxiang Wang; Giovanni Finocchio; Zhihong Lu; Rui Xiong; Zhongming Zeng. 2020. "Spin hall nano-oscillators based on two-dimensional Fe3GeTe2 magnetic materials." Nanoscale 12, no. 44: 22808-22816.

Journal article
Published: 26 October 2020 in Nature Electronics
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ACS Style

Zidong Wang; Minghua Guo; Heng-An Zhou; Le Zhao; Teng Xu; Riccardo Tomasello; Hao Bai; Yiqing Dong; Soong-Geun Je; Weilun Chao; Hee-Sung Han; Sooseok Lee; Ki-Suk Lee; Yunyan Yao; Wei Han; Cheng Song; Huaqiang Wu; Mario Carpentieri; Giovanni Finocchio; Mi-Young Im; Shi-Zeng Lin; Wanjun Jiang. Thermal generation, manipulation and thermoelectric detection of skyrmions. Nature Electronics 2020, 3, 672 -679.

AMA Style

Zidong Wang, Minghua Guo, Heng-An Zhou, Le Zhao, Teng Xu, Riccardo Tomasello, Hao Bai, Yiqing Dong, Soong-Geun Je, Weilun Chao, Hee-Sung Han, Sooseok Lee, Ki-Suk Lee, Yunyan Yao, Wei Han, Cheng Song, Huaqiang Wu, Mario Carpentieri, Giovanni Finocchio, Mi-Young Im, Shi-Zeng Lin, Wanjun Jiang. Thermal generation, manipulation and thermoelectric detection of skyrmions. Nature Electronics. 2020; 3 (11):672-679.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zidong Wang; Minghua Guo; Heng-An Zhou; Le Zhao; Teng Xu; Riccardo Tomasello; Hao Bai; Yiqing Dong; Soong-Geun Je; Weilun Chao; Hee-Sung Han; Sooseok Lee; Ki-Suk Lee; Yunyan Yao; Wei Han; Cheng Song; Huaqiang Wu; Mario Carpentieri; Giovanni Finocchio; Mi-Young Im; Shi-Zeng Lin; Wanjun Jiang. 2020. "Thermal generation, manipulation and thermoelectric detection of skyrmions." Nature Electronics 3, no. 11: 672-679.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2020 in Sustainability
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COVID-19 is a new pulmonary disease which is driving stress to the hospitals due to the large number of cases worldwide. Imaging of lungs can play a key role in the monitoring of health status. Non-contrast chest computed tomography (CT) has been used for this purpose, mainly in China, with significant success. However, this approach cannot be massively used, mainly for both high risk and cost, also in some countries, this tool is not extensively available. Alternatively, chest X-ray, although less sensitive than CT-scan, can provide important information about the evolution of pulmonary involvement during the disease; this aspect is very important to verify the response of a patient to treatments. Here, we show how to improve the sensitivity of chest X-ray via a nonlinear post-processing tool, named PACE (Pipeline for Advanced Contrast Enhancement), combining properly Fast and Adaptive Bidimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition (FABEMD) and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). The results show an enhancement of the image contrast as confirmed by three widely used metrics: (i) contrast improvement index, (ii) entropy, and (iii) measure of enhancement. This improvement gives rise to a detectability of more lung lesions as identified by two radiologists, who evaluated the images separately, and confirmed by CT-scans. The results show this method is a flexible and an effective approach for medical image enhancement and can be used as a post-processing tool for medical image understanding and analysis.

ACS Style

Giulio Siracusano; Aurelio La Corte; Michele Gaeta; Giuseppe Cicero; Massimo Chiappini; Giovanni Finocchio. Pipeline for Advanced Contrast Enhancement (PACE) of Chest X-Ray in Evaluating COVID-19 Patients by Combining Bidimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). Sustainability 2020, 12, 8573 .

AMA Style

Giulio Siracusano, Aurelio La Corte, Michele Gaeta, Giuseppe Cicero, Massimo Chiappini, Giovanni Finocchio. Pipeline for Advanced Contrast Enhancement (PACE) of Chest X-Ray in Evaluating COVID-19 Patients by Combining Bidimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). Sustainability. 2020; 12 (20):8573.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giulio Siracusano; Aurelio La Corte; Michele Gaeta; Giuseppe Cicero; Massimo Chiappini; Giovanni Finocchio. 2020. "Pipeline for Advanced Contrast Enhancement (PACE) of Chest X-Ray in Evaluating COVID-19 Patients by Combining Bidimensional Empirical Mode Decomposition and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE)." Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8573.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2020 in Applied Physics Letters
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Periodic or quasi-periodic arrangements of artificial structures can be used to design a class of materials, i.e., metamaterials, with intriguing properties. Recently, it has been proposed to use periodic systems with internal resonances for the attenuation of acoustic/seismic waves. However, large input displacements due to seismic waves can drive the working point of these systems in a nonlinear regime. Here, we have studied the nonlinear dynamics of periodic chain of mass-in-mass systems, which can be used to model composite foundations, where the external spring is characterized by an anharmonic potential. The main finding of this work is the identification of two attenuation mechanisms, one is characterized by an exponential amplitude decay and is observed in the strongly anharmonic regime, whereas the other has a linear decay pattern and characterizes the weak anharmonic dynamics. This result has a direct impact in the design of low frequency seismic metamaterials.

ACS Style

S. Fiore; G. Finocchio; R. Zivieri; M. Chiappini; F. Garescì. Wave amplitude decay driven by anharmonic potential in nonlinear mass-in-mass systems. Applied Physics Letters 2020, 117, 124101 .

AMA Style

S. Fiore, G. Finocchio, R. Zivieri, M. Chiappini, F. Garescì. Wave amplitude decay driven by anharmonic potential in nonlinear mass-in-mass systems. Applied Physics Letters. 2020; 117 (12):124101.

Chicago/Turabian Style

S. Fiore; G. Finocchio; R. Zivieri; M. Chiappini; F. Garescì. 2020. "Wave amplitude decay driven by anharmonic potential in nonlinear mass-in-mass systems." Applied Physics Letters 117, no. 12: 124101.

Journal article
Published: 21 September 2020 in IEEE Magnetics Letters
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This paper analyzes the scalability of a Spin-Orbit-Torque-MRAM (SOT-MRAM) based Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) at the nanoscale size by means of a hybrid CMOS/spintronics simulation framework. The properties of the SOT-MRAM device (diameters from 100 nm down to 25 nm) are computed via micromagnetic simulations, whereas their implications for PUF applications are evaluated at the circuit level in terms of both energy characteristics and security metrics. Obtained results prove that the implementation of 2-bit XOR operations in the designed PUF circuit allows achieving randomness and uniqueness very close to the ideality.

ACS Style

Vito Puliafito; Raffaele De Rose; Felice Crupi; Stefano Chiappini; Giovanni Finocchio; Marco Lanuzza; Mario Carpentieri. Impact of Scaling on Physical Unclonable Function Based on Spin–Orbit Torque. IEEE Magnetics Letters 2020, 11, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Vito Puliafito, Raffaele De Rose, Felice Crupi, Stefano Chiappini, Giovanni Finocchio, Marco Lanuzza, Mario Carpentieri. Impact of Scaling on Physical Unclonable Function Based on Spin–Orbit Torque. IEEE Magnetics Letters. 2020; 11 (99):1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vito Puliafito; Raffaele De Rose; Felice Crupi; Stefano Chiappini; Giovanni Finocchio; Marco Lanuzza; Mario Carpentieri. 2020. "Impact of Scaling on Physical Unclonable Function Based on Spin–Orbit Torque." IEEE Magnetics Letters 11, no. 99: 1-5.

Journal article
Published: 08 September 2020 in IEEE Magnetics Letters
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Here, we introduce a formulation of two sub-lattices micromagnetic model which can describe the statics and dynamics of ferromagnets, antiferromagnets, and ferrimagnets. Such a formulation is based on the normalization of exchange, Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction, and anisotropy parameters with respect to the square modulus of the saturation magnetization for each sublattice. As example, we show a study of the statics and dynamics of domain walls (DWs) focusing on antiferromagnets and ferrimagnets because of their potential ultrafast performance in terms of dynamics and robustness against external magnetic perturbations. Our results show a direction to design domain wall-based nanodevices in FiM with a super linear velocity increasing as function of the spin-orbit-torque amplitude by working near, but still below, the threshold current for the excitation of self-oscillations.

ACS Style

Luis Sanchez-Tejerina; Riccardo Tomasello; Vito Puliafito; Bruno Azzerboni; Mario Carpentieri; Giovanni Finocchio. Unified Framework for Micromagnetic Modeling of Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Materials at Mesoscopic Scale: Domain Wall Dynamics as a Case Study. IEEE Magnetics Letters 2020, 11, 1 -5.

AMA Style

Luis Sanchez-Tejerina, Riccardo Tomasello, Vito Puliafito, Bruno Azzerboni, Mario Carpentieri, Giovanni Finocchio. Unified Framework for Micromagnetic Modeling of Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Materials at Mesoscopic Scale: Domain Wall Dynamics as a Case Study. IEEE Magnetics Letters. 2020; 11 (99):1-5.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luis Sanchez-Tejerina; Riccardo Tomasello; Vito Puliafito; Bruno Azzerboni; Mario Carpentieri; Giovanni Finocchio. 2020. "Unified Framework for Micromagnetic Modeling of Ferro-, Ferri-, and Antiferromagnetic Materials at Mesoscopic Scale: Domain Wall Dynamics as a Case Study." IEEE Magnetics Letters 11, no. 99: 1-5.

Review article
Published: 18 August 2020 in Nature Electronics
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Spintronic devices exploit the spin, as well as the charge, of electrons and could bring new capabilities to the microelectronics industry. However, in order for spintronic devices to meet the ever-increasing demands of the industry, innovation in terms of materials, processes and circuits are required. Here, we review recent developments in spintronics that could soon have an impact on the microelectronics and information technology industry. We highlight and explore four key areas: magnetic memories, magnetic sensors, radio-frequency and microwave devices, and logic and non-Boolean devices. We also discuss the challenges—at both the device and the system level—that need be addressed in order to integrate spintronic materials and functionalities into mainstream microelectronic platforms.

ACS Style

B. Dieny; I. L. Prejbeanu; K. Garello; P. Gambardella; P. Freitas; R. Lehndorff; W. Raberg; U. Ebels; S. O. Demokritov; J. Akerman; A. Deac; P. Pirro; C. Adelmann; A. Anane; A. V. Chumak; A. Hirohata; S. Mangin; Sergio O. Valenzuela; M. Cengiz Onbaşlı; M. D’Aquino; G. Prenat; G. Finocchio; L. Lopez-Diaz; R. Chantrell; O. Chubykalo-Fesenko; P. Bortolotti. Opportunities and challenges for spintronics in the microelectronics industry. Nature Electronics 2020, 3, 446 -459.

AMA Style

B. Dieny, I. L. Prejbeanu, K. Garello, P. Gambardella, P. Freitas, R. Lehndorff, W. Raberg, U. Ebels, S. O. Demokritov, J. Akerman, A. Deac, P. Pirro, C. Adelmann, A. Anane, A. V. Chumak, A. Hirohata, S. Mangin, Sergio O. Valenzuela, M. Cengiz Onbaşlı, M. D’Aquino, G. Prenat, G. Finocchio, L. Lopez-Diaz, R. Chantrell, O. Chubykalo-Fesenko, P. Bortolotti. Opportunities and challenges for spintronics in the microelectronics industry. Nature Electronics. 2020; 3 (8):446-459.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B. Dieny; I. L. Prejbeanu; K. Garello; P. Gambardella; P. Freitas; R. Lehndorff; W. Raberg; U. Ebels; S. O. Demokritov; J. Akerman; A. Deac; P. Pirro; C. Adelmann; A. Anane; A. V. Chumak; A. Hirohata; S. Mangin; Sergio O. Valenzuela; M. Cengiz Onbaşlı; M. D’Aquino; G. Prenat; G. Finocchio; L. Lopez-Diaz; R. Chantrell; O. Chubykalo-Fesenko; P. Bortolotti. 2020. "Opportunities and challenges for spintronics in the microelectronics industry." Nature Electronics 3, no. 8: 446-459.

Journal article
Published: 17 August 2020 in Applied Physics Letters
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The spin-torque diode effect has enabled a nanoscale category of microwave detectors, which are characterized by ultrahigh sensitivities and can work at sub-μW input power. Here, we develop such detectors having a dual-band rectification curve centered at the frequencies f1 and f2 and with a rectified voltage of opposite sign ( V f 1 > 0 and V f 2 < 0). By selecting the proper bias current and field, the sensitivity is larger than 8000 mV/mW. The physics behind this behavior is the simultaneous excitation of different magnetization oscillation modes and the injection locking mechanism. This dual-band microwave detector could find potential applications in the Internet of Things by reducing the size and the power consumption for signal demodulation in a binary frequency shift keying modulation/demodulation scheme.

ACS Style

Like Zhang; Jialin Cai; Bin Fang; Baoshun Zhang; Lifeng Bian; Mario Carpentieri; Giovanni Finocchio; Zhongming Zeng. Dual-band microwave detector based on magnetic tunnel junctions. Applied Physics Letters 2020, 117, 072409 .

AMA Style

Like Zhang, Jialin Cai, Bin Fang, Baoshun Zhang, Lifeng Bian, Mario Carpentieri, Giovanni Finocchio, Zhongming Zeng. Dual-band microwave detector based on magnetic tunnel junctions. Applied Physics Letters. 2020; 117 (7):072409.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Like Zhang; Jialin Cai; Bin Fang; Baoshun Zhang; Lifeng Bian; Mario Carpentieri; Giovanni Finocchio; Zhongming Zeng. 2020. "Dual-band microwave detector based on magnetic tunnel junctions." Applied Physics Letters 117, no. 7: 072409.

Article
Published: 17 August 2020 in Physical Review Applied
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Spin diodes are usually resonant in nature (GHz frequency) and tunable by magnetic field and bias current with performances, in terms of sensitivity and minimum detectable power, overcoming the semiconductor counterpart, i.e., Schottky diodes. Recently, spin diodes characterized by a low-frequency detection (MHz frequency) have been proposed. Here, we show a strategy to design low-frequency detectors based on magnetic tunnel junctions with the interfacial perpendicular anisotropy of the same order of the demagnetizing field out-of-plane component. Micromagnetic calculations show that, to reach this detection regime, a threshold input power has to be overcome and the phase shift between the oscillation magnetoresistive signal and the input radiofrequency current plays a key role in determining the value of the rectification voltage.

ACS Style

R. Tomasello; B. Fang; P. Artemchuk; M. Carpentieri; L. Fasano; A. Giordano; O.V. Prokopenko; Z.M. Zeng; G. Finocchio. Low-Frequency Nonresonant Rectification in Spin Diodes. Physical Review Applied 2020, 14, 024043 .

AMA Style

R. Tomasello, B. Fang, P. Artemchuk, M. Carpentieri, L. Fasano, A. Giordano, O.V. Prokopenko, Z.M. Zeng, G. Finocchio. Low-Frequency Nonresonant Rectification in Spin Diodes. Physical Review Applied. 2020; 14 (2):024043.

Chicago/Turabian Style

R. Tomasello; B. Fang; P. Artemchuk; M. Carpentieri; L. Fasano; A. Giordano; O.V. Prokopenko; Z.M. Zeng; G. Finocchio. 2020. "Low-Frequency Nonresonant Rectification in Spin Diodes." Physical Review Applied 14, no. 2: 024043.